Interaction effects of glycine equivalent and standardized ileal digestible threonine in low protein diets for broiler grower chickens.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the interactive effect of a glycine equivalent (Glyequi) and standardized ileal digestible threonine (SID Thr) levels in low crude protein diets on performance, blood biochemistry, pectoral muscular creatine content and oxidative stability of meat in broiler chickens from 21 to 42 days. METHODS: A total of 1,500, twenty-one-day-old Cobb-Vantress male broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized 5×3 factorial arrangement of Glyequi×SID Thr with five replicates of 20 birds each. Fifteen dietary treatments of 16.5% CP were formulated to contain five levels of total Glyequi (1.16%, 1.26%, 1.36%, 1.46%, and 1.56%) and three levels of SID Thr (0.58%; 0.68% and 0.78%). RESULTS: Interaction effects (p<0.05) of Glyequi and SID Thr levels were observed for weight gain, carcass yield, pectoral muscular creatine content and serum uric acid. Higher levels of Glyequi increased (p = 0.040) weight gain in 0.58% and 0.68% SID Thr diets compare to the 0.78% SID Thr diet. The SID Thr level at 0.68% improved (p = 0.040) feed conversion compared to other SID Thr diets. Levels of Glyequi equal to or above 1.26% in diets with 0.78% SID Thr resulted in birds with higher (p = 0.033) pectoral muscular creatine content. The breast meat yield observed in the 0.68% SID Thr diet was higher (p = 0.05) compared to the 0.58% SID Thr diet. There was a quadratic effect of Glyequi levels for pectoral pectoral muscular creatine content (p = 0.008), breast meat yield (p = 0.030), and serum total protein concentrations (p = 0.040), and the optimal levels were estimated to be 1.47%, 1.35%, and 1.40% Glyequi, respectively. The lowest (p = 0.050) concentration of malondialdehyde in the breast meat was found in 0.68% SID Thr diets at 1.36% Glyequi. CONCLUSION: The minimum dietary level of Glyequi needed to improve performance in low crude protein diets is 1.26% with adequate SID Thr levels for broiler chickens.

Immunomodulatory action of jacalin from Artocarpus integrifolia and mannoprotein from Saccharomyces uvarum on the humoral immunity of laying hens / Avaliação da ação imunomoduladora do Jacalin de Artocarpus integrifolia e mannoprotein de Saccharomyces uvarum na imunidade humoral das galinhas poedeiras

ABSTRACT: Advances in the fields of glycobiology and immunology have provided many insights into the role of carbohydrate-protein interactions in the immune system. Jacalin of Artocarpus integrifolia (JCA) and structural mannoprotein of Saccharomyces uvarum (MPS) are molecules with immunomodulatory properties. JCA is an IgA human lectin binding molecule that causes the mitogenic stimulation of immune cells, production of cytokines, chemotaxis, and activation of leukocytes. Studies on the immunomodulatory properties of JCA and MPS in mammals and fish suggest that they have an action on antibody production. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible action of JCA and MPS on the production of specific antibodies in laying hens. For this, laying hens were inoculated with an intra abdominal injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) with either JCA (0.075 µg, 0.75 µg, and 7.5 µg) or MPS (20 µg and 100 µg). Levels of anti-SRBC antibodies of the IgY, IgM, and IgA classes were evaluated by ELISA. Results showed that JCA and MPS have immunomodulatory effects on levels of anti-SRBC IgM, IgA, and IgY. An immunostimulatory effect of JCA was observed in primary immune response on anti-SRBC IgY, while an inhibitory effect of JCA and MPS was observed in secondary immune response on the production of IgM and IgA anti-SRBC. These results suggested that MPS and JCA have immunomodulatory effects on antibody production and could be used in future studies on humoral immune response in poultry.

