Field measurements of small marine craft gaseous emission factors during NEAQS 2004 and TexAQS 2006.

Exhaust emission factors were calculated for a number (n = 116) of small marine craft encountered during the 2004 New England Air Quality Study-International Transport and Chemical Transformation and 2006 Texas Air Quality Study II field campaigns. Emission factors are reported for NO(x), SO(2), and CO in units of grams of pollutant per kilogram of fuel. These factors are compared to emission factors derived from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) NONROAD model, separated into spark-ignition and compression-ignition sources. NO(x) emission factors observed were significantly and substantially higher than predicted by the model by a factor of 2-10. CO emission factors were not significantly different than the model outputs. Because of the correlation between exhaust hydrocarbon and CO for marine craft, it is expected that EPA estimates of hydrocarbon exhaust emission factors are not significantly in error. Small commercial marine craft (e.g., inshore fishing trawlers) are not part of NONROAD, but their measured emission factors were comparable to those of large diesel recreational marine craft in the model.

Misdiagnosis in sports medicine.

With the increase in participation sports comes an increased prevalence of sports injuries. Injuries of the shoulder and knee present the sports medicine practitioner with the challenge of obtaining a proper diagnosis and providing appropriate treatment. Commonly misdiagnosed injuries to the shoulder and knee include anterior cruciate ligament injuries, patella subluxation/dislocation, and labral injuries. This article provides insight into obtaining a detailed history, performing a focused physical examination, and understanding the pathoanatomy of the affected joints in order to help avoid misdiagnosis of these complex injuries. These skills can aid practitioners to better meet the needs of the high school, college, professional, and recreational athlete.