Las láminas zootómicas del profesor Paul Pfurtscheller de Viena: un material científico renovador en las aulas españolas en el primer tercio de siglo XX / [The zootomic slides of Professor Paul Pfurtscheller from Vienna: innovative scientific material in Spanish classrooms in the first third of the 20th century]

Paul Pfurtscheller fue uno de los creadores de material didáctico más universales y re-conocidos dentro de la enseñanza de la Historia Natural, sus láminas de pared de zoología tuvieron presencia a nivel internacional en escuelas normales, institutos de segunda enseñanza e incluso en gabinetes y laboratorios universitarios. Doctor por la Universidad de Viena con una tesis de Botá-nica desarrolló una carrera prominente como profesor de secundaria de la asignatura de Historia Natural en el Gymnasium (Instituto) Franz Josef de Viena, desarrollando un gabinete museo para su asignatura y creando 39 láminas zootómicas como apoyo a su docencia personal. La edición de sus láminas a través de prestigiosa casa editorial vienesa A. Pichlers Witwe & Sohn y posteriormente por la holandesa Martinus Nijhoff permitió la difusión de su trabajo a través de Europa y América. Tras una aproximación biográfica del personaje basada en los documentos encontrados en la Biblioteca Nacional de Austria y en los de la Universidad de Viena, se ha indagado en su papel como docente y en la génesis de su colección, en su éxito pedagógico y el papel que tuvieron en las aulas espa-ñolas de principios de siglo XX. Dentro de las fuentes a considerar destacan las propias láminas, los catálogos comerciales, las leyendas explicativas, los manuales de clase, memorias anuales de los centros estudiados y las imágenes de las aulas, no como meras ilustraciones, sino como objeto de estudio para analizar el espacio escolar y el papel didáctico de las láminas. (AU)

Synthesis of UV-11 MOF and Its Characterization by Cyclic Voltammetry.

In this work a Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) was prepared using a solvothermal method, taking as precursors 1. 2-di-(4-pyridyl)-ethylene, 1.2.4.5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid and Co(No3)2-6H2O. This MOF was called UV-11 and was evaluated using microscopic, spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. According to the obtained results, the melting point of the compound is located in a higher interval than its precursors. Stereoscopic microscopy analysis shows the presence of pink crystals in the form of needles. MEB technique displays a laminar morphology as well as crystals with approximate sizes (36 mm wide and 150 mm long). EDS analysis corroborated the presence of precursor elements such as cobalt, carbon and oxygen. Furthermore, the XRD technique shows the cobalt-related phases in the sample, which is cobalt bis (pyridine-6-carboxylic-2-carboxylate). A modified carbon paste electrode was prepared using MOF UV-11 and by cyclic voltammetry electrochemical technique, semi-reversible redox processes are identified, as well as thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were obtained with the Laviron equation, and electrochemical performance properties from the cyclic voltammetry experimental data.

New Method of Production and Characterization of Haemozoin and B-Haemozoin from Meccus longipennis.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the significance of hemozoin (Hz) in the process through which Plasmodium is released from the heme group in the food vacuole during hemoglobin degradation, will allow the development of more effective drugs against malaria. Therefore, the development of methodologies to obtain Hz synthetically will facilitate an in vitro evaluation of new anti-malarial drugs. METHODS: We present a methodology with good results to obtain Hz from fecal material of blood-sucking insects Meccus longipennis. The preparation of biological cultures of the parasite (Plasmodium) transmitter of the disease is not necessary. RESULTS: The hemozoin molecule and its dimer were obtained using the method described and it was possible to validate a comparison with the positive and negative controls using different analytical techniques. CONCLUSION: The proposed method allows obtaining hemozoin and its dimer demonstrating equivalence with positive controls that demonstrate that the present procedure may be an alternative for the evaluation of antimalarial drugs.