RESUMO: Avanços nos campos glicobiologia e imunologia forneceram muitas informações sobre o papel das interações da proteína-carboidrato na modulação do sistema imunológico. A jacalina extraída de Artocarpus integrifolia (JCA) e a manoproteína da parede celular de Saccharomyces uvarum (MPS) são moléculas com propriedades imunomoduladoras. JCA é uma lectina com afinidade pela IgA humana e tem ação mitogênica sobre células do sistema imunológico estimulando a produção de citocinas, a quimiotaxia e a ativação de leucócitos. Estudos sobre as propriedades imunomoduladoras de JCA e MPS em mamíferos e peixes sugerem que essas moléculas podem ter um efeito sobre a produção de anticorpos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a ação da JCA e MPS sobre a produção de anticorpos específicos em galinhas poedeiras. Para isso, galinhas poedeiras foram inoculadas por via intra-abdominal com eritrócitos de carneiro (SRBC) em associação com o JCA (0,075 µg, 0,75 µg, e 7,5 µg) ou MPS (20 µg e 100 µg). Os níveis de anticorpos anti-SRBC das classes IgY, IgM, e IgA foram avaliados por ELISA. Os resultados mostraram que a JCA e a MPS têm um efeito imunomodulador sobre a produção IgY, IgM, ou IgA anti-SRBC. Um efeito imunoestimulador da JCA foi observado sobre a produção de anticorpos IgY na resposta imune primária, enquanto um efeito imuno inibitório da JCA e da MPS sobre a produção de IgM e IgA anti-SRBC na resposta imune secundária. Estes resultados sugerem que o MPS e JCA tem efeito modulador sobre a produção de anticorpos e podem ser utilizados em estudos futuros sobre a imunidade humoral em aves comerciais.

Effects of storage time and temperature on lipid oxidation of egg powders enriched with natural antioxidants.

The lipid fraction of egg powder may be affected by storage conditions due to the development of oxidative rancidity caused by polyunsaturated fatty acids. This study evaluated egg powders enriched with antioxidants [tocopherol, catechin, lycopene, and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)] for conjugated dienes (during a 90-day period) and for malonaldehydes (during a 210-day period) at 25±2 and 4±1°C. The presence of lycopene and BHA increases the total phenolic compounds in the enriched egg powders, and BHA exhibits the most antioxidant activity, as quantified by an ABTS assay. Egg powders enriched with antioxidants do not show any reduction in conjugate diene production compared to controls, and no effect of storage temperature is observed; however, in the production of malonaldehyde, greater stability is observed at 4°C, and catechin is more effective in reducing oxidation during storage. The results show that natural antioxidants can be used in egg powder instead of synthetic compounds to reduce malonaldehyde production during storage.

Sunflower cake with or without enzymatic complex for broiler chickens feeding.

OBJECTIVE: This study was to evaluate the sunflower cake and enzymatic complex fed to broilers from 22 to 42 d of age. METHODS: In a completely randomized design, a total of 850 birds were allotted in a 2×5 factorial scheme (with and without enzymatic complex) and five inclusion levels (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) of sunflower cake. There were 5 replications and 17 birds in each experimental unit. Data from performance, carcass yield and intestinal morphology were evaluated. RESULTS: Feed intake, weight gain, final weight and feed:gain ratio linearly worsened as sunflower cake increased. For weight gain, final weight and feed:gain ratio, the birds whose diets contained levels of 15% and 20% of sunflower cake showed worse values (p<0.05) than the birds fed the control diet. When fed the enzymatic complex, birds improved (p<0.05) crypt depth and villus:crypt ratio in the jejunum. As inclusion levels of sunflower cake increased, villus depth and villus:crypt ratio in duodenum, jejunum and ileum linearly reduced and the crypt depth linearly increased. Carcass yield linearly reduced as sunflower cake increased. CONCLUSION: Based on performance, sunflower cake can be used up to 10% in broilers feeding from 21 to 42 days of age.

Cassava starch factory residues in the diet of slow-growing broilers.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of dehydrated cassava starch residue (DCSR) on the performance, gastrointestinal tract characteristics and carcass traits of ISA Label JA57 slow-growing broilers. A total of 510 broilers at 21 were distributed in a randomized experimental design with 5 treatments (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 % DCSR inclusion) and a control group, 5 replicates, and 17 birds per experimental unit. The DCSR inclusion from 21 to 49 days of age negatively influenced (P < 0.05) weight gain and feed intake and did not affect (P > 0.05) feed conversion in the broilers with increasing of DCSR inclusion. From 21 to 79 days, DCSR inclusion impaired (P < 0.05) weight gain, feed conversion, and poultry litter quality with increasing of DCSR inclusion. The level of blood triglycerides showed a quadratic response (P < 0.05) at 79 days of age with the highest value predicted to occur at 5.45 % of DCSR inclusion. DCSR levels affected (P < 0.05) the gastrointestinal organ characteristics, cecal content pH, and pigmentation of the shank, breast, and thigh meat of the birds but did not alter (P > 0.05) the other parameters of carcass quality and yield, cuts, and percentage of abdominal fat. In conclusion, DCSR inclusion levels above 2 % compromised broiler performance.

Use of vitamin d3 and its metabolites in broiler chicken feed on performance, bone parameters and meat quality.

