Campylobacteriosis: A rising threat in foodborne illnesses.

Campylobacteriosis is a foodborne illness that is contracted by eating contaminated food, particularly animal products like meat from diseased animals or corpses tainted with harmful germs. The epidemiology of campylobacteriosis varies significantly between low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Campylobacter has a complicated and poorly known survival strategy for getting past host barriers and causing sickness in humans. The adaptability of Campylobacter to unfavorable environments and the host's immune system seems to be one of the most crucial elements of intestinal colonization. A Campylobacter infection may result in fever, nausea, vomiting, and mild to severe bloody diarrhea in humans. Effective and rapid diagnosis of Campylobacter species infections in animal hosts is essential for both individual treatment and disease management at the farm level. According to the most recent meta-analysis research, the main risk factor for campylobacteriosis is travel, which is followed by eating undercooked chicken, being exposed to the environment, and coming into close contact with livestock. Campylobacter jejuni, and occasionally Campylobacter coli, are the primary causes of Campylobacter gastroenteritis, the most significant Campylobacter infection in humans for public health. The best antibiotic medications for eradicating and decreasing Campylobacter in feces are erythromycin, clarithromycin, or azithromycin. The best strategy to reduce the number of human infections caused by Campylobacter is to restrict the amount of contamination of the poultry flock and its products, even if the majority of infections are contracted through handling or ingestion of chicken.

Data of history: An open-source and multiformat wall image dataset of Panam city, a historical place.

Historical data on monuments offers valuable insights into that period's past sculpture, architecture, and preferences. Realising the importance of historical data and the scarcity of data on historical places, this study presents a dataset collected from Panam City. Panam City, established in the late 1300s century, was the capital of the fifteenth-century Bengal ruler Isa Khan. The city was once an important trading and political centre and is now considered a world heritage site by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). Panam City is located in Sonargaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The aim of data collection is to capture past architectural design, materials used for the building, and the current state of the walls and structures of Panam City. This dataset can benefit researchers, architects, archaeologists, and cultural organisations. Historians and architects can gain insights into the wall's construction methods and materials, informing future restoration efforts. Historic datasets can create exciting AR/VR experiences by digitizing and 3D modelling historical artefacts and environments, integrating them into AR/VR platforms using game engines and development tools, and enhancing the user experience with interactive storytelling and educational content. Tourism boards and cultural heritage organisations can leverage this resource to develop engaging experiences that highlight the rich history and significance of Panama City. By making this data accessible, this study contributes to understanding and appreciating Panam City's historical significance while promoting innovative approaches to heritage preservation in the digital age. This dataset contains 2292 images of degraded wall classes such as Artistic, Corroded Brick, Corroded Plaster, Fungus, and Living Plant.

Uptake of protective tetanus toxoid vaccine doses and maternal associated factors during pregnancy in armed conflict zone, hospital-based cross-sectional study.

Background: Vaccinating pregnant women with tetanus toxoid (TT) is crucial to prevent neonatal tetanus, reducing related deaths by 94%. In conflict zones with restricted access to deliveries, neonates face a fatality rate of 80%-100%. This study explores the uptake of protective TT vaccine doses and maternal associated factors during pregnancy in an armed conflict zone. Methods: A hospital-based, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted of 357 pregnant women at delivery using simple random sampling. Data were collected through interviews with a structured questionnaire, and entered using Epi-data version 3.1, and exported using SPSS version 22 for further analysis. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify significant variables for receiving protective TT doses during pregnancy at P < 0.05. Result: In this study, 355 pregnant women were included, with response rate of 99.4%. The mean age of the participants was 27.65 ± 6.23 years. During the study period, 67.3% of pregnant women received a protective TT vaccine dose while 33.3% were missed due to escalated armed conflict. The dropout rates were significant from TT5 to TT2 (17.6%), TT5 to TT3 (11.9%), and TT5 to TT4 (6.1%). However, maternal associated factors for the uptake of the TT protective vaccine dose were identified, including being aged 36-49 years [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.54-7.8; P = 0.001], completing high school (AOR = 3.05; 95% CI 1.5-8.9; P = 0.02), having an antenatal care follow-up (AOR = 9.4; 95% CI 2.9-24.3; P = 0.001), previous media exposure (AOR = 15.5; 95% CI 7.5-25.3; P = 0.001), and good maternal knowledge (AOR = 2.7; 95% CI 1.8-4.9; P = 0.02). Conclusion: The uptake of the protective TT vaccine dose among pregnant women in a continued armed conflict area was low compared with previous study findings. Efforts should be made to increase vaccine uptake and reduce dropout rates by addressing both community and individual-level factors.