Coagulación intravascular retiniana: como signo clínico de embolización de líquido amniónico / Intravascular coagulation in the retina as clinical sign of embolization of amniotic fluid

La embolización de líquido amniótico es una de las condiciones más infrecuentes pero desvastadora que puede presentarse en embarazadas. La prevalencia se ha reportado de 1 en 80.000, con un alto índice de mortalidad (86%). El diagnóstico esta basado en uno o más de los 4 signos clínicos: colapso cardiovascular, dificultad respiratoria, coma y/o convulsiones y coagulopatía. Coagulación intravascular diseminada puede ocasionar pérdida visual bilateral en el grupo de sobrevivientes, por oclusión del sistema arterial retiniano u coroideo. Los sintomas visuales se presentan usualmente después del desarrollo de síntomas sistémicos; sin embargo, en el caso clínico que se expone a continuación la manifestación visual ocurrió simultaneamente con el desarrollo de las sistémicas. Por tanto, la pérdida visual bilateral en el contexto de los signos clínicos sistémicos expuestos, debe alertar al obstetra sobre la posibilidad de embolización de liquido amniótico.

Amniotic fluid embolism is one of the most devastating and infrequent condition known in pregnant women. The prevalence has been reportd as a 1 in 80.000 deliveries with high mortality rate, almost 86%. The diagnosis is based on one or more of the four symptoms and signs: cardiovascular collapse, respiratory distress, coma/seizures and/or coagulopathy. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy can cause bilateral visual loss in the group of survivors by occlusion of the retinal artery and/or the choroid system. The visual manifestations appear usually after the development of systemic symptoms, but in the clinical case described below the visual symptoms occurred simultaneously to the development of systemic manifestations. Therefore, bilateral visual loss in the context of the systemic clinical signs exposed, should alert the obstetrician about the possibility of embolization of amniotic fluid.

Functional status determined by Barthel Index predicts community acquired pneumonia mortality in general population.

BACKGROUND: Barthel Index (BI) measures functional status. Our aim was to analyze if BI and other factors not included in Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) predict mortality in general population with community acquired pneumonia (CAP). METHODS: Prospective observational study including all patients with CAP diagnosed in 2006. Endpoint of study: 30-day mortality. Variables not included in PSI as BI were analyzed. Strength of association was determined by odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: 550 patients, mean age of 60.3 ± 20.8, were included. 32 were lost during follow-up and 518 patients were finally analyzed. 44 (8.5%) patients died in the first 30 days after CAP diagnosis. In bivariate analysis, mortality was significantly more frequent in patients with PSI ≥ IV (19.2% vs 1.9%), BI≤80 points (23.9% vs 2.9%), multilobar infiltrate (20% vs 6%), diabetes mellitus (14.9% vs 6.5%), influenza vaccination (11.9% vs 6.6%) and pneumococcal vaccination (16.7% vs 6%). In multivariate analysis, mortality independently associated factors were: BI ≤80, OR: 3.9(CI95% 1.4-10.5; p < 0.001); PSI ≥ IV OR: 3.9(1.2-12.7; p < 0.05); and multilobar infiltrate OR: 2.9(1.1-7.3; p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: A BI score ≤80 is associated with a higher mortality in patients with CAP independently of the PSI. BI can be a useful tool to predict CAP mortality in general population.

Chronic hepatitis C virus infection and associated liver disease among the inmates of a Spanish prison

Objetivos el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de la infección crónica por el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) y sus genotipos en una población penitenciaria, así como también describir los hallazgos histológicos encontrados en una subpoblación de sujetos a los que se les realizó biopsia hepática y en los que se identificaron los posibles factores de riesgo asociados a la fibrosis y a la actividad inflamatoria. Métodos se seleccionaron 800 internos, de los cuales 730 aceptaron el cribado con serología del VHC y confirmación por PCR (polymerase chain reaction 'reacción en cadena de la polimerasa'). Se estudiaron las variables sociodemográficas, conductuales y relacionadas con la encarcelación. A los sujetos con infección crónica por VHC se les ofreció la realización de una biopsia hepática. Se definió enfermedad hepática avanzada como fibrosis (..) (AU)