The objective of this experiment was to assess the use of different vitamin D metabolites in the feed of broiler chickens and the effects of the metabolites on performance, bone parameters and meat quality. A total of 952 one-day-old male broiler chicks were distributed in a completely randomised design, with four treatments, seven replicates and 34 birds per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of four different sources of vitamin D included in the diet, D3, 25(OH)D3, 1,25(OH)2D3, and 1α(OH)D3, providing 2000 and 1600 IU of vitamin D in the starter (1 to 21 d) and growth phases (22 to 42 d), respectively. Mean weight, feed:gain and weight gain throughout the rearing period were less in animals fed 1α(OH)D3 when compared with the other treatments (p<0.05). No significant differences were noted among the treatments (p>0.05) for various bone parameters. Meat colour differed among the treatments (p>0.05). All of the metabolites used in the diets, with the exception of 1α(OH)D3, can be used for broiler chickens without problems for performance and bone quality, however, some aspects of meat quality were affected.

Performance and macrophage activity of broilers fed with a sorghum meal with different yeast wall levels

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of broiler breeders' age and yeast wall (YW) levels on broilers' performance and macrophage activitys. The experiment consisted in a completely randomized design and a 2 X 5 factorial arrangement and two controls of two broiler breeders age (34 and 57 weeks of age) and five YW levels (zero, one, two, three or four kg of YW/ton of diet). They received sorghum diet compared to a control corn/soybean meal diet. The age of the broiler breeders influenced the performance, but did not affect macrophage activity. At 34 weeks age broiler breeders' progeny, all diets were similar considering the average weight. For 57 weeks age broiler breeders' progeny, at 21 days, only average weight of sorghum diet supplemented with 4 kg/ton was similar to corn diet results. The optimum level of YW for maximal macrophage activity was 2.06 kg/ton of meal.

Enzymatic programs for broilers

Two trials were conducted on floor pens to evaluate the performance of broilers fed with diets contained different carbohydrases enzyme programs at different ages. Trial 1- The body weight gain (BWG) was affected by the Negative Control (NC) treatment (P<0.05). However, when the birds were fed with the NC diet + Amilase (AMY)+Xilanase (XYL), the BWG improved and reached the same level as the Positive Control (PC). Trial 2- The birds received enzymes supplementation in the total phase and others only in the grower phase.The ME reduction by 120 kcal/kg increased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P<0.05) when compared to PC and none of the enzyme programs was able to recover the performance. It can be concluded that it is possible to supplement with AMY during the role period of broiler chicken life or use an enzymatic program with AMY or AMY+XYL only in the grower phase.

Para avaliar o desempenho de frangos de corte alimentados com rações com diferentes programas de enzimas carboidrases, foram realizados dois experimentos. No experimento 1 as aves receberam suplementação de enzimas apenas na fase de crescimento foi observado redução no ganho de peso (GP) daqueles alimentados com a ração Controle Negativo (CN) ou seja, ração com redução de 120 kcal/kg. No entanto, quando os frangos receberam a ração CN + Amilase (AMI) + Xilanase (XIL) o GP foi semelhante encontrado no Controle Positivo (CP). No Experimento 2, algumas aves tiveram enzimas em todo período de criação e outras tiveram apenas na fase de crescimento. O tratamento CN apresentou pior conversão alimentar que o CP. Pode-se concluir que é possível suplementar com AMI todo o período de criação das aves ou utilizar um programa enzimático com AMI ou AMI + XIL somente na fase de crescimento, sem prejuízo ao desempenho das aves.

Effects of different grinding levels (particle size) of soybean hull on starting pigs performance and digestibility

Two experiments were carried out to study the effects of grinding of soybean hulls (SH) on starting pigs (15-30 kg) diets. Experiment I consisted of a digestibility trial with 12 barrows, initial average body weight 21.9±1.29 kg, in which the best digestibility coefficient (DC) of DM and GE was obtained with SH ground through a 2.5mm screen mesh, evaluated for CP and ME, a best DC was attained with 3.0 mm screen mesh. In the Experiment II, five diets with increasing SH (2.5 mm) levels (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 percent) for starting piglets were formulated. A quadratic response in daily weight gain (DWG) occurred, according to SH inclusion. Worst DWG occurred at 7.75 percent SH inclusion. Daily feed intake, feed: gain ratio and plasma urea nitrogen were not affected by inclusion levels. In conclusion, although soybean hull grinding improves the digestible nutrients, inclusion of SH on starting pig diets is economically unfeasible.

