Conociendo intimidades frágiles y esquivas de mujeres en Santiago más allá de los cuidados: un primer intento / Acknowledging fragile and elusive intimacies of women in Santiago beyond care: a first attempt / Reconhecendo as intimidades frágeis e elusivas das mulheres em Santiago para além cuidados: uma primeira tentativa

Resumen Si bien hace décadas se han desarrollado estudios acerca de los cambios contemporáneos en las configuraciones de la intimidad, en Chile se ha dado poca atención a los cambios en la intimidad de las mujeres, particularmente aquellas pertenecientes a estratos económicos bajos. Teniendo como base nuestras investigaciones etnográficas, y profundizando en las vidas de dos mujeres, en este artículo reflexionamos sobre el camino hacia la intimidad como un proceso que nuestras interlocutoras anhelan. La intimidad se percibe como una meta concreta en cuanto a sus relaciones significativas, mientras que se entiende de manera menos clara en relación a "sí mismas". Prestamos especial atención a las materialidades y visiones de futuro. Concluimos que existe un deseo incipiente de una intimidad orientada a sí mismas y un espacio y tiempo propios, si bien el contenido y posibles formas de estas intimidades se presentan como futuros indeterminados.

Abstract Although for decades studies on the changes in the configurations of intimacy and love within the framework of modernization have proliferated, in Chile little attention has been provided to the changes in the intimacy of women, particularly those belonging to low income groups. Based on two case studies, in this article we reflect on the incipient path towards intimacy as a process that our interlocutors identify and yearn for. Intimacy is mostly perceived as a concrete goal in terms of their significant relationships, while at other times it is less clearly understood in relation to "themselves." Paying special attention to the materialities and visions of the future in which they distance themselves from previous generations, we conclude that there is a desire to display an intimacy oriented towards themselves and an orientation towards their own space and time, although the content and possible forms of these is presented as a possibility in an indeterminate future.

Resumo Embora estudos tenham sido desenvolvidos há décadas sobre as mudanças contemporâneas nas configurações da intimidade, no Chile pouca atenção tem sido dada às mudanças na intimidade das mulheres, particularmente daquelas pertencentes a estratos económicos baixos. Com base na nossa pesquisa etnográfica, e investigando a vida de duas mulheres, neste artigo refletimos sobre o caminho para a intimidade como um processo que as nossas interlocutoras almejam. A intimidade é percebida como um objetivo concreto em termos de seus relacionamentos significativos, embora seja menos claramente compreendida em relação a "eles mesmos". Damos especial atenção às materialidades e visões de futuro. Concluímos que há um desejo incipiente de intimidade auto-orientada e de espaço e tempo próprios, embora o conteúdo e as formas possíveis dessas intimidades se apresentem como futuros indeterminados.

Bringing the Real World Into Developmental Science: A Commentary on Weber, Fernald, and Diop (2017).

This article examines the parent intervention program evaluated by Weber et al. (2017) and argues that there are scientific and ethical problems with such intervention efforts in applied developmental science. Scientifically, these programs rely on data from a small and narrow sample of the world's population; assume the existence of fixed developmental pathways; and pit scientific knowledge against indigenous knowledge. The authors question the critical role of talk as solely providing the rich cognitive stimulation important to school success, and the critical role of primary caregivers as teachers of children's verbal competency. Ethically, these programs do not sufficiently explore how an intervention in one aspect of child care will affect the community's culturally organized patterns of child care.

Opportunities and challenges for introducing HPV testing for cervical cancer screening in sub-Saharan Africa.

To protect women against cervical cancer, the World Health Organization recommends that women aged 30 to 49 years be screened with tests that detect human papillomavirus (HPV). If the countries that have the greatest burden of this disease-especially those in sub-Saharan Africa-are not to be left behind, we must understand the challenges they face and identify measures that can help them take full advantage now of innovations that are transforming screening services in wealthier countries. We reviewed policy documents and published literature related to Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, and met with key personnel from government and nongovernmental organizations. National policy makers understand the value of HPV testing in terms of its superior sensitivity and the programmatic advantages that could result from using self-collected samples. However, while these countries have national cervical cancer prevention strategies, and some have national departments or units for cervical cancer prevention, screening is rare, funding scarce, and quality low. Age guidelines are not strictly followed, with scarce resources being used to screen many women younger than the recommended ages. Published evidence of the benefits of HPV testing-including performance, safety, and cost-effectiveness-must be provided to ministry of health leaders, along with information on anticipated costs for training personnel, purchasing supplies, providing facility space, and maintaining test kits. Despite the obstacles, a joint effort on the part of global and national stakeholders to introduce molecular screening methods can bring better protection to the women who need it most.

