Efficacy of methylene blue and curcumin mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the treatment of indirect pulp capping in permanent molar teeth.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the adhesive bond strength and antibacterial efficacy of methylene blue (MB)-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and curcumin (CUR)-mediated aPDT versus the conventional disinfectants, such as chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) gel and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), for indirect pulp capping (IPC) treatment of permanent molars. METHODS: One Hundred grossly carious human permanent molars were collected through non-traumatic extraction. All specimens were embedded in polyvinyl cross-sections to the cemento-enamel junction. The cavity preparation was conducted by grinding the samples using silicon carbide discs. After culturing Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), a 10 µL of S. mutans suspension (106 colony forming units/mL) was transferred in each tooth cavity and anaerobically incubated for 48 h at 37 °C. All specimens were randomly divided into 5 groups: Group-I: samples treated IPC; Group-II: samples treated with 2% CHX gel; Group-III: samples treated with 6% NaOCl; Group-IV: irradiation of prepared cavity with MB-mediated aPDT; and Group-V: irradiation of prepared cavity with CUR-mediated aPDT. After disinfection methods, the universal adhesive was used, and all specimens were restored using giomer. Eventually, confocal laser scanning microscopy, shear bond strength (SBS), micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS), four-point bending strength (4P-BS) analyses were performed, and the data were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: At baseline, the highest SBS (48.8 ± 6.5 MPa), µTBS (54.3 ± 3.9 MPa), and 4P-BS (123 ± 32 MPa) scores were demonstrated by the samples treated with MB-mediated aPDT. However, after 12 months of storage, the highest SBS (42.3 ± 3.9 MPa) and µTBS (45.2 ± 6.6 MPa) scores were shown by samples treated with MB-mediated aPDT, while CUR-mediated aPDT treated samples demonstrated the highest 4P-BS scores (70 ± 18 MPa). Moreover, the highest antibacterial activity against S. mutans was shown by the samples treated with MB-mediated aPDT. CONCLUSIONS: The application of aPDT, especially MB-mediated, demonstrated superior SBS, µTBS, and 4P-BS values as well as antibacterial activity against S. mutans as compared to 2% CHX gel and 6% NaOCl as cavity disinfectants for IPC treatment of permanent molars.

Delphi consensus on research priorities in tobacco use and substance abuse in Saudi Arabia.

This is the first study to develop research priorities in tobacco use and substance abuse in Saudi Arabia. Health personnel and community volunteers participated in a national internet survey using the Delphi method. In Round 1, 75 experts identified 33 research priorities. In Round 2, 47 experts divided those research priorities into five primary research categories. The panelists then scored both the categories and priorities. Preventive services received the highest priority in research categories. Smoking relapse and its determinants were ranked the top research priorities. Future research should focus on cigarette smoking relapse and factors associated with long-term smoking cessation.

Implementation of Cigarette Plain Packaging: Triadic Reactions of Consumers, State Officials, and Tobacco Companies-The Case of Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVES: In August 2019, Saudi Arabia started implementing plain packaging for cigarettes. Three months later, an opposing campaign on twitter using an Arabic hashtag "the new smoke" gained momentum amongst smokers. The purpose of this study is to document this opposing campaign's timeline and describe consumers, government, and tobacco industry rhetoric. METHODS: We created a timeline of the campaign events then performed online social listening of Arabic twitter hashtags related to the campaign. RESULTS: Campaigners mainly complained of an unfavorable new taste in cigarette packs with plain packaging. The messaging developed to accusations to government entities and neighboring countries, and then after threats to boycott tobacco companies. The campaign received a significant amount of media coverage and elicited an official response from a number of Saudi government bodies, such as the Saudi Food and Drug Authority and Ministry of Commerce and Investment. CONCLUSION: This case points at a need for risk communication training, possible tobacco industry manipulation, and a need to gain consumer trust with evidence-based messaging techniques. The case of cigarette plain packaging adoption in Saudi Arabia serves as an example to other countries of potential consumer interaction, tobacco industry interference, and state official counter-reactions.

Influence of platelet rich fibrin on post-extraction socket healing: A clinical and radiographic study.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate clinically and radiographically, extraction socket healing using autologous platelet rich fibrin (PRF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four subjects needing single tooth simple extractions were selected. Twenty-four extraction sockets were divided into test group (PRF, n = 12) and control group (blood clot, n = 12). PRF was prepared with blood drawn from individuals after extraction using standard technique. PRF was placed in test group sockets followed by pressure application and figure 8 sutures. Sockets in control group were allowed to heal in the presence of blood clot and received a figure 8 suture. Ridge width was assessed using cast analysis with the help of acrylic stent and a pair of calipers. Radiographic analysis of socket surface area was performed using computer graphic software program. The clinical follow up assessments were performed at 1, 4 and 8 weeks. Collected data was assessed using ANOVA and multiple comparisons test. RESULTS: Subjects were aged between 25 and 50 (mean 37.8) years, including 15 females. The mean horizontal ridge width for sockets in the test group were 11.70 ± 2.37 mm, 11.33 ± 2.30 mm and 10.97 ± 2.33 mm at 1, 4 and 8 weeks respectively. Ridge width proportions were significantly higher among test group as compared to control group between baseline to 4 and 8 weeks respectively. The mean radiographic bone fill (RBF) percentage in the test group, was 74.05 ± 1.66%, 81.54 ± 3.33% and 88.81 ± 1.53% at 1, 4 and 8 weeks respectively. The mean RBF was significantly higher in the test group than control group at all time intervals. CONCLUSION: The study outcomes demonstrate that the use of PRF accelerate socket wound healing after tooth extraction as noticed by increased bone fill and reduced alveolar bone width resorption using clinical and radiographic methods.

Three-dimensional printing of bone repair and replacement materials: impact on craniofacial surgery.

Solid freeform fabrication techniques such as direct write technology can be used to fabricate tissue-engineering scaffolds in 3 dimensions with high levels of reproducibility and precision. These can comprise complex structures made of osteoconductive, remodelable lattices to conduct bone ingrowth and solid barriers to prevent soft tissue invasion. As such, they act as a combination of bone graft and barrier membrane. Results from animal studies have shown that these structures fill rapidly with healing bone and can conduct bone across critical-size defects to fill large defects in rabbit skull. Results indicate that this technology can be used to produce both off-the-shelf and custom-fabricated bone graft substitutes. These may initially be used to restore alveolar ridge defects, but could also be used, in the future, to repair or replace complex craniofacial bone defects such as cleft palate defects. In the more distant future, these technologies could be combined with controlled-release bioactive substances such as growth factors and pharmaceuticals to regenerate complex structures comprising multiple tissue types.