Acceptance or rejection of vaccination against influenza and SARS-CoV2 viruses among primary care professionals in Central Catalonia. A cross-sectional study.

Background: With the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the uncertainty about the real impact of coinfection with other viruses, and the increased risk of mortality in the case of coinfection with the influenza virus, health authorities recommended an increase in influenza vaccination coverage among at-risk groups to minimize the possible impact on individuals and the healthcare system. Recommendations for influenza vaccination during the 2020-2021 campaign in Catalonia were focused on increasing vaccination coverage, especially for social and healthcare workers, elderly people and at-risk individuals of any age. The objectives for the 2020-2021 season in Catalonia were to reach 75 % for the elderly and for social and healthcare workers, and 60 % for pregnant women and at-risk groups. In the case of healthcare professionals and those over 65 years of age, the target was not met. Vaccination coverage reached 65.58 % and 66.44 %, respectively (in the 2019-2020 campaign it was 39.08 %).Analysing and following up on the background and context in which health professionals accept influenza vaccination will help develop strategies for long-term influenza vaccination campaigns. The present study looks at healthcare professionals in a specific territory where the reasons for acceptance or refusal of the influenza vaccine during the 2021-2022 vaccination campaign, as well as the reasons for acceptance or refusal of the COVID-19 vaccine, were analysed by means of an online survey. Methods: Calculations suggested that a random sample of 290 individuals would be sufficient to estimate, with 95% confidence and a precision of +/- 5 percentage units, a population percentage that was expected to be around 30%. The required replacement rate was 10%.The R statistical software (version 3.6.3) was used for the statistical analysis. Confidence intervals were 95 % and contrasts with a p-value of < 0.05 were considered significant. Findings: Of the 1921 professionals to whom the survey was sent, 586 (30.5%) responded to all the questions. 95.2% of respondents were vaccinated against COVID-19 and 66.2% against influenza.It was observed that the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and the decision to get vaccinated was different for influenza and COVID-19. The reasons for accepting the COVID-19 vaccine with the highest percentage were firstly protecting family (82.2%), self-protection (74.9%) and also protecting patients (57.8%). Otherwise, other reasons not described in the survey (50%) and mistrust (42.3%) were the reasons for rejecting the COVID-19 vaccine.Regarding influenza, the most relevant reasons for which professionals got vaccinated were self-protection (70.7%), protecting family (69.7%) and protecting patients (58.4%). Reasons for refusing the influenza vaccine were reasons not mentioned in the survey (29.1%) and the low probability of suffering complications (27.4%). Interpretation: Analysing the context, territory, sector, and the reasons for both accepting and refusing a vaccine will help develop effective strategies. Although vaccination coverage against COVID-19 was very high throughout Spain, a marked increase in influenza vaccination in the context of COVID-19 was observed among healthcare professionals in the Central Catalonia region compared to the previous pre-pandemic campaign.

Effectiveness of a brief intervention for acceptance of influenza vaccine in reluctant primary care patients / Efectividad del consejo breve para la vacunación antigripal en pacientes reacios en atención primaria

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of a brief intervention in increasing influenza vaccination coverage compared with the usual advice in people who refuse it, and to record the main reasons for refusing to be vaccinated. Method: A cluster randomized clinical trial was conducted in which the study population was individuals with high risk factors who initially had refused to be vaccinated against influenza. Professionals (doctors and nurses) who voluntarily accepted to participate were assigned randomly to the intervention group (brief intervention) and the control group (usual advice). Results: 57 professionals recruited 524 people who had previously declined the influenza vaccination (271 in the control group and 253 in the intervention group). Brief intervention showed its effectiveness with an odds ratio of 2.48 (1.61-3.82; p < 0.001), in individuals aged 60 or over, both healthy or with risk factors. The most frequent reasons for rejection of vaccination were the belief that there was no risk of getting sick (53.0%) and the fear of the side effects (33.3%). (AU)

Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad del consejo breve para la vacunación antigripal frente al consejo habitual en personas que la rechazan, y conocer los principales motivos de rechazo. Método: Se realizó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado por clusters, en el que la población de estudio eran personas con factores de riesgo y que inicialmente rechazaban vacunarse. Los/las profesionales (médicos/as y enfermeros/as) que aceptaron participar se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en un grupo de intervención (consejo breve) y un grupo de control (consejo habitual). Resultados: Cincuenta y siete profesionales reclutaron 524 personas que rechazaron la vacunación (271 en el grupo control y 253 en el grupo de intervención). El consejo breve demostró su efectividad, con una odds ratio de 2,48 (1,61-3,82; p < 0.001), en las personas de 60 años o más, sanos o con factores de riesgo. Los principales motivos para no vacunarse fueron la creencia de no estar en riesgo de enfermar (53,0%) y el miedo a los efectos secundarios (33,3%). Conclusiones: El consejo breve es una herramienta efectiva para mejorar las coberturas de vacunación en personas que la rechazan inicialmente. (AU)

Influenza vaccination in coronavirus times: Primary Care professionals' intention to get vaccinated in Central Catalonia (VAGCOVID). A cross sectional study.

Influenza vaccination is the main measure of prevention against epidemic flu. Although recommended, vaccination coverage remains low. The lack of knowledge about the evolution of influenza in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic led to the recommendation of influenza vaccination to people at risk and professionals to avoid a greater burden than the one already posed by SARS-CoV-2. The aim of the study is to determine health professionals' intention to vaccinate against seasonal flu in the 2020-2021 campaign, in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and to analyse the factors that influence it. Cross-sectional study through a structured survey aimed at Primary Care professionals in Central Catalonia. A total of 610 participants responded to the survey, 65.7% of whom intended to get vaccinated against influenza in this campaign, and 11.1% did not know or did not answer. The intention to get vaccinated is associated with the professional category and the number of years of professional practice. The profile of the professionals who intend to get vaccinated against flu includes professionals with a history of vaccination, who participate in on-call duties and perceive that their dependents were at risk of becoming ill. During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, although almost two-thirds of the respondents showed a clear intention to get vaccinated against influenza, 11% were doubtful. To improve influenza vaccination uptake among health professionals, strategies need to be devised to target those professionals who are hesitant or reluctant to vaccinate.

Effectiveness of a brief intervention for acceptance of influenza vaccine in reluctant primary care patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of a brief intervention in increasing influenza vaccination coverage compared with the usual advice in people who refuse it, and to record the main reasons for refusing to be vaccinated. METHOD: A cluster randomized clinical trial was conducted in which the study population was individuals with high risk factors who initially had refused to be vaccinated against influenza. Professionals (doctors and nurses) who voluntarily accepted to participate were assigned randomly to the intervention group (brief intervention) and the control group (usual advice). RESULTS: 57 professionals recruited 524 people who had previously declined the influenza vaccination (271 in the control group and 253 in the intervention group). Brief intervention showed its effectiveness with an odds ratio of 2.48 (1.61-3.82; p<0.001), in individuals aged 60 or over, both healthy or with risk factors. The most frequent reasons for rejection of vaccination were the belief that there was no risk of getting sick (53.0%) and the fear of the side effects (33.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Brief intervention is an effective tool in improving vaccination coverage in people who have initially rejected it.

Influenza vaccination during the coronavirus pandemic: intention to vaccinate among the at-risk population in the Central Catalonia Health Region (VAGCOVID).

BACKGROUND: Influenza is a major public health issue, with the primary preventive measure being an annual influenza vaccination. Nevertheless, vaccination coverage among the at-risk population is low. Our understanding of the behaviour of the influenza virus during the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic is limited, meaning influenza vaccination is still recommended for individuals at risk for severe complications due to influenza infection. The aim of the study is to determine the intention to vaccinate against seasonal influenza among the at-risk population in the 2020-21 campaign during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and to analyse the factors which influence such intention. METHODS: Cross-sectional telephone survey of adults (aged over 18) with risk factors in central Catalonia where the need for the Seasonal Influenza Vaccine (SIV) was recommended. RESULTS: A total of 434 participants responded to the survey, 43.3% of whom intended to be vaccinated against influenza for the 2020-2021 influenza season, 40.8% had no intention to be vaccinated and 15.9% were uncertain or did not express their opinion. The intention to get vaccinated against influenza is associated with having dependents, the individual's perception of the risk of being infected with influenza and the perceived risk of transmission to dependents. It is also associated with age, whether the individual had received influenza vaccine the previous season or any other season before. The best predictors of the intention to vaccinate are the individual's perception of the risk of catching influenza and whether the individual had been vaccinated in the previous season. CONCLUSIONS: Intention to vaccinate can be a good predictor of individual behaviour in relation to vaccination. During the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic many individuals are hesitant to influenza vaccination. In order to improve influenza vaccination coverage in people included in risk groups, it is necessary to promote educational actions, especially among those who express doubts.