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in a penitentiary population. The secondary objective was to describe histological findings in liver of the biopsied population, and identify risk factors associated with liver fibrosis and inflammatory activity. Methods: Among 800 inmates, 730 accepted HCV antibody screening and PCR confirmation. Sociodemographic, behavioral, and incarceration-related variables were analyzed. Liver biopsy was offered to individuals with chronic HCV infection. Advanced liver disease was defined as fibrosis ¡Ý3 and/or an inflammatory activity index score ¡Ý8).Results: HCV antibodies were found in 279 inmates. PCR confirmed HCV infection in 250 inmates, yielding a prevalence of 34.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 30.8¨C37.8). Intravenous drug use was independently associated with HCV infection, odds ratio (OR) 51.7 (95% CI: 31¨C86). Genotypes were 1a 32.9%, 3 29.7%, 1b 18.4% and 4 17.1%. Fifty-one liver biopsies were performed; advanced liver disease was found in 7 patients (13.7%) based on fibrosis and in 31 patients (60.7%) based on the inflammatory activity index. High AST and ALT levels were associated with advanced liver disease established on both fibrosis and inflammatory activity (P<.05). Lengthy intravenous drug use was associated with inflammatory activity (P=.02; OR 1.2; 95% CI: 1.03¨C1.7).Conclusions: Persistent HCV infection is highly prevalent among prison inmates and is associated with intravenous drug abuse. HCV genotype diversity is higher in prison inmates than in the general population. Higher transaminase levels are associated with advanced liver disease (AU)

[Chronic hepatitis C virus infection and associated liver disease among the inmates of a Spanish prison]. / Infección crónica por el virus de la hepatitis C y enfermedad hepática asociada en una prisión española.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in a penitentiary population. The secondary objective was to describe histological findings in liver of the biopsied population, and identify risk factors associated with liver fibrosis and inflammatory activity. METHODS: Among 800 inmates, 730 accepted HCV antibody screening and PCR confirmation. Sociodemographic, behavioral, and incarceration-related variables were analyzed. Liver biopsy was offered to individuals with chronic HCV infection. Advanced liver disease was defined as fibrosis 3 and/or an inflammatory activity index score 8). RESULTS: HCV antibodies were found in 279 inmates. PCR confirmed HCV infection in 250 inmates, yielding a prevalence of 34.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 30.8-37.8). Intravenous drug use was independently associated with HCV infection, odds ratio (OR) 51.7 (95% CI: 31-86). Genotypes were 1a 32.9%, 3 29.7%, 1b 18.4% and 4 17.1%. Fifty-one liver biopsies were performed; advanced liver disease was found in 7 patients (13.7%) based on fibrosis and in 31 patients (60.7%) based on the inflammatory activity index. High AST and ALT levels were associated with advanced liver disease established on both fibrosis and inflammatory activity (P<.05). Lengthy intravenous drug use was associated with inflammatory activity (P=.02; OR 1.2; 95% CI: 1.03-1.7). CONCLUSIONS: Persistent HCV infection is highly prevalent among prison inmates and is associated with intravenous drug abuse. HCV genotype diversity is higher in prison inmates than in the general population. Higher transaminase levels are associated with advanced liver disease.

Ceftazidima en infusión continua en el tratamiento de infecciones por Pseudomonas aeruginosa en una Unidad de Hospitalización a Domicilio / Continuous Ceftazidime infusion in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in a Hospital at Home Unit

