Growth Synchronization and Size Control in Magic-Sized Semiconductor Nanocrystals.

"Magic-sized" nanocrystals (MSNCs) grow in discrete jumps between a series of specific sizes. Consequently, MSNCs have been explored as an alternative route to uniform semiconductor particles, potentially with atomic precision. However, because the growth mechanism has been poorly understood, the best strategies to control MSNC syntheses and obtain desired sizes are unknown. Experiments have found that common parameters, such as growth time and temperature, have limited utility. Here, we theoretically and experimentally investigate reactant supersaturation as a tool to control MSNC growth. We compare direct synthesis of CdSe MSNCs with ripening of isolated MSNCs or their mixtures. Surprisingly, we find that MSNCs readily synchronize to the same growth trajectory, even starting from distinct initial conditions, explaining the robustness of MSNC growth. Further, by understanding the synchronization mechanism, we demonstrate methods to control the final MSNC size. These results deepen our knowledge of MSNCs and indicate strategies to tailor their growth.

Core/Shell Magic-Sized CdSe Nanocrystals.

Magic-sized semiconductor nanocrystals (MSNCs) grow via discrete jumps between specific sizes. Despite their potential to offer atomically precise structures, their use has been limited by poor stability and trap-dominated photoluminescence. Recently, CdSe MSNCs have been grown to larger sizes. We exploit such particles and demonstrate a method to grow shells on CdSe MSNC cores via high-temperature synthesis. Thin CdS shells lead to dramatic improvements in the emissive properties of the MSNCs, narrowing their fluorescence line widths, enhancing photoluminescence quantum yields, and eliminating trap emission. Although thicker CdS shells lead to decreased performance, CdxZn1-xS alloyed shells maintain efficient and narrow emission lines. These alloyed core/shell crystallites exhibit a tetrahedral shape, in agreement with a recent model for MSNC growth. Our results indicate that MSNCs can compete with other state-of-the-art semiconductor nanocrystals. Furthermore, these core/shell structures will allow further study of MSNCs and their potential for atomically precise growth.

Understanding Discrete Growth in Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Nanoplatelets and Magic-Sized Clusters.

ConspectusSemiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) fluoresce with a color that strongly depends on their size and shape. Thus, to obtain homogeneous optical properties, researchers have strived to synthesize particles that are uniform. However, because NCs typically grow through continuous, incremental addition of material, slight differences in the growth process between individual crystallites yield statistical distributions in size and shape, leading to inhomogeneities in their optical characteristics. Much work has focused on improving synthetic protocols to control these distributions and enhance performance. Interestingly, during these efforts, several syntheses were discovered that exhibit a different type of growth process. The NCs jump from one discrete size to the next. Through purification methods, one of these sizes can then be isolated, providing a different approach to uniform NCs. Unfortunately, the fundamental mechanism behind such discrete growth and how it differs from the conventional continuous process have remained poorly understood.Discrete growth has been observed in two major classes of NCs: semiconductor nanoplatelets (NPLs) and magic-sized clusters (MSCs). NPLs are quasi-two-dimensional crystallites that exhibit a precise thickness of only a few atomic layers but much larger lateral dimensions. During growth, NPLs slowly appear with an increasing number of monolayers. By halting this process at a specific time, NPLs with a desired thickness can then be isolated (e.g., four monolayers). Because the optical properties are primarily governed by this thickness, which is uniform, NPLs exhibit improved optical properties such as narrower fluorescence line widths.While NPLs have highly anisotropic shapes and show discrete growth only in one dimension (thickness), MSCs are isotropic particles. The name "magic" arose because a specific set of NC sizes appear during synthesis. They have been believed to represent special atomic arrangements that possess enhanced structural stability. Historically, they were very small, hence molecular-scale "clusters." Isolation of one of the MSC sizes can then, in principle, provide a uniform sample of NCs. More recently, MSC growth has been extended to larger sizes, beyond what is commonly considered to be the "cluster" regime, challenging the conventional explanation for these materials.This Account summarizes recent work by our group to understand the mechanism that governs discrete growth in semiconductor NCs. We begin by describing the synthesis of NPLs. Next, we discuss the mechanism behind the highly anisotropic shape of NPLs. We build on this by examining the ripening process in NPLs. We show that NPLs slowly appear with increasing thickness, counterintuitively through lateral growth. Then, we turn to the synthesis of MSCs, in particular focusing on their growth mechanism. Our findings indicate a strong connection between NPLs and MSCs. Finally, we review several remaining challenges for the growth of NPLs and MSCs and give a brief outlook on the future of discrete growth. By understanding the underlying process, we believe that it can be exploited more broadly, potentially moving us toward more uniform nanomaterials.