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos para estudar os efeitos da moagem da casca de soja (CS) nas dietas de leitões na fase inicial (15-30 kg). O Experimento I consistiu de um ensaio de digestibilidade com 12 suínos machos castrados, com peso inicial médio de 21,9±1,29 kg. O melhor coeficiente de digestibilidade (CD) da MS e EB foi obtido com a peneira 3,0 mm. No Experimento II, foram formuladas cinco dietas com níveis crescentes (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 por cento) de CS (2,5 mm) para suínos na fase inicial. Foi obtida resposta quadrática para ganho diário de peso (GDP) em função dos níveis crescentes de CS. Pior GDP ocorreu com 7,75 por cento de inclusão de CS. Consumo diário de ração, conversão alimentar e nitrogênio da uréia plasmática não foram influenciados pela inclusão da CS. Conclui-se que, embora a moagem melhore a digestibilidade dos nutrientes da casca de soja, a sua inclusão nas dietas de suínos na fase inicial é economicamente inviável.

Lysine requirement of starting barrows from two genetic groups fed on low crude protein diets

A trial was carried out to determine the lysine requirement for starting barrows fed on ideal protein concept-based diets. Thirty-two pigs from a commercial crossbred genetic group (CCGG, BW=15.9 ± 1.4 kg) and 32 pigs from a dam line one (DLGG, BW= 14.8 ± 1.0 kg) were used. Pigs were allotted to 4 treatments with diets containing increasing levels of total lysine (0.80, 1.00, 1.20 and 1.40 percent). Methionine+cystine, threonine and tryptophan were adjusted according to ideal protein profile. Data from performance, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) and carcass composition were analyzed. CCGG showed higher daily feed intake, daily weight gain, PUN and protein:fat ratio in carcass, while DLGG showed higher fat carcass content and nitrogen retention. Fat content and protein:fat ratio in carcass for CCCGG and PUN and crude protein carcass content for DLGG showed quadratic response to increasing total lysine levels. Derivations of the quadratic equations indicated the total lysine requirement for CCGG starting barrows is 1.15 percent and for DLGG starting barrows is 1.09 percent.

Foi realizado um trabalho com o objetivo de determinar a exigência em lisina para suínos castrados em fase inicial, alimentados com dietas formuladas de acordo com o conceito de proteína ideal. Trinta e dois suínos provenientes de cruzamento comercial (CC, PV = 15,9 kg) e 32 suínos provenientes de linhagem materna (LM, PV= 14,8 kg) foram alimentados com quatro dietas contendo níveis crescentes de lisina total (0,80; 1,00; 1,20 e 1,40 por cento). Metionina + cistina, triptofano e treonina foram adicionados às dietas para manter constante o padrão de proteína ideal. Foram analisados dados de desempenho, nitrogênio da uréia plasmática (NUP) e carcaça. Suínos do grupo CC apresentaram maior consumo diário de ração, ganho diário de peso, NUP e relação proteína: gordura na carcaça, enquanto que os animais do grupo LM apresentaram maiores teores de gordura na carcaça e retenção de nitrogênio. Teor de gordura e relação proteína:gordura na carcaça para o grupo CC e NUP e teor de proteína bruta na carcaça para o grupo LM apresentaram resposta quadrática aos níveis de lisina. Derivações das equações indicaram a exigência de lisina total de suínos machos castrados do grupo cruzamento industrial de 1,15 por cento e do grupo linhagem materna de 1,09 por cento.

Utilização do milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L. ) R. Brown) grão na alimentação de suínos na fase inicial (15-30kg de peso vivo) / Utilization of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L. ) R. Brown) grain on feeding of starting pigs

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização do milheto (Pennisetum glaucum, (L.) R. Brown) na alimentação de suínos na fase inicial (15 aos 30kg de peso vivo). Foi conduzido um experimento de desempenho, utilizando-se 48 leitões híbridos comerciais, sendo metade machos e metade fêmeas, com peso inicial de 14,9 ± 2,01kg. Utilizou-se a variedade IAPAR-IA98301 de milheto (MS: 90,61 por cento; PB: 11,64 por cento; Ca: 0,05 por cento, P: 0,29 por cento e 3.181kcal ED kg-1). Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos (0, 20, 40 e 60 por cento de inclusão de milheto), seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. A inclusão do milheto em rações para suínos na fase inicial não influenciou o consumo diário de ração, o ganho diário de peso, a conversão alimentar e o custo em ração por quilograma de suíno produzido. Em uma relação onde o preço do milheto corresponde a 70 por cento do preço do milho, o custo em ração do quilograma de suíno produzido também não foi alterado. Os resultados sugerem que o milheto IAPAR-IA98301 pode ser incluído em rações de suínos na fase inicial até o nível de 60 por cento.