No disponible

[Prospective study of the risk factors for the development of post-thrombotic syndrome after proximal deep venous thrombosis]. / Estudio prospectivo de los factores de riesgo de desarrollo de síndrome postrombótico tras una trombosis venosa profunda proximal.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The incidence and risk factors for the development of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) are not well known, so the aim of our study is to evaluate the development of PTS after proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and its relationship with several clinical, laboratory and therapeutic factors. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Prospective, observational study. INCLUSION CRITERIA: consecutive patients with acute symptomatic proximal DVT in the lower extremities diagnosed between February 2000 and July 2002. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: life expectancy < 12 months, impossibility for follow-up, renal or hepatic failure, previous PTS or varicosis and recurrent thrombosis during follow up. Endpoint: PTS at 12 months. Explicative variables: clinical risk factors for DVT, D-dimer value, hypercoaguable state, anticoagulant therapy and compression stockings compliance. Multivariable analysis (logistic regression) was performed. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy two patients with DVT were evaluated for inclusion. Sixty nine were excluded and 87 patients completed follow-up. PTS appeared in 47 patients (54%). Compliance of compression stockings was adequate in 57% of patients and decreased 45% the risk for PTS (p = 0.01). No significant associations were observed between PTS and others variables. Multivariable analysis confirmed the protective effect of compression stockings (RR = 0.3; p < 0.01) and previous ipsilateral DVT appeared significatively associated with PTS development (RR = 8; p = 0.01) CONCLUSIONS: About 50% of patients with proximal DVT develop PTS within 1 year. Previous ipsilateral DVT is the strongest risk factor for PTS. Regular compression stocking use decreases the risk of PTS by 50%.

Estudio prospectivo de los factores de riesgo de desarrollo de síndrome postrombótico tras una trombosis venosa profunda proximal / Prospective study of the risk factors for the development of post-thrombotic syndrome after proximal deep venous thrombosis

Fundamento y objetivo: La incidencia y los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de síndrome postrombótico (SPT) no son bien conocidos. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la relación entre el SPT y determinadas variables clínicas, analíticas y terapéuticas. Pacientes y método: Estudio prospectivo observacional. Se incluyó consecutivamente a pacientes con trombosis venosa profunda (TVP) proximal de miembros inferiores atendidos en medicina interna entre febrero de 2000 y julio de 2002. Se excluyó a aquellos con esperanza de vida inferior a 12 meses, imposibilidad de seguimiento, insuficiencia hepática o renal, SPT o varices previos y recurrencia de la trombosis durante el seguimiento. La variable principal fue el desarrollo de SPT a los 12 meses y las variables explicativas, los factores de riesgo de TVP, el valor del dímero D, los estudios de hipercoagulabilidad, el tratamiento anticoagulante y el uso de medias elásticas compresivas. Resultados: Se evaluó a 172 pacientes con TVP, de los cuales se excluyó a 69 y 16 se perdieron en el seguimiento. De los 87 pacientes que completaron el estudio, 47 (54%) desarrollaron SPT. La utilización de medias compresivas fue correcta en el 57% y se asoció a un descenso de la incidencia de SPT del 45% (p = 0,01). Ninguna otra variable se asoció a SPT. El análisis multivariante confirmó el efecto protector de las medias compresivas (riesgo relativo de 0,3; p < 0,01) y además identificó como factor de riesgo independiente de SPT el antecedente de TVP ipsolateral (riesgo relativo de 8,8; p = 0,01) Conclusiones: Aproximadamente el 50% de los pacientes con TVP desarrolla SPT al año. El riesgo es mayor en pacientes con TVP previa ipsolateral y disminuye a la mitad con la utilización de medias compresivas