Actinium-225 in Targeted Alpha Therapy.

The utilization of actinium-225 (225Ac) radionuclides in targeted alpha therapy for cancer was initially outlined in 1993. Over the past two decades, substantial research has been conducted, encompassing the establishment of 225Ac production methods, various preclinical investigations, and several clinical studies. Currently, there is a growing number of compounds labeled with 225Ac that are being developed and tested in clinical trials. In response to the increasing demand for this nuclide, production facilities are either being built or have already been established. This article offers a concise summary of the present state of clinical advancements in compounds labeled with 225Ac. It outlines various processes involved in the production and purification of 225Ac to cater to the growing demand for this radionuclide. The article examines the merits and drawbacks of different procedures, delves into preclinical trials, and discusses ongoing clinical trials.

Conserving goat sperm post-thawed gene expression and cellular characteristics using the antioxidant coenzyme Q10 supplementation.

Background and Aim: The use of frozen goat semen for artificial insemination frequently results in a decline in sperm quality following thawing, which can be attributed to cold shock from cryopreservation, reduced motility, and possible DNA damage. Freezing may compromise mRNA stability due to the presence of free radicals. Despite strong post-thaw motility and no visible DNA fragmentation, sperm can still exhibit altered gene expression patterns. To reduce the damaging impact of free radicals during cryopreservation, antioxidants are typically added to the freezing medium. This study assessed the impact of adding coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) to frozen sperm diluent on the ATP5F1A and CPT2 gene expression, sperm motility, and viability post-thawing. Materials and Methods: CoQ10 was added to sperm at six different concentrations: 0 mg/dL (P0), 6.25 mg/dL (P1), 12.5 mg/dL (P2), 25 mg/dL (P3), 50 mg/dL (P4), and 100 mg/dL (P5). The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 22 was used to conduct comparative tests using one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan's test for motility and viability and Kruskal-Wallis test followed by pairwise comparison test for membrane integrity and gene expression. Results: The addition of CoQ10 to semen diluent has a notable impact on the post-thawed quality of sperm. The most significant outcomes were observed with a 25 mg/dL dosage (P3) for cell viability, membrane integrity, and ATP5F1A gene expression, and with a 50 mg/dL dosage (P4) for sperm motility, membrane integrity, and CPT2 gene expression. Conclusion: Incorporating CoQ10 into frozen semen diluent improves gene expression and prevents deterioration of the cell quality of thawed goat spermatozoa. While the study demonstrates the benefits of CoQ10, the precise molecular mechanisms through which CoQ10 enhances gene expression and cell quality were not fully elucidated. Further investigation is needed to understand these mechanisms in detail. Comparative studies with other antioxidants and cryoprotectants can help establish the relative efficacy of CoQ10 and potentially develop more effective combinations.

N-phenyl pyrazoline derivative inhibits cell aggressiveness and enhances paclitaxel sensitivity of triple negative breast cancer cells.