The problematic use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in adolescents by the cross sectional JOITIC study.

BACKGROUND: The emerging field of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has brought about new interaction styles. Its excessive use may lead to addictive behaviours. The objective is to determine the prevalence of the problematic use of ICT such as Internet, mobile phones and video games, among adolescents enrolled in mandatory Secondary Education (ESO in Spanish) and to examine associated factors. METHODS: Cross sectional, multi-centric descriptive study. POPULATION: 5538 students enrolled in years one to four of ESO at 28 schools in the Vallès Occidental region (Barcelona, Spain). DATA COLLECTION: self-administered socio-demographic and ICT access questionnaire, and validated questionnaires on experiences related to the use of the Internet, mobile phones and video games (CERI, CERM, CERV). RESULTS: Questionnaires were collected from 5,538 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 20 (77.3 % of the total response), 48.6 % were females. Problematic use of the Internet was observed in 13.6 % of the surveyed individuals; problematic use of mobile phones in 2.4 % and problematic use in video games in 6.2 %. Problematic Internet use was associated with female students, tobacco consumption, a background of binge drinking, the use of cannabis or other drugs, poor academic performance, poor family relationships and an intensive use of the computer. Factors associated with the problematic use of mobile phones were the consumption of other drugs and an intensive use of these devices. Frequent problems with video game use have been associated with male students, the consumption of other drugs, poor academic performance, poor family relationships and an intensive use of these games. CONCLUSIONS: This study offers information on the prevalence of addictive behaviours of the Internet, mobile phones and video game use. The problematic use of these ICT devices has been related to the consumption of drugs, poor academic performance and poor family relationships. This intensive use may constitute a risk marker for ICT addiction.

Acceso y uso de nuevas tecnologías entre los jóvenes de educación secundaria, implicaciones en salud. Estudio JOITIC / Access and use of new information and telecommunication technologies among teenagers at high school, health implications. JOITIC Study

OBJETIVO: Determinar la accesibilidad y el uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) entre los jóvenes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) y analizar factores relacionados. DISEÑO: Estudio descriptivo multicéntrico transversal. Emplazamiento: Institutos de ESO participantes en el programa «Salut i Escola». Participantes: Un total de 5.538 alumnos de primero a cuarto curso de ESO de 28 centros del área de Barcelona. Mediciones principales: Aplicación de cuestionario autoadministrado sociodemográfico, de accesibilidad y uso de las TIC. RESULTADOS: Las preguntas no contestadas no superan el 1%, excepto sobre rendimiento escolar (3,13%). El 48,6% eran chicas, edad media 14 años (rango 11-20); 15,5% de origen extranjero. El 20,3% refieren bajo rendimiento escolar. El 75,5% realizan actividades extraescolares. El 88,9% refieren buena relación familiar. El acceso a las TIC es homogéneamente masivo: el 98% tiene ordenador en casa, y el 44,8% lo usa 2 o más horas diariamente; el 98,6% accede a Internet, el 47,2% sin control paterno. El 90% tiene móvil (83% en primero y 95% en cuarto), el 45,6% antes de los 12 años. Las chicas lo utilizan más para relaciones sociales y los chicos para jugar. El 64,4% juegan a videojuegos, el 36,5% durante 3 o más horas a la semana, y el 66,8% sin control paterno. Su uso disminuye con la edad. El control paterno de las TIC se asocia a mejor rendimiento escolar. CONCLUSIONES: Los adolescentes acceden a las TIC cada vez a una edad más temprana. Su uso representa una parte importante de su actividad diaria. Se han detectado diferencias de uso entre ambos sexos, edad y tipo de centro

