RESUMO
SETTING: The expansion of culture has been proposed to aid tuberculosis (TB) control in developing countries. OBJECTIVES: To examine the cost and cost-effectiveness at the Zambian National TB Reference Laboratory of homemade and commercially produced Löwenstein-Jensen culture (HLJ and CLJ) as well as automated and manually read liquid culture (AMGIT and MMGIT). DESIGN: Costs were estimated from the provider's perspective and based on the average monthly throughput. Cost-effectiveness estimates were based on yield during the study period. RESULTS: All techniques show comparable costs per culture (between US$28 and $32). Costs per Mycobacterium tuberculosis specimen detected were respectively US$197, $202, $312 and $340 for MMGIT, AMGIT, CLJ and HLJ. When modelled for the maximum throughput, costs were above US$95 per M. tuberculosis specimen detected for all techniques. When only performed among smear-negative specimens, costs per additionally identified M. tuberculosis would be US$487 for MMGIT and higher for other methods. CONCLUSION: Based on cost-effectiveness grounds, liquid media compare well with conventional solid media, especially where yield of MGIT is substantially higher than that of LJ media. The results indicate high overall costs per culture; the expansion of culture to decentralised levels with lower throughputs may result in even higher costs.
Assuntos
Técnicas Bacteriológicas/economia , Análise Custo-Benefício/métodos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Custos e Análise de Custo , Meios de Cultura/economia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Humanos , ZâmbiaAssuntos
Displasia Broncopulmonar/fisiopatologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente/fisiologia , Estatura , Peso Corporal , Densidade Óssea , Desenvolvimento Ósseo , Criança , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil/fisiologia , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Alimentos Fortificados/análise , Crescimento/fisiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Alimentos Infantis/análise , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Destreza Motora/fisiologia , Necessidades Nutricionais , Equilíbrio HidroeletrolíticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare the relative safety and efficacy of Infasurf (calf lung surfactant extract; ONY, Inc, Amherst, NY, IND #27169) versus Survanta (Beractant, Ross Laboratories, Columbus, OH) in reducing the acute severity of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) when given at birth and to infants with established RDS. DESIGN: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. SETTING: Thirteen neonatal intensive care units participated in the treatment arm: seven of these concurrently participated in the prevention arm. PATIENTS: The treatment arm enrolled infants of =2000 g birth weight with established RDS, and the prevention arm enrolled infants of =29 weeks' gestation with birth weights <1250 g. INTERVENTION: Infants were randomly assigned to receive Infasurf (n = 303, treatment arm; n = 180, prevention arm) or Survanta (n = 305, treatment arm; n = 194, prevention arm) in accordance with the Survanta package insert instructions. OUTCOME MEASURES: We projected a 25% reduction between groups in the need for a third dose of surfactant for infants with established RDS, and a 25% reduction in the need for a second dose of surfactant for infants who received prophylactic surfactant. Secondary outcomes included the severity of RDS measured by inspired oxygen concentrations and mean airway pressure, air leaks, complications associated with surfactant administration, and survival to 36 weeks' postmenstrual age without the need for oxygen supplementation. RESULTS: In the treatment arm, there was no difference between groups in the number of infants requiring more than two doses of surfactant. The interval between doses was significantly longer for Infasurf, suggesting an increased duration of treatment effect. The inspired oxygen concentration and mean airway pressure were lower in the Infasurf infants during the first 48 hours in the treatment arm. In the prevention arm, there were no differences with respect to the number of surfactant doses. The dosing intervals were longer for Infasurf infants after the second dose. No difference in inspired oxygen or mean airway pressure was noted during the first 72 hours. There were no significant differences in the incidence of air leaks, complications associated with dosing, complications of prematurity, mortality, or survival without chronic lung disease in the prevention or treatment arm. CONCLUSIONS: Infants treated with Infasurf have a modest benefit in the acute phase of RDS. Infasurf seems to produce a longer duration of effect than Survanta.
Assuntos
Produtos Biológicos , Surfactantes Pulmonares/uso terapêutico , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório do Recém-Nascido/tratamento farmacológico , Fatores Etários , Índice de Apgar , Peso ao Nascer , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Pequeno para a Idade Gestacional , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Surfactantes Pulmonares/administração & dosagem , Surfactantes Pulmonares/efeitos adversos , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório do Recém-Nascido/prevenção & controleRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of lactation on the health status of women with cystic fibrosis and their infants. DESIGN: Data were acquired through a retrospective review of pulmonary, obstetric, and pediatric medical records. SETTING: A medical school-based Pediatric Cystic Fibrosis Center in Philadelphia, Pa. SUBJECTS: Five women with cystic fibrosis and their respective infants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: For the women, measures of pregravid, gravid, and postpartum height, weight, pulmonary function test results, and energy intake were determined. For the infants, birth Apgar scores were obtained, as were measures of growth and development. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Means and standard deviations were calculated. Data were compared with published standardized references. RESULTS: Mean maternal age at conception was 25.4 +/- 4.1 years. Mean pregravid weight was 60.0 +/- 10.7 kg of standard body weight for height (range = 50.8 to 76.7 kg; median = 58 kg). Two women consumed up to two enteric-coated supplemental enzyme capsules per meal, three women consumed none. Pulmonary disease was mild in four of the five women. Mean weight gain during pregnancy was 10.2 +/- 7.4 kg. Mean gestation was 37.4 +/- 1.5 weeks; mean birth weight was 3.0 +/- 0.5 kg. Sweat tests performed on all infants were negative. Duration of breast-feeding was 3 to 30 weeks. Four of the five infants maintained appropriate growth velocity during breast-feeding. Mean maternal energy intake during lactation was above the Recommended Dietary Allowance for lactating women. Four of the five women were at or above their standard body weight during lactation. CONCLUSIONS/APPLICATIONS: We conclude that women with the clinical diagnosis of mild cystic fibrosis disease can maintain a normal pregnancy with appropriate weight gain and can deliver infants of normal weight for gestational age. During lactation, women with mild cystic fibrosis disease can maintain their own weight and support growth in healthy infants. The dietitian needs to be an integral member of the health care team in assessing, monitoring, and managing women with cystic fibrosis during their child-bearing years.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Fibrose Cística/fisiopatologia , Recém-Nascido Prematuro/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Transtornos da Lactação/fisiopatologia , Complicações na Gravidez/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Peso Corporal , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Pulmão/fisiologia , Masculino , Gravidez , Testes de Função Respiratória , Estudos Retrospectivos , DesmameAssuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil , Pré-Escolar , Dieta , Feminino , Fluoretos/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Lactente , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Lactação , Troca Materno-Fetal , GravidezAssuntos
Alimentos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Comportamento Alimentar , Humanos , LactenteRESUMO
Using necropsy records and a practitioner survey, data for certain epidemiologic parameters on EG intoxication in dogs and cats were collected and analyzed. The practices surveyed reported diagnosing 150 cases/year in the 7-county metropolitan area of Minneapolis/St Paul, MN, compared with 32 cases reported in a nationwide survey done a decade earlier. Analysis of necropsy records showed that the annual number of post mortem cases had quintupled over the past decade, with the majority of cases occurring the colder months of the year. Cases involving dogs were twice as common as those involving cats, and males appeared twice as often as females in both species. Young male dogs, under 24 months of age, were the most frequently represented, with female dogs less than 12 months old the next most frequent group.