Background and objective: The incidence and risk factors for the development of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) are not well known, so the aim of our study is to evaluate the development of PTS after proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and its relationship with several clinical, laboratory and therapeutic factors. Patients and method: Prospective, observational study. Inclusion criteria: consecutive patients with acute symptomatic proximal DVT in the lower extremities diagnosed between February 2000 and July 2002. Exclusion criteria: life expectancy < 12 months, impossibility for follow-up, renal or hepatic failure, previous PTS or varicosis and recurrent thrombosis during follow up. Endpoint: PTS at 12 months. Explicative variables: clinical risk factors for DVT, D-dimer value, hypercoaguable state, anticoagulant therapy and compression stockings compliance. Multivariable analysis (logistic regression) was performed. Results: One hundred and seventy two patients with DVT were evaluated for inclusion. Sixty nine were excluded and 87 patients completed follow-up. PTS appeared in 47 patients (54%). Compliance of compression stockings was adequate in 57% of patients and decreased 45% the risk for PTS (p = 0.01). No significant associations were observed between PTS and others variables. Multivariable analysis confirmed the protective effect of compression stockings (RR = 0.3; p < 0.01) and previous ipsilateral DVT appeared significatively associated with PTS development (RR = 8; p = 0.01) Conclusions: About 50% of patients with proximal DVT develop PTS within 1 year. Previous ipsilateral DVT is the strongest risk factor for PTS. Regular compression stocking use decreases the risk of PTS by 50%

[Predictive markers of HIV and HCV infection and co-infection among inmates in a Spanish prison]. / Factores predictivos de infección por el VIH, VHC y coinfección en la población reclusa de una prisión española.

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence and factors associated with HIV and HCV infection among inmates of a Spanish prison. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was carried out in July 2001. We determined HCV (ELISA and RIBA-3) and HIV (ELISA and Western-blot) serology in the prison population. Study variables included age, sex, nationality and previous intravenous drug use (IDU). In IDU inmates we analyzed the age when intravenous drug use was initiated, years of consumption, age at first admission in prison and syringe sharing with other inmates. The subpopulations of Arab and Romani (gypsy) inmates were studied differentially. RESULTS: A total of 800 inmates (mean age 34.2 6 6.2 years) were evaluated; 74.3% were Spanish and 33.6% IDU. HCV serology was obtained in 730 inmates and HIV serology in 773 with the following seroprevalence results: HCV 38.2%, HIV 19.1% and HCV-HIV co-infection 18.8%. The variables associated with HCV or HIV infection in the univariate analysis were Spanish nationality, previous IDU and coinfection by the other virus. In the multivariate analysis, only coinfection and, particularly, previous IDU (HCV infection: adjusted ORp 104.8 [95% CI: 49.4-222.2]) (HIV infection adjusted ORp 45.1 [95% CI: 14.0-144.9]) maintained an association with the two infections. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HIV and HCV infection and coinfection is high in Spanish prisons. Infection by either of these viruses and previous IDU were independently associated with both infections. The percentage of non-Spanish inmates with these infections is low.

Factores predictivos de infección por el VIH, VHC y coinfección en la población reclusa de una prisión española / Predictive markers of HIV and HCV infection and co-infection among inmates in a Spanish prison

OBJETIVO. Estudiar la prevalencia y factores asociados a infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana(VIH) y virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) en la población reclusa de un centro penitenciario español. MÉTODO. Estudio transversal realizado en julio de 2001. Se determinó la serología de VHC (análisis de inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas [ELISA] y RIBA-3 [recombinant immunobloting assay]) y VIH (ELISA y Western-blot) en los internos. Las variables estudiadas fueron edad, sexo, nacionalidad y adicción a drogas por vía intravenosa (ADVI). En los internos ADVI se analizó: edad de inicio de consumo de drogas, años de consumo, edad primer ingreso en prisión y si compartían jeringuillas en prisión. Se estudiaron de forma diferenciada los internos de origen árabe y al colectivo gitano. RESULTADOS. Se evaluaron 800 internos, edad media 34,2 +/- 6,2 años, de los que el 74,3% eran españoles y 33,6%ADVI. La serología de VHC se conoció en 730 internos y la de VIH en 773. La sero prevalencia de VHC fue del 38,2%, de VIH: 19,1%; y de coinfección VHC-VIH: 18,8%. En el análisis univariado, la nacionalidad española, antecedentes de ADVI y presencia de coinfección por el otro virus se asociaron a infección por VHC o VIH. En el análisis multivariante, sólo la coinfección y sobre todo antecedentes de ADVI (infección por el VHC: Odds ratio de prevalencia [ORp] ajustada 101,7 intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%, 48,2-214,4])(infección por el VIH ORp ajustada 54 [IC 95%, 15,9-183,2])mantuvieron su asociación a ambas infecciones. CONCLUSIONES. La prevalencia de infección por VIH, VHC y coinfección es elevada en los centros penitenciarios españoles. La infección por alguno de estos virus y el antecedente de ADVI se asocian de manera independiente a ambas infecciones. El porcentaje de ambas infecciones en los reclusos no españoles es bajo (AU)