Protein kinase dysregulation induces cancer cell aggressiveness leading to rapid tumor progression and poor prognosis in TNBC patients. Many small-molecule kinase inhibitors have been tested in clinical trials to treat TNBC patients. In the previous study, we found that N-phenylpyrazoline small molecule acts as a protein kinase inhibitor in cervical cancer cells. However, there remains unknown about N-phenyl pyrazoline potency as a kinase inhibitor and its anti-cancer activity in TNBC cells. In this study, we investigated the activity of N-phenyl pyrazoline against TNBC cells via tyrosine kinase inhibition. Based on the MTT assay, the IC50 values for the N-phenyl pyrazoline 2, 5, A, B, C, and D against Hs578T were 12.63 µM, 3.95 µM, not available, 18.62 µM, 30.13 µM, and 26.79 µM, respectively. While only P5 exhibited the IC50 against MDA MB 231 (21.55 µM). Further, N-phenyl pyrazoline 5 treatment significantly inhibited the cell proliferation rate of Hs578T and MDA MB 231 cells. The migration assay showed that treatment with the compound N-phenyl pyrazoline 5 with 4 µM concentration significantly reduced cell migration of Hs578T cells. N-phenyl pyrazoline 5 treatment at 1 µM and 2 µM was able to reduce the tumorsphere size of Hs578t cells. A combination treatment of P5 and paclitaxel showed a synergistic effect with a combination index score > 1 in both TNBC cells. Further, the P5 predictively targeted the protein kinases that significantly correlated to breast cancer prognosis. The GSEA analysis result shows that receptor tyrosine kinase, Notch3, Notch4, and Ephrin signaling pathways were targeted by P5. The P5 treatment reduced the EGFR expression level and activation in TNBC cells.

Brucellosis: Unveiling the complexities of a pervasive zoonotic disease and its global impacts.

One zoonotic infectious animal disease is brucellosis. The bacteria that cause brucellosis belong to the genus Brucella. Numerous animal and human species are affected by brucellosis, with an estimated 500,000 human cases recorded annually worldwide. The occurrence of new areas of infection and the resurgence of infection in already infected areas indicate how dynamically brucellosis is distributed throughout different geographic regions. Bacteria originate from the blood and are found in the reticuloendothelial system, the liver, the spleen, and numerous other locations, including the joints, kidneys, heart, and genital tract. Diagnosis of this disease can be done by bacterial isolation, molecular tests, modified acid-fast stain, rose bengal test (RBT), milk ring test, complement fixation test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and serum agglutination test. The primary sign of a Brucella abortus infection is infertility, which can result in abortion and the birth of a frail fetus that may go on to infect other animals. In humans, the main symptoms are acute febrile illness, with or without localization signs, and chronic infection. Female cattle have a greater risk of contracting Brucella disease. Human populations at high risk of contracting brucellosis include those who care for cattle, veterinarians, slaughterhouse employees, and butchers. Antibiotic treatment of brucellosis is often unsuccessful due to the intracellular survival of Brucella and its adaptability in macrophages. A "one health" strategy is necessary to control illnesses like brucellosis.

A novel p.127Val>Ile SNP in the MTNR1A gene and its relation to litter size in Thin-tailed Indonesian ewes.

Objective: The primary objective is to identify and characterize the Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) within the MTNR1A gene sequence in thin-tailed Indonesian ewes to assess the possible association of MTNR1A gene polymorphism with litter size trait. Methods: Forty-seven thin-tailed Indonesian sheep were selected for the study. Genotyping involved collecting blood samples, and sequencing exon 2 of the MTNR1A gene. Results: The study identified 19 novel SNPs, with 10 being non-synonymous variations, in the MTNR1A gene of Thin-tailed Indonesian ewes. One non-synonymous SNP (rs1087815963) showed a significant association with litter size, with the GC genotype exhibiting a higher average litter size than the GG genotype. The deleterious impact of p.Val127Ile SNP was predicted by various in silico tools that predicted a highly damaging effect of p.Val127Ile SNP on the structure, function, and stability of MTNR1A. Docking reactions showed a critical involvement of this locus with the binding with melatonin. Conclusion: In conclusion, the results of our study suggest that rs1087815963 has a remarkable negative impact on the MTNR1A with a putative alteration in the binding with melatonin. Therefore, it can be stated that the implementation of the novel p.Val127Ile could be a useful marker in marker-assisted selection.

Time management practice and associated factors among health professionals working in public and private hospitals in Dessie City, Northeast Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study.

