Non-communicable disease risk factors and management among internal migrant in China: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: In 2019, there are more than 290 million people who have ever migrated from rural to urban areas in China. These rural-to-urban internal migrants account for more than one-fifth of China's population and is the largest internal migrant group globally. We present the first systematic review that examines whether internal migrants are more likely to exhibit non-communicable diseases (NCDs) risk factors and have worse NCD management outcomes than non-migrant counterparts in China. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted via medical, public health, and economic databases including Scopus, MEDLINE, JSTOR, WHO Library Database and World Bank e-Library from 2000 to 2020. Study quality was assessed using the National Institute of Health Quality Assessment tool. We conducted a narrative review and synthesised differences for all studies included, stratified by different types of outcomes. We also conducted random-effects meta-analysis where we had a minimum of two studies with 95% CIs reported. The study protocol has been registered with PROSPERO: CRD42019139407. RESULTS: For most NCD risk factors and care cascade management, comparisons between internal migrants and other populations were either statistically insignificant or inconclusive. While most studies found migrants have a higher prevalence of tobacco use than urban residents, these differences were not statistically significant in the meta-analysis. Although three out four studies suggested that migrants may have worse access to NCD treatment and both studies suggested migrants have lower blood pressure control rates than non-migrants, these findings were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Findings from this systematic review demonstrate that there is currently insufficient evidence on migrant and non-migrant differences in NCD risk factors and management in China. Further research is expected to investigate access to healthcare among internal and its effect on both their NCD outcomes and long-term healthcare costs in China.

Is there an association between public spending on health and choice of healthcare providers across socioeconomic groups in India? - Evidence from a national sample.

The role of public spending on health in reducing socioeconomic inequalities in healthcare is an emerging area of research, little supporting empirical evidence is available from low- and middle-income countries. This study examined: (1) the relationship between public spending on health per capita and the decision whether to seek healthcare or not, (2) the relationships between public spending on health per capita and choice of medical provider, and (3) whether these relationships varied by socioeconomic groups in India. Our study utilized the nationally representative 71st National Sample Survey of India, using 26,142 people who had been ailing in the past 15 days, the survey took place between the 1st of January and June 30, 2014. Two regression-based approaches were used to examine the association between public spending and choice of medical providers: (1) Multilevel multinomial regression; and (2) Instrumental variable regression. We examined the differential impacts of public spending on healthcare utilisation by socioeconomic groups. Increased public spending on health was not associated with changes in ailing people's decision whether to seek care or not (p > 0.05 in all analyses). However, increased public spending on health was associated with reductions in patients choosing private medical providers [adjusted odds ratio = 0.88 (95%CI 0.85-0.91) for outpatient private clinics] compared to outpatient government clinics. These associations may be greater among the lower economic groups compared with their counterparts. Across India, higher levels of government investment in health services are recognised by healthcare users and shown in their pattern of healthcare utilisation. That an increase in public spending on health results in a decrease in the use of private providers, particularly outpatient facilities with no inpatient capabilities, provides strong evidence for the effectiveness of 'regulation by competition'. This is a strong argument for focusing health system strengthening, and strategies for achieving universal healthcare on public investment.

The Joint Effect of Physical Multimorbidity and Mental Health Conditions Among Adults in Australia.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of chronic physical and mental health conditions is rising globally. Little evidence exists on the joint effect of physical and mental health conditions on health care use, work productivity, and health-related quality of life in Australia. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey, waves 9 (2009), 13 (2013), and 17 (2017). Economic effects associated with multimorbidity were measured through health service use, work productivity loss, and health-related quality of life. We used generalized estimating equations to assess the effect of the association between physical multimorbidity and mental health conditions and economic outcomes. RESULTS: From 2009 through 2017 the prevalence of physical multimorbidity increased from 15.1% to 16.2%, and the prevalence of mental health conditions increased from 11.2% to 17.3%. The number of physical health conditions was associated with the number of health services used (general practitioner visits, incidence rate ratio = 1.41), work productivity loss (labor force participation, adjusted odds ratio = 0.71), and reduced health-related quality of life (SF-6D score: Coefficient = -0.03). These effects were exacerbated by the presence of mental health conditions and low socioeconomic status. CONCLUSION: Having multiple physical health conditions (physical multimorbidity) creates substantial health and financial burdens on individuals, the health system, and society, including increased use of health services, loss of work productivity, and decreased health-related quality of life. The adverse effects of multimorbidity on health, quality of life, and economic well-being are exacerbated by the co-occurrence of mental health conditions and low socioeconomic status.

