Assessment of digestible lysine requirements in lipopolysaccharide-challenged pigs.

To evaluate the effect of an Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge on the digestible lysine (Lys) requirement for growing pigs, a nitrogen (N) balance assay was performed. Seventy-two castrated male pigs (19 ± 1.49 kg body weight [BW]) were allocated in a 2 × 6 factorial design composed of two immune activation states (control and LPS-challenged) and six dietary treatments with N levels of 0.94, 1.69, 2.09, 3.04, 3.23, and 3.97% N, as fed, where Lys was limiting, with six replicates and one pig per unit. The challenge consisted of an initial LPS dose of 30 µg/kg BW via intramuscular (IM) injection and a subsequent dose of 33.6 µg/kg BW after 48 h. The experimental period lasted 11 d and was composed of a 7-d adaptation and a subsequent 4-d sampling period in which N intake (NI), N excretion (NEX), and N deposition (ND) were evaluated. Inflammatory mediators and rectal temperature were assessed during the 4-d collection period. A three-way interaction (N levels × LPS challenge × time, P < 0.05) for IgG was observed. Additionally, two-way interactions (challenge × time, P < 0.05) were verified for IgA, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, haptoglobin, α-1-acid glycoprotein, total protein, and rectal temperature; and (N levels × time, P < 0.05) for transferrin, albumin, haptoglobin, total protein, and rectal temperature. LPS-challenged pigs showed lower (P < 0.05) feed intake. A two-way interaction (N levels × LPS challenge, P < 0.05) was observed for NI, NEX, and ND, with a clear dose-response (P < 0.05). LPS-challenged pigs showed lower NI and ND at 2.09% N and 1.69 to 3.97% N (P < 0.05), respectively, and higher NEX at 3.23% N (P < 0.05). The parameters obtained by a nonlinear model (N maintenance requirement, NMR and theoretical maximum N deposition, NDmaxT) were 152.9 and 197.1 mg/BWkg0.75/d for NMR, and 3,524.7 and 2,077.8 mg/BWkg0.75/d for NDmaxT, for control and LPS-challenged pigs, respectively. The estimated digestible Lys requirements were 1,994.83 and 949.16 mg/BWkg0.75/d for control and LPS-challenged pigs, respectively. The daily digestible Lys intakes required to achieve 0.68 and 0.54 times the NRmaxT value were 18.12 and 8.62 g/d, respectively, and the optimal dietary digestible Lys concentration may change depending on the feed intake levels. Based on the derived model parameters obtained in the N balance trial with lower cost and time, it was possible to differentiate the digestible Lys requirement for swine under challenging conditions.

In-feed organic and inorganic manganese supplementation on broiler performance and physiological responses.

OBJECTIVE: A trial was conducted to investigate the effects of supplemental levels of Mn provided by organic and inorganic trace mineral supplements on growth, tissue mineralization, mineral balance, and antioxidant status of growing broiler chicks. METHODS: A total of 500 male chicks (8-d-old) were used in 10-day feeding trial, with 10 treatments and 10 replicates of 5 chicks per treatment. A 2×5 factorial design was used where supplemental Mn levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg Mn/kg diet) were provided as MnSO4∙H2O or MnPro. When Mn was supplied as MnPro, supplements of zinc, copper, iron, and selenium were supplied as organic minerals, whereas in MnSO4∙H2O supplemented diets, inorganic salts were used as sources of other trace minerals. Performance data were fitted to a linearbroken line regression model to estimate the optimal supplemental Mn levels. RESULTS: Manganese supplementation improved body weight, average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with chicks fed diets not supplemented with Mn. Manganese in liver, breast muscle, and tibia were greatest at 50, 75, and 100 mg supplemental Mn/kg diet, respectively. Higher activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase (total-SOD) were found in both liver and breast muscle of chicks fed diets supplemented with inorganic minerals. In chicks fed MnSO4∙H2O, ADG, FCR, Mn balance, and concentration in liver were optimized at 59.8, 74.3, 20.6, and 43.1 mg supplemental Mn/kg diet, respectively. In MnPro fed chicks, ADG, FCR, Mn balance, and concentration in liver and breast were optimized at 20.6, 38.0, 16.6, 33.5, and 62.3 mg supplemental Mn/kg, respectively. CONCLUSION: Lower levels of organic Mn were required by growing chicks for performance optimization compared to inorganic Mn. Based on the FCR, the ideal supplemental levels of organic and inorganic Mn in chick feeds were 38.0 and 74.3 mg Mn/kg diet, respectively.