Background: Time management is a widely ignored concern in all types of organizations, including the healthcare system, despite its crucial role in the achievement of personal and organizational goals. Therefore, determining the practice of time management and its associated factors among health professionals is of paramount importance. Objective: We aimed to assess time management practice and associated factors among health professionals working in public and private hospitals in Dessie City, Northeast Ethiopia. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from 24 March to 24 April 24 2021 among 660 health professionals (220 from private hospitals and 440 from public hospitals), who were randomly selected using a stratified sampling technique. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. A multivariable binary logistic regression model was run separately for public and private hospitals. A p-value of < 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval were reported to be statistically significant. Results: A total of 615 participants responded to the survey, which resulted in a response rate of 93.2%. The magnitude of good time management practice among health professionals in both public and private hospitals was reported to be 57.1% (95% CI: 53.5-60.8%). However, the magnitude differed between public [50.1% (95% CI:45.5-54.7%)] and private hospitals [70.9% (95% CI: 63.5-76.7%)]. Living with families (AOR: 5.39, 95% CI: 1.84-15.77), satisfaction with compensation and benefits (AOR: 7.83, 95% CI: 1.97-31.16), satisfaction with work autonomy (AOR: 7.10, 95% CI: 1.94-25.95), and having a good plan (AOR: 3.42, 95% CI: 1.15-10.13) were statistically significant predictors of time management practice in private hospitals. Satisfaction with an organizational policy and strategy (AOR: 2.34, 95% CI: 1.25-4.36), performance appraisal (AOR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.13-3.36), work autonomy (AOR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.12-3.27), and the good approach of employees toward time (AOR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.26-3.58) were statistically significant predictors of time management practice in public hospitals. Conclusion: The magnitude of a good time management practice in public and private hospitals in the study area was low. The practice was observed to be higher in private hospitals than in public hospitals. The study revealed that the magnitude and associated factors of time management practice vary between hospitals, indicating the need for targeted intervention.

Combination of curcuminoid and collagen marine peptides for healing diabetic wounds infected by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Background and Aim: The high prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Indonesia indirectly reflects the high risk of developing chronic wounds that are susceptible to infection. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an infectious pathogen that is resistant to various antibiotics. Therefore, antibiotic therapy is ineffective enough to treat chronic hyperglycemic wounds caused by MRSA infection. Curcuminoids have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects by inhibiting the enzymatic pathways involved in the pathogenesis of inflammation. Collagen is a tissue regeneration inducer. The combination of these two ingredients is expected to be an alternative therapy for MRSA-infected hyperglycemic chronic wounds without the risk of antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of hydrolacin-gel in wound healing and inhibiting the growth of MRSA bacteria, as well as to determine the optimal concentration of curcuminoids combined with collagen marine peptides (CMPs). Materials and Methods: Hydrolacin-gels were prepared by homogenizing curcuminoid nanoemulsions and CMPs. The evaluation of preparation includes stability tests and antibacterial activity tests. Wound diabetic mice were treated with various combinations of curcuminoid and CMPs. Wound healing was observed based on malondialdehyde levels as a marker of oxidative stress and histopathological changes in the skin wound. Results: Hydrolacin-gel was formulated by combining curcuminoid nanoemulsion (more water soluble) and CMPs, with the ratio of formula 1 (1:2, curcuminoid 43.3 mg and CMPs 5.58 mg), formula 2 (1:1, curcuminoid 86.8 mg and CMPs 3.72), and formula 3 (2:1, curcuminoid 130.2 mg and CMPs 1.87 mg) calculated based on the effective dose of curcuminoid 200 mg/kg body weight (BW) and CAMPs 0.9 g/kg BW. Hydrolacin-gel had a potential antibacterial activity against MRSA. Hydrolacin-gel induced wound tissue repair and reduced oxidative stress caused by inflammation in diabetic-infected MRSA. Hydrolacin-gel could be used for healing MRSA-infected diabetic wounds, especially formula 3 with the ratio of curcuminoid: CMPs = 2:1. Conclusion: Hydrolacin-gel combining curcuminoid nanoemulsion and CMPs effectively inhibited the inflammatory process and increased re-epithelialization in MRSA-infected diabetic wound healing. Hydrolacin-gel with curcuminoid (130.2 mg) and CMPs (1.87 mg) at a concentration ratio of 2:1 appeared to be the best formula against MRSA infection in diabetic wounds.