The Myth of Universal Sensitive Responsiveness: Comment on Mesman et al. (2017).

This article considers claims of Mesman et al. (2017) that sensitive responsiveness as defined by Ainsworth, while not uniformly expressed across cultural contexts, is universal. Evidence presented demonstrates that none of the components of sensitive responsiveness (i.e., which partner takes the lead, whose point of view is primary, and the turn-taking structure of interactions) or warmth are universal. Mesman and colleagues' proposal that sensitive responsiveness is "providing for infant needs" is critiqued. Constructs concerning caregiver quality must be embedded within a nexus of cultural logic, including caregiving practices, based on ecologically valid childrearing values and beliefs. Sensitive responsiveness, as defined by Mesman and attachment theorists, is not universal. Attachment theory and cultural or cross-cultural psychology are not built on common ground.

Comparison of quantitative and qualitative tests for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.

A barrier to eliminating Plasmodium vivax malaria is inadequate treatment of infected patients. 8-Aminoquinoline-based drugs clear the parasite; however, people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency are at risk for hemolysis from these drugs. Understanding the performance of G6PD deficiency tests is critical for patient safety. Two quantitative assays and two qualitative tests were evaluated. The comparison of quantitative assays gave a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.7585 with significant difference in mean G6PD activity, highlighting the need to adhere to a single reference assay. Both qualitative tests had high sensitivity and negative predictive value at a cutoff G6PD value of 40% of normal activity if interpreted conservatively and performed under laboratory conditions. The performance of both tests dropped at a cutoff level of 45%. Cytochemical staining of specimens confirmed that heterozygous females with > 50% G6PD-deficient cells can seem normal by phenotypic tests.

Strengthening pharmacy practice in vietnam: findings of a training intervention study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of a training and supportive supervision intervention in strengthening the capacity of pharmacy staff in Vietnam to deliver client-oriented, accurate healthcare information and appropriate services for childhood diarrhoea and emergency contraceptive pills (ECP). METHODS: Pre- and post-intervention study using a cross-sectional design. Pharmacy staff participated in 3 days of training on customer relations, good pharmacy practice, childhood diarrhoea and ECP over a period of 1 month, consisting of lectures, discussion, question-and-answer sessions and role-playing. We compared baseline and 6-month post-intervention surveys to ascertain changes in knowledge, attitudes and practice of pharmacists, using univariate statistics to find significant differences. RESULTS: More than 1200 pharmacists received training and supportive supervision. After interventions, pharmacy staff knowledge was significantly improved on most of the measured indicators. Knowledge of dehydration symptoms for diarrhoea increased from 19% to 88%, and for side effects of ECP increased from 27% to 77%. While assessment of actual practice revealed that this knowledge was not always used, significant improvement was observed. Before interventions, 12% gave information on dehydration symptoms but 45% did so afterwards. The proportion giving information on side effects of ECP increased from 13% to 54%. CONCLUSIONS: Providing a programme of training and supportive supervision is an effective way to improve knowledge and practice of pharmacists at private pharmacies in Vietnam. These improvements have the potential to lead to better community health care.

Childbirth in Santiago de Chile: stratification, intervention, and child centeredness.

On the basis of ethnographic work with women from different economic and educational backgrounds in Santiago, I describe the experiences of labor and birth from the point of view of women's priorities, socioeconomic constraints, and relationships with the medical system. I specifically focus on their desires expressed during the late prenatal period and their narratives of the actual birth. Class and the differences in opportunities resulting from educational and class inequalities melt down into near invisibility as vulnerability rises and women become increasingly subjected to medical decision making. The long-standing Chilean focus on child centeredness, while shown to benefit bonding, can work to obliterate women's own desires and choices by encouraging them to "sacrifice their all" for the sake of the baby. This kind of sacrifice defines the meaning of the maternal body in Chile. I suggest further analysis of these factors is essential for an understanding of the hypermedicalized Chilean context.