Selenium source and level on performance, selenium retention and biochemical responses of young broiler chicks.

BACKGROUND: Selenium (Se) has been recognized as an essential micronutrient for nearly all forms of life. In recent decades, broiler responses to dietary Se supplemental levels and sources have received considerable attention. On environmental grounds, organic trace mineral utilization in practical broiler feeds has been defended due to its higher bioavailability. In such feeds, trace minerals are provided simultaneously in the same supplement as inorganic salts or organic chelates, a fact commonly ignored in assays conducted to validate organic trace mineral sources. The current assay aimed to investigate growth and biochemical responses, as well as Se retention of growing chicks fed diets supplemented with organic and inorganic Se levels and where the trace minerals (zinc, copper, manganese, and iron) were provided as organic chelates or inorganic salts according to Se source assessed. In so doing, a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement was used to investigate the effects of sodium selenite (SS) and selenium-yeast (SY) supplemented in feeds to provide the levels of 0, 0.08, 0.16, 0.24, and 0.32 mg Se/kg. RESULTS: Chicks fed selenium-yeast diets had body weight (BW), and average daily gain (ADG) maximized at 0.133 and 0.130 mg Se/kg, respectively. Both Se sources linearly increased (P < 0.05) the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in chick blood but higher values were observed in sodium selenite fed chicks (P < 0.05). Both Se sources influenced thyroid hormone serum concentrations (P < 0.05). Chicks fed SY exhibited greater retention of Se in the feathers (P < 0.05). Relative bioavailability of selenium yeast compared with SS for the Se content in carcass, feathers, total and Se retention were, 126, 116, 125 and 125%, respectively. SY supplementation resulted in lower liver Se concentration as Se supplementation increased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Based on performance traits, the supplemental level of organic Se as SY in organic trace minerals supplement to support the maximal growth of broiler chicks is 0.133 mg Se/kg.

Reduction of calcium levels in rations supplemented with vitamin D3 or 25-OH-D3 for broilers

An experiment was carried out to verify the response to the Ca reduction levels of diets with different vitamin D sources on performance, bone mineral deposition, serum concentrations, digestibility, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of broiler chickens in the period from 1 to 42 days reared in thermoneutral environment. A total of 504 male broilers with one day of age and average weight of 43.27±1.08 g were housed in climatic chambers and distributed in a completely randomized design. The study consisted of a 4 × 2 factorial, with four Ca reduction levels (0, 10, 20, and 30%) and two vitamin D sources (2760 IU of D3 or 25-OH-D3). The performance of animals at 21 and 42 days of age was not affected by Ca reduction by up to 30%, regardless of the vitamin source used. Dietary reduction from 10% decreased serum Ca concentrations. The use of vitamin D3 provided a serum P level greater than the 25-OH-D3. Calcium reduction decreased serum 25-OH-D3 levels. No effect of vitamin source or Ca levels on broiler carcass characteristics was observed at 42 days. The vitamin source did not influence meat quality, while Ca reduction of the diet provided lower losses by thawing and cooking and higher initial pH values. The b* color was reduced in diets with lower Ca levels of the diet. Reducing Ca up to 30% does not affect the performance and carcass characteristics, regardless of the vitamin D source used. The quality of broiler meat is improved with the Ca reduction in the diet, but the vitamin used has no effect on such characteristics. We can conclude, based on the results of performance, blood, and bone, that the performance variables are not adequate to determine the actual requirement of Ca, since as it is a priority to maintain performance, bone mineral mobilization occurs, which may compromise the carcass quality of the birds.(AU)

Metabolizable energy levels for meat quails from 15 to 35 days of age / Níveis de energia metabolizável para codornas de corte de 15 a 35 dias de idade

This trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietetic metabolizable energy levels on performance and carcass traits of meat quails from 15 to 35 days old. Five hundred sixty, 15-d old, meat quails were randomly assigned to five treatments (2.850; 2.950; 3.050; 3.150 e 3.250kcal of ME kg-1 of diet), with eight replicates and fourteen birds per experimental unit. Feed intake, protein and lysine intake and feed conversion decreased linearly as the metabolizable energy content of diets increased (P 0.01), whereas metabolizable energy intake, body weight, weight gain and viability were not affected (P>0.05) by the treatments. Diets did not influence (P>0.05) carcass traits as dry matter, moisture and protein content in carcass. However a quadratic effect (P 0.04) were observed on carcass fat content. Based on these results, the adequate metabolizable energy level to ensure better meat quails' growth is 3.250kcal of ME kg-1 diet, that corresponds to a metabolizable energy: crude protein ratio of 139,24.(AU)

