Exploring the vaccine conversation on TikTok in Italy: beyond classic vaccine stances.

TikTok, a social media platform for creating and sharing short videos, has seen a surge in popularity during the COVID-19 pandemic. To analyse the Italian vaccine conversation on TikTok, we downloaded a sample of videos with a high play count (Top Videos), identified through an unofficial Application Programming Interface (consistent with TikTok's Terms of Service), and collected public videos from vaccine sceptic users through snowball sampling (Vaccine Sceptics' videos). The videos were analysed using qualitative and quantitative methods, in terms of vaccine stance, tone of voice, topic, conformity with TikTok style, and other characteristics. The final datasets consisted of 754 Top Videos (by 510 single users) plus 180 Vaccine Sceptics' videos (by 29 single users), posted between January 2020 and March 2021. In 40.5% of the Top Videos the stance was promotional, 33.9% were indefinite-ironic, 11.3% were neutral, 9.7% were discouraging, and 3.1% were ambiguous (i.e. expressing an ambivalent stance towards vaccines); 43% of promotional videos were from healthcare professionals. More than 95% of the Vaccine Sceptic videos were discouraging. Multiple correspondence analysis showed that, compared to other stances, promotional videos were more frequently created by healthcare professionals and by females, and their most frequent topic was herd immunity. Discouraging videos were associated with a polemical tone of voice and their topics were conspiracy and freedom of choice. Our analysis shows that Italian vaccine-sceptic users on TikTok are limited in number and vocality, and the large proportion of videos with an indefinite-ironic stance might imply that the incidence of affective polarisation could be lower on TikTok, compared to other social media, in the Italian context. Safety is the most frequent concern of users, and we recorded an interesting presence of healthcare professionals among the creators. TikTok should be considered as a medium for vaccine communication and for vaccine promotion campaigns.

Fracture and fatigue in osteocytes.

Fatigue is a common mode of mechanical failure which occurs when a material is subjected to repeated cycles at a strain level less than that needed for monotonic fracture. Fatigue has been observed and measured in many different materials but, until recently, not in cells. We devised a novel experiment which allowed us to create both monotonic failure and fatigue in the cellular processes of osteocytes within samples of bone (Dooley et al., European Cells and Materials 2014). In the present paper, we describe the results of further experiments and a computer simulation, which has allowed us to estimate the strain history of each sample tested and thus present, for the first time, strain/life data for cells. Failure occurred during the first cycle at strains of 0.1-0.2; at lower strains failure occurred after a number of cycles which depended inversely on the applied strain range. Scatter in the strain/life data was reduced when we allowed for the effects of mean stress using the Smith-Watson-Topper parameter. We confirmed that aspects of our experimental method (the types of microcrack used and the testing of fresh versus frozen samples) did not affect the results. Such information is useful because many cell types, including the cellular processes of osteocytes, experience cyclic strain in vivo.