Pulmonary Ionocytes Regulate Airway Surface Liquid pH in Primary Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells.

Rationale: Pulmonary ionocytes are a newly discovered airway epithelial cell type proposed to be a major contributor to cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease based on observations they express the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) anion channel at a higher level than any other cell type in the airway epithelia. Moreover, genetically manipulated experimental models that lack ionocytes develop NaCl transport abnormalities and airway surface liquid (ASL) dehydration consistent with CF. However, no direct evidence indicates ionocytes engage in NaCl transport or contribute to ASL formation, questioning the relevance of ionocytes to CF lung disease. Objectives: To determine the ion transport properties of pulmonary ionocytes and club cells in genetically intact healthy and CF airway epithelia. Methods: We measured ion transport at the single-cell level using a self-referencing ion-selective microelectrode technique in primary human bronchial epithelial cell culture. Measurements and Main Results: cAMP-stimulated non-CF ionocytes do not secrete Na+ or Cl- into the ASL, but rather modulate its pH by secreting bicarbonate via CFTR-linked Cl-/bicarbonate exchange. Non-CF club cells secrete Na+ and Cl- to the lumen side after cAMP stimulation. CF ionocytes and club cells do not transport ions in response to cAMP stimulation, but incubation with CFTR modulators elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor restores transport properties. Conclusions: We conclude that ionocytes do not contribute to ASL formation but regulate ASL pH. Club cells secrete the bulk of airway fluid. In CF, abnormal ionocyte and club cell function results in acidic and dehydrated ASL, causing reduced antimicrobial properties and mucociliary clearance.

Optimization of solvent and extraction time on secondary metabolite content of mangosteen leaf (Garcinia mangostana L.) as a feed additive candidate on poultry.

Objectives: This research aimed to determine the optimum type of solvent and extraction time to produce secondary metabolites (phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and antioxidants) from mangosteen leaves (Garcinia mangostana L.) as feed additive candidates for poultry. Materials and Methods: This research used a completely randomized design with a 2 × 5 factorial design with three replications. Factor A used two types of distilled water as a solvent (ordinary distilled water and distilled water heated at 100°C), while Factor B encompassed various extraction times (15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 min). The parameters assessed included total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total tannin content (TTC), and overall antioxidant activity. Results: The TPC, TFC, TTC, and total antioxidant activity all showed a highly significant interaction (p < 0.01) with the type of solvent and extraction duration. Conclusion: The best solvent and time for mangosteen leaf extract to produce secondary metabolites, which can be candidates for feed additives in poultry, is ordinary distilled water for 45 min. In this research, the phenol content was 81.03%, flavonoids 11.07%, tannins 1.01%, and antioxidants 77.61%.

Antimicrobial resistance patterns and genes of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from chickens in Pasuruan, Indonesia.

Background: Poultry is one of the most prominent sources of Campylobacter jejuni, which is also a major means of transmission to people. Campylobacter jejuni contamination in chicken meat comes from chicken feces because it naturally exists in the intestines of chickens. Aim: The purpose of this study is to identify the antibiotic resistance patterns and genes of C. jejuni, which was found in chickens in Pasuruan, Indonesia. Methods: The samples used in this study were 200 contents of the small intestine of broiler chickens from 40 farms in Pasuruan Regency. The enriched sample was streaked on the selective media of modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar containing the CCDA selective supplement. Antimicrobial susceptibility test utilizing the Kirby-Bauer diffusion test method in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute standards. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was used to detect the (hipO), which encodes the C. jejuni strain, fluoroquinolone resistance (gyrA), beta-lactam resistance (blaOXA-61), and tetracycline resistance (tetO) genes. Results: The findings revealed a 14% (28/200) prevalence of C. jejuni in the small intestine of broiler chickens. These isolates showed high resistance to enrofloxacin (92.9%). All isolates (100%) were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanate. The PCR results showed all C. jejuni isolates (100%) detected the gyrA gene, 96.4% detected the blaOXA-61 gene, and 50% detected the tetO gene. Conclusion: The findings of antimicrobial resistance at a high level from the small intestine of broiler chickens illustrate the potential threat to human health. To lessen the effects now and in the future, coordinated and suitable action is needed, as well as steps to guarantee the poultry industry's economic survival and public health insurance.