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos níveis de energia metabolizável (EM) sobre o desempenho de codornas de corte de 15 a 35 dias de idade, foi conduzido um experimento com 560 aves aos 15 dias de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (2.850; 2.950; 3.050; 3.150 e 3.250kcal de EM kg-1 de ração), oito repetições com 14 aves por unidade experimental. Verificou-se redução linear (P 0,01) no consumo de ração, de proteína, de lisina e na conversão alimentar, com o aumento dos níveis de EM da ração. O consumo de energia metabolizável, o peso corporal, o ganho de peso, viabilidade das aves não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos níveis de EM utilizados. Os níveis de EM das dietas não influenciaram (P>0,05) a matéria seca, o teor de umidade e a proteína nas carcaças. Foi observado efeito quadrático (P 0,04) dos níveis de EM sobre o teor de gordura nas carcaças. Conclui-se que o nível de EM de 3.250kcal kg-1 de ração, correspondendo à relação de energia metabolizável:proteína bruta de 139,24, possibilita melhor desempenho das codornas de corte.(AU)

Metabolizable energy levels for meat quails from 15 to 35 days of age / Níveis de energia metabolizável para codornas de corte de 15 a 35 dias de idade

ABSTRACT: This trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietetic metabolizable energy levels on performance and carcass traits of meat quails from 15 to 35 days old. Five hundred sixty, 15-d old, meat quails were randomly assigned to five treatments (2.850; 2.950; 3.050; 3.150 e 3.250kcal of ME kg-1 of diet), with eight replicates and fourteen birds per experimental unit. Feed intake, protein and lysine intake and feed conversion decreased linearly as the metabolizable energy content of diets increased (P<0.01), whereas metabolizable energy intake, body weight, weight gain and viability were not affected (P>0.05) by the treatments. Diets did not influence (P>0.05) carcass traits as dry matter, moisture and protein content in carcass. However a quadratic effect (P<0.04) were observed on carcass fat content. Based on these results, the adequate metabolizable energy level to ensure better meat quails' growth is 3.250kcal of ME kg-1 diet, that corresponds to a metabolizable energy: crude protein ratio of 139,24.

RESUMO: Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos níveis de energia metabolizável (EM) sobre o desempenho de codornas de corte de 15 a 35 dias de idade, foi conduzido um experimento com 560 aves aos 15 dias de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (2.850; 2.950; 3.050; 3.150 e 3.250kcal de EM kg-1 de ração), oito repetições com 14 aves por unidade experimental. Verificou-se redução linear (P<0,01) no consumo de ração, de proteína, de lisina e na conversão alimentar, com o aumento dos níveis de EM da ração. O consumo de energia metabolizável, o peso corporal, o ganho de peso, viabilidade das aves não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos níveis de EM utilizados. Os níveis de EM das dietas não influenciaram (P>0,05) a matéria seca, o teor de umidade e a proteína nas carcaças. Foi observado efeito quadrático (P<0,04) dos níveis de EM sobre o teor de gordura nas carcaças. Conclui-se que o nível de EM de 3.250kcal kg-1 de ração, correspondendo à relação de energia metabolizável:proteína bruta de 139,24, possibilita melhor desempenho das codornas de corte.

Qualidade de ovos de codorna submetidos ou não a tratamento superficial da casca armazenados em diferentes ambientes / Quality of quail eggs submitted or no to surface treatment of the shell stored in different environments

With the aim of evaluating the quality of eggs of Japanese quail treated superficially, by immersion in mineral oil or propolis solution, simultaneous experiments were conducted in two environments, without refrigeration (Experiment 1) and with refrigeration (Experiment 2). For each experiment, were selected 360 intact eggs distributed in a completely randomized design in factorial 3 x 5 (untreated eggs; eggs immersed in propolis or eggs immersed in mineral oil, evaluated for five storage times: 7; 14; 21; 28 and 35 days), each treatment consisted of four replicates of six eggs each. The eggs had increased weight loss, decrease in specific gravity and growth the weight and the pH of the yolk, besides the reduced the pH of the albumen and their respective weight with advancing storage time in the absence of cooling (Experiment 1), whether treated or not in the shell. However, the surface treatment with mineral oil promoted protection against progressive loss of weight and decreased specific gravity, making them less intense with advancing the storage period without refrigeration. In the Experiment 2, the immersion of eggs in mineral oil promoted less weight loss, higher specific weight, greater weight of the yolk and the albumen during storage under refrigeration. The quality of quail eggs submitted of treatment superficial on shell by immersion in mineral oil is preserved for up to five weeks under different environments, with and without refrigeration.(AU)