OBJECTIVE: To determine ICT accessibility and use among the adolescents attending High School and to analyse related factors. DESIGN: Cross-sectional multicentric study. Setting: High Schools participating in the Community Health «Salut i Escola» Programme. Participants: 5,538 students from first to fourth degree at 28 centres in the area of Barcelona. Main measurements: Self administered questionnaire including sociodemographic information, ICT use and accessibility. RESULTS: Missing answers were below 1% in all items except in school performance (3,13%); 48,6% were female, mean age 14 years (range 11-20); 15,5% foreigners; 23% reported low school performance; 75,2% took extracurricular activities; 88,9% refers a good relationship with their parents. ICT access is homogeneously massive: 98% had a computer at home, 44,8% used it for two or more hours daily. 98,6% could access Internet, 47,2% without parental control. 90% owned a mobile phone (83% in first grade, 95% in fourth); 45,6% owned one before 12 years old. Girls use it for social relationships and boys for playing. 68,4% played videogames, 36,5% for three or more hours a week and 66,8% without parental control. Their use decreases with age. The ICT parental control is associated with better school performance. CONCLUSIONS: Our high scholars gain access to the ICT at younger ages and they use them in almost every aspect of their lives. There have been detected some gender differences in their use, as well as in the age of the users and between the type of school

[The Questionnaire of Experiences Associated with Video games (CERV): an instrument to detect the problematic use of video games in Spanish adolescents]. / El Cuestionario de Experiencias Relacionadas con los Videojuegos (CERV): un instrumento para detectar el uso problemático de videojuegos en adolescentes españoles.

The aim of this study is to validate the Video Game-Related Experiences Questionnaire (CERV in Spanish). The questionnaire consists of 17 items, developed from the CERI (Internet-Related Experiences Questionnaire - Beranuy and cols.), and assesses the problematic use of non-massive video games. It was validated for adolescents in Compulsory Secondary Education. To validate the questionnaire, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and an internal consistency analysis were carried out. The factor structure shows two factors: (a) Psychological dependence and use for evasion; and (b) Negative consequences of using video games. Two cut-off points were established for people with no problems in their use of video games (NP), with potential problems in their use of video games (PP), and with serious problems in their use of video games (SP). Results show that there is higher prevalence among males and that problematic use decreases with age. The CERV seems to be a good instrument for the screening of adolescents with difficulties deriving from video game use. Further research should relate problematic video game use with difficulties in other life domains, such as the academic field.

[Access and use of new information and telecommunication technologies among teenagers at high school, health implications. JOITIC Study]. / Acceso y uso de nuevas tecnologías entre los jóvenes de educación secundaria, implicaciones en salud. Estudio JOITIC.

OBJECTIVE: To determine ICT accessibility and use among the adolescents attending High School and to analyse related factors. DESIGN: Cross-sectional multicentric study. SETTING: High Schools participating in the Community Health «Salut i Escola¼ Programme. PARTICIPANTS: 5,538 students from first to fourth degree at 28 centres in the area of Barcelona. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Self administered questionnaire including sociodemographic information, ICT use and accessibility. RESULTS: Missing answers were below 1% in all items except in school performance (3,13%); 48,6% were female, mean age 14years (range 11-20); 15,5% foreigners; 23% reported low school performance; 75,2% took extracurricular activities; 88,9% refers a good relationship with their parents. ICT access is homogeneously massive: 98% had a computer at home, 44,8% used it for two or more hours daily. 98,6% could access Internet, 47,2% without parental control. 90% owned a mobile phone (83% in first grade, 95% in fourth); 45,6% owned one before 12years old. Girls use it for social relationships and boys for playing. 68,4% played videogames, 36,5% for three or more hours a week and 66,8% without parental control. Their use decreases with age. The ICT parental control is associated with better school performance. CONCLUSIONS: Our high scholars gain access to the ICT at younger ages and they use them in almost every aspect of their lives. There have been detected some gender differences in their use, as well as in the age of the users and between the type of school.