RESUMO
Purpose. To compare the results of secondary alveolar bone grafts in patients with complete cleft lip and cleft lip and palate using 2 radiographic scales and according to the rate of canine eruption through the newly formed bone. Materials and Methods. We analyzed pre- and postoperative radiographs of 36 patients for the amount of bone in the cleft site according to the Bergland and Chelsea scales. The associations between the variables and the correlation between the scales were measured. Results. A total of 54.2% and 20.8% of cases were classified as type I and type II, respectively, using the Bergland scale, whereas 50% and 22.5% were classified as types A and C, respectively, using the Chelsea scale. A positive correlation between the 2 scales was observed. In 33.3% of males, 58.3% of females, 54.5% of unilateral cleft cases, and 12.5% of bilateral cleft cases, the permanent canines had erupted. Bone grafts performed prior to canine eruption achieved more satisfactory results. Conclusions. Our results suggest that both radiographic scales are important tools for the evaluation of bone grafts. Additionally, longer time periods of evaluation were associated with improved results for patients with secondary alveolar bone grafts.
RESUMO
Os objetivos do estudo foram desenvolver e avaliar a estabilidade físico-química de emulsões O/A contendo cetoconazol a 2,0% e determinar seu perfil de liberação in vitro. As formulações foram preparadas com bases auto-emulsionáveis com diferentes características químicas. A estabilidade do sistema foi avaliada de acordo com o Guia para Realização de Testes de Estabilidade em Produtos Farmacêuticos, utilizando diferentes temperaturas (4ºC, 37ºC e 45ºC) por um período de tempo de três meses. Os parâmetros avaliados durante o ensaio foram: as características organolépticas,o pH, o comportamento reológico e a concentração do ativo. A emulsão considerada estável foi submetida ao ensaio de liberação in vitro utilizando célula de difusão de Franz. A quantificação do cetoconazol na formulação e na solução receptora foi realizada por método espectrofotométrico no ultravioleta a 244 nm. Dentre as formulações testadas, somente aquela preparada com álcool cetoestearílico e estearato de polietilenoglicol (PEG20) manteve suas características físico-químicas estáveis durante o teste. O estudo de liberação in vitro demonstrou que o fármaco foi liberado do sistema gradualmente no decorrer do tempo, apresentando uma cinética pseudo zero ordem.
The goal of this work was to develop and assess the physicochemical stability of O/W emulsions containing 2.0% ketoconazole and to determine their in vitro release profile. These formulations were prepared with self-emulsifying bases that differed in their chemical characteristics. The stability of the system was assessed, as recommended in the Guide to Drug Product Stability Tests, over 3 months at 3 different temperatures (4ºC, 37ºC and 45ºC). The characteristics assessed during the test were the organoleptic properties, pH, rheological behavior and drug concentration. The most stable emulsion was subjected to an in vitro release test in a Franz diffusion cell system. The ketoconazole in both the formulation and receptor phase was determined by UV spectrophotometry at 244 nm. The O/W emulsion prepared with cetearyl alcohol and polyethylene glycol (PEG20) stearate was the only one that maintained its physicochemical characteristics throughout the test. The in vitro release test demonstrated that the drug was released gradually, exhibiting pseudo zero-order kinetics.