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade de ovos de codornas japonesas tratados superficialmente, através de imersão em óleo mineral ou solução de própolis, foram conduzidos experimentos simultâneos em dois ambientes, sem refrigeração (Experimento 1) e com refrigeração (Experimento 2). Para cada experimento, foram selecionados 360 ovos íntegros distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 5 (ovos não tratados; ovos imersos em solução de própolis e ovos imersos em óleo mineral, avaliados durante cinco tempos de armazenamento: 7; 14; 21; 28 e 35 dias), cada tratamento foi composto por seis repetições de quatro ovos cada. Os ovos apresentaram aumento da perda de peso, diminuição do peso específico e aumento do peso e do pH da gema, além de redução do pH do albúmen e de seu respectivo peso com o avançar do tempo de estocagem na ausência de refrigeração (Experimento 1), independente se receberam ou não tratamento na casca. Entretanto, o tratamento superficial com óleo mineral promoveu proteção contra essa perda progressiva de peso e diminuição do peso específico, tornando-as menos intensas com o avançar do período de estocagem sem refrigeração. No Experimento 2, a imersão dos ovos em óleo mineral conferiu menor perda de peso, maior peso específico, maior peso de gema e de albúmen durante o armazenamento sob refrigeração.A qualidade de ovos de codornas submetidos a tratamento superficial da casca por imersão em óleo mineral é preservada por até cinco semanas em diferentes ambientes, sem e com refrigeração.(AU)

Qualidade de ovos de codorna submetidos ou não a tratamento superficial da casca armazenados em diferentes ambientes / Quality of quail eggs submitted or no to surface treatment of the shell stored in different environments

With the aim of evaluating the quality of eggs of Japanese quail treated superficially, by immersion in mineral oil or propolis solution, simultaneous experiments were conducted in two environments, without refrigeration (Experiment 1) and with refrigeration (Experiment 2). For each experiment, were selected 360 intact eggs distributed in a completely randomized design in factorial 3 x 5 (untreated eggs; eggs immersed in propolis or eggs immersed in mineral oil, evaluated for five storage times: 7; 14; 21; 28 and 35 days), each treatment consisted of four replicates of six eggs each. The eggs had increased weight loss, decrease in specific gravity and growth the weight and the pH of the yolk, besides the reduced the pH of the albumen and their respective weight with advancing storage time in the absence of cooling (Experiment 1), whether treated or not in the shell. However, the surface treatment with mineral oil promoted protection against progressive loss of weight and decreased specific gravity, making them less intense with advancing the storage period without refrigeration. In the Experiment 2, the immersion of eggs in mineral oil promoted less weight loss, higher specific weight, greater weight of the yolk and the albumen during storage under refrigeration. The quality of quail eggs submitted of treatment superficial on shell by immersion in mineral oil is preserved for up to five weeks under different environments, with and without refrigeration.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade de ovos de codornas japonesas tratados superficialmente, através de imersão em óleo mineral ou solução de própolis, foram conduzidos experimentos simultâneos em dois ambientes, sem refrigeração (Experimento 1) e com refrigeração (Experimento 2). Para cada experimento, foram selecionados 360 ovos íntegros distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 5 (ovos não tratados; ovos imersos em solução de própolis e ovos imersos em óleo mineral, avaliados durante cinco tempos de armazenamento: 7; 14; 21; 28 e 35 dias), cada tratamento foi composto por seis repetições de quatro ovos cada. Os ovos apresentaram aumento da perda de peso, diminuição do peso específico e aumento do peso e do pH da gema, além de redução do pH do albúmen e de seu respectivo peso com o avançar do tempo de estocagem na ausência de refrigeração (Experimento 1), independente se receberam ou não tratamento na casca. Entretanto, o tratamento superficial com óleo mineral promoveu proteção contra essa perda progressiva de peso e diminuição do peso específico, tornando-as menos intensas com o avançar do período de estocagem sem refrigeração. No Experimento 2, a imersão dos ovos em óleo mineral conferiu menor perda de peso, maior peso específico, maior peso de gema e de albúmen durante o armazenamento sob refrigeração.A qualidade de ovos de codornas submetidos a tratamento superficial da casca por imersão em óleo mineral é preservada por até cinco semanas em diferentes ambientes, sem e com refrigeração.