Probing static discharge of polymer surfaces with nanoscale resolution.

Triboelectric charging strongly affects the operation cycle and handling of materials and can be used to harvest mechanical energy through triboelectric nanogenerator set-up. Despite ubiquity of triboelectric effects, a lot of mechanisms surrounding the relevant phenomena remain to be understood. Continued progress will rely on the development of rapid and reliable methods to probe accumulation and dynamics of static charges. Here, we demonstrate in-situ quantification of tribological charging with nanoscale resolution, that is applicable to a wide range of dielectric systems. We apply this method to differentiate between strongly and weakly charging compositions of industrial grade polymers. The method highlights the complex phenomena of electrostatic discharge upon contact formation to pre-charged surfaces, and directly reveals the mobility of surface charges. Systematic characterization of commercial polyethylene terephthalate samples revealed the compositions with the best antistatic properties and provided an estimate of characteristic charge density up to 5×10^-5 C/m². Large-scale molecular dynamics simulations were used to resolve atomistic level structural and dynamical details revealing enrichment of oxygen containing groups near the air-interface where electrostatic charges are likely to accumulate.

Distinct Proteomic Signatures in 16 HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Subspecies.

Objective- HDL (high-density lipoprotein) in plasma is a heterogeneous group of lipoproteins typically containing apo AI as the principal protein. Most HDLs contain additional proteins from a palate of nearly 100 HDL-associated polypeptides. We hypothesized that some of these proteins define distinct and stable apo AI HDL subspecies with unique proteomes that drive function and associations with disease. Approach and Results- We produced 17 plasma pools from 80 normolipidemic human participants (32 men, 48 women; aged 21-66 years). Using immunoaffinity isolation techniques, we isolated apo AI containing species from plasma and then used antibodies to 16 additional HDL protein components to isolate compositional subspecies. We characterized previously described HDL subspecies containing apo AII, apo CIII, and apo E; and 13 novel HDL subspecies defined by presence of apo AIV, apo CI, apo CII, apo J, α-1-antitrypsin, α-2-macroglobulin, plasminogen, fibrinogen, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, paraoxonase-1, apo LI, or complement C3. The novel species ranged in abundance from 1% to 18% of total plasma apo AI. Their concentrations were stable over time as demonstrated by intraclass correlations in repeated sampling from the same participants over 3 to 24 months (0.33-0.86; mean 0.62). Some proteomes of the subspecies relative to total HDL were strongly correlated, often among subspecies defined by similar functions: lipid metabolism, hemostasis, antioxidant, or anti-inflammatory. Permutation analysis showed that the proteomes of 12 of the 16 subspecies differed significantly from that of total HDL. Conclusions- Taken together, correlation and permutation analyses support speciation of HDL. Functional studies of these novel subspecies and determination of their relation to diseases may provide new avenues to understand the HDL system of lipoproteins.

GP discussion of prognosis with patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Recent research shows that health professionals do not communicate about prognosis with patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as openly as with patients who have cancer. AIM: To identify strategies that general practitioners (GPs) can use to facilitate discussion of prognosis with patients who have COPD. DESIGN OF STUDY: Telephone interviews of 15 GPs and five respiratory consultants on the topic of discussing prognosis with patients who have severe COPD. SETTING: Participating doctors worked in the Auckland region of New Zealand. METHOD: GPs and consultants were selected purposively to detect unique and shared patterns from diversity in how prognosis is discussed with patients with severe COPD. An interview guide was developed from a literature review and results of our earlier postal survey of GPs. Transcripts of audiotaped interviews were analysed independently and then together by three authors, using a general inductive approach. RESULTS: Seven strategies were identified that GPs had used or could use to facilitate discussion of prognosis with patients with COPD. These were: be aware of implications of diagnosis; use uncertainty to ease discussion; build relationship with patients; be caring and respectful; begin discussion early in disease course; identify and use opportunities to discuss prognosis; and work as a team. CONCLUSION: A number of suggested strategies can be used to facilitate discussion of prognosis with patients who have severe COPD.