Global Rate of Willingness to Volunteer Among Medical and Health Students During Pandemic: Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: During health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, shortages of health care workers often occur. Recruiting students as volunteers could be an option, but it is uncertain whether the idea is well-accepted. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to estimate the global rate of willingness to volunteer among medical and health students in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies reporting the number of health students willing to volunteer during COVID-19 from 2019 to November 17, 2023. The meta-analysis was performed using a restricted maximum-likelihood model with logit transformation. RESULTS: A total of 21 studies involving 26,056 health students were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled estimate of the willingness-to-volunteer rate among health students across multiple countries was 66.13%, with an I2 of 98.99% and P value of heterogeneity (P-Het)<.001. Removing a study with the highest influence led to the rate being 64.34%. Our stratified analyses indicated that those with older age, being first-year students, and being female were more willing to volunteer (P<.001). From highest to lowest, the rates were 77.38%, 77.03%, 65.48%, 64.11%, 62.71%, and 55.23% in Africa, Western Europe, East and Southeast Asia, Middle East, and Eastern Europe, respectively. Because of the high heterogeneity, the evidence from this study has moderate strength. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of students are willing to volunteer during COVID-19, suggesting that volunteer recruitment is well-accepted.

Comparative stability analysis of Indonesian banks: Markov Switching-Dynamic Regression for Islamic and conventional sectors.

The banking industry necessitates implementing an early warning system to effectively identify the factors that impact bank managers and enable them to make informed decisions, thereby mitigating systemic risk. Identifying factors that influence banks in times of stability and crisis is crucial, as it ultimately contributes to developing an improved early warning system. This study undertakes a comparative analysis of the stability of Indonesian Islamic and conventional banking across distinct economic regimes-crisis and stability. We analyze monthly banking data from December 2007 to November 2022 using the Markov Switching Dynamic Regression technique. The study focuses on conducting a comparative analysis between Islamic banks, represented by Islamic Commercial Bank (ICB) and Islamic Rural Bank (IRB), and conventional banks, represented by the Conventional Commercial Bank (CCB) and Conventional Rural Bank (CRB). The findings reveal that both Islamic and conventional banks exhibit a higher probability of being in a stable regime than a crisis regime. Notably, Islamic banks demonstrate a greater propensity to remain in a stable regime than their conventional counterparts. However, in a crisis regime, the likelihood of recovery for Sharia-compliant institutions is lower than for conventional banks. Furthermore, our analysis indicates that larger banks exhibit higher stability than their smaller counterparts regarding assets and size. This study pioneers a comprehensive comparison of the Z-score, employed as a proxy for stability, between two distinct classifications of Indonesian banks: Sharia (ICB and IRB) and conventional (CCB and CRB). The result is expected to improve our awareness of the elements that affect the stability of Islamic and conventional banking in Indonesia, leading to a deeper comprehension of their dynamics.

Pyrazoline B-Paclitaxel or Doxorubicin Combination Drugs Show Synergistic Activity Against Cancer Cells: In silico Study.

Background: Multidrug resistance in various cancer types is a major obstacle in cancer treatment. The concept of a single drug molecular target often causes treatment failure due to the complexity of the cellular processes. Therefore, combination chemotherapy, in which two or more anticancer drugs are co-administered, can overcome this problem because it potentially have synergistic efficacy besides reducing resistance, and drug doses. Previously, we reported that pyrazoline B had promising anticancer activity in both in silico and in vitro studies. To increase the efficacy of this drug, co-administration with established anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin and paclitaxel is necessary. Materials and Methods: In this study, we used an in silico approach to predict the synergistic effect of pyrazoline B with paclitaxel or doxorubicin using various computational frameworks and compared the results with those of an established study on the combination of doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide and paclitaxel-ascorbic acid. Results and Discussion: Drug interaction analysis showed the combination was safe with no contraindications or side