Unraveling the Growth Mechanism of Magic-Sized Semiconductor Nanocrystals.

Magic-sized clusters (MSCs) of semiconductor are typically defined as specific molecular-scale arrangements of atoms that exhibit enhanced stability. They often grow in discrete jumps, creating a series of crystallites, without the appearance of intermediate sizes. However, despite their long history, the mechanism behind their special stability and growth remains poorly understood. It is particularly difficult to explain experiments that have shown discrete evolution of MSCs to larger sizes well beyond the "cluster" regime and into the size range of colloidal quantum dots. Here, we study the growth of MSCs, including these larger magic-sized CdSe nanocrystals, to unravel the underlying growth mechanism. We first introduce a synthetic protocol that yields a series of nine magic-sized nanocrystals of increasing size. By investigating these crystallites, we obtain important clues about the mechanism. We then develop a microscopic model that uses classical nucleation theory to determine kinetic barriers and simulate the growth. We show that magic-sized nanocrystals are consistent with a series of zinc-blende crystallites that grow layer by layer under surface-reaction-limited conditions. They have a tetrahedral shape, which is preserved when a monolayer is added to any of its four identical facets, leading to a series of discrete nanocrystals with special stability. Our analysis also identifies strong similarities with the growth of semiconductor nanoplatelets, which we then exploit to further increase the size range of our magic-sized nanocrystals. Although we focus here on CdSe, these results reveal a fundamental growth mechanism that can provide a different approach to nearly monodisperse nanocrystals.

Prevalence of Chronic Liver Disease Among the Patients of Celiac Disease and Effect of Gluten-Free Diet on Outcome of Liver Disease: A Prospective Study.

Objectives: Descriptive reports of liver involvement in celiac disease (CD) are sparse, and the effect of a strict gluten-free diet (GFD) on the course of liver injury is also poorly understood. We conducted a study on 94 adult patients with CD and found that 39 of them were having chronic liver disease as well. We further followed patients of 'CD with CLD' with strict Gluten-free diet (GFD) for six months. Methods: We screened 94 patients of CD for CLD and found 39 patients to have CLD as well. We further followed these 39 patients of 'CD with CLD' for six month with strict gluten-free diet. Follow up was done in terms of Child Pugh score. We recorded their clinical as well as laboratory findings after 1 month, 3 months and 6 months and compared them with those at the time of recruitment. Results: The liver involvement was found in 39(41.5%) out of 94 patients celiac disease. Mean Child-Pugh score on admission was 10.22±1.09 and on first follow-up mean Child-Pugh score was 7.38±1.47 was found to be statistically highly significant (p <0.001) Mean Child-Pugh score on admission was 10.15±1.09 and on second follow-up 7.33±1.33 respectively and was statistically highly significant (p <0.001) Mean Child-Pugh score on admission was 10.12±1.09 and on third follow-up mean Child-Pugh score was 6.31±0.93 respectively was statistically highly significant (p <0.001).

Identifying reactive organo-selenium precursors in the synthesis of CdSe nanoplatelets.

In the synthesis of CdSe nanoplatelets, the selenium-to-selenide reduction pathway is unknown. We study solvent-free growth of CdSe nanoplatelets and identify bis(acyl) selenides as key reactive intermediates. Based on our findings, we prepare a series of bis(acyl) selenides that provide useful precursors with tailored reactivity for liquid-phase syntheses of nanoplatelets.

An intrinsic growth instability in isotropic materials leads to quasi-two-dimensional nanoplatelets.

Colloidal nanoplatelets are atomically flat, quasi-two-dimensional sheets of semiconductor that can exhibit efficient, spectrally pure fluorescence. Despite intense interest in their properties, the mechanism behind their highly anisotropic shape and precise atomic-scale thickness remains unclear, and even counter-intuitive for commonly studied nanoplatelets that arise from isotropic crystal structures (such as zincblende CdSe and lead halide perovskites). Here we show that an intrinsic instability in growth kinetics can lead to such highly anisotropic shapes. By combining experimental results on the synthesis of CdSe nanoplatelets with theory predicting enhanced growth on narrow surface facets, we develop a model that explains nanoplatelet formation as well as observed dependencies on time and temperature. Based on standard concepts of volume, surface and edge energies, the resulting growth instability criterion can be directly applied to other crystalline materials. Thus, knowledge of this previously unknown mechanism for controlling shape at the nanoscale can lead to broader libraries of quasi-two-dimensional materials.