OBJECTIVE. To study the prevalence and factors associated with HIV and HCV infection among inmates of a Spanish prison. METHOD. A cross-sectional study was carried out in July 2001. We determined HCV (ELISA and RIBA-3) and HIV(ELISA and Western-blot) serology in the prison population. Study variables included age, sex, nationality and previous intravenous drug use (IDU). In IDU in mates we analyzed the age when intravenous drug use was initiated, years of consumption, age at first admission in prison and syringe sharing with other inmates. The subpopulations of Arab and Romani (gypsy) inmates were studied differentially. RESULTS. A total of 800 inmates (mean age 34.2 +/- 6.2 years)were evaluated; 74.3% were Spanish and 33.6% IDU. HCV serology was obtained in 730 inmates and HIV serology in773 with the following seroprevalence results: HCV 38.2%,HIV 19.1% and HCV-HIV co-infection 18.8%. The variables associated with HCV or HIV infection in the univariate analysis were Spanish nationality, previous IDU and coinfection by the other virus. In the multivariate analysis, only coinfection and, particularly, previous IDU (HCV infection: adjusted ORp 104.8 [95% CI: 49.4-222.2]) (HIV infection adjusted ORp 45.1 [95% CI: 14.0-144.9])maintained an association with the two infections. CONCLUSIONS. The prevalence of HIV and HCV infection and coinfection is high in Spanish prisons. Infection by either of these viruses and previous IDU were independently associated with both infections. The percentage of non-Spanish inmates with these infections is low (AU)

Tromboembolia venosa en pacientes con antecedentes de cáncer: ¿marcador de recidiva de la neoplasia? / Venous thromboembolism in patients with previous cancer: a marker of tumor?

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[Acute myocardial failure in a young man: Q-fever myocarditis]. / Insuficiencia cardíaca aguda en varón joven: miocarditis por fiebre Q.

Coxiella burnetii myocarditis is a rare but severe clinical form of acute Q fever. We report the case of a 40-year-old man hospitalized for acute febrile syndrome. Forty-eight hours later, he presented dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea; cardiac auscultation revealed a third sound and echocardiography showed a diffusely hypokinetic and dilated left ventricle (30% ejection fraction). Serological studies showed antibodies against phase-II C. burnetii antigens (IgG titer 1:320 and IgM 1:50). The patient was treated with losartan, furosemide, and clarithromycin, resulting in rapid improvement. Six months after admission, the echocardiographic changes had completely disappeared.

Insuficiencia cardíaca aguda en varón joven: miocarditis por fiebre Q / Acute myocardial failure in a young man: Q-fever myocarditis

La miocarditis por Coxiella burnetii constituye una forma infrecuente pero grave de presentación de fiebre Q aguda.Presentamos un caso de miocarditis por fiebre Q en un varón de 40 años que ingresó con síndrome febril y a las 48 h comenzó con disnea, ortopnea y disnea paroxística nocturna, se detectó un tercer ruido cardíaco y la ecocardiografía reveló un ventrículo izquierdo dilatado con hipocinesia difusa y fracción de eyección del 30 por ciento. El estudio serológico puso de manifiesto anticuerpos frente antígenos en fase II de C. burnetii a título de IgG 1:320 e IgM 1:50. La evolución con tratamiento con losartán, furosemida y claritromicina fue favorable, y la ecocardiografía al cabo de 6 meses puso de manifiesto la resolución completa de las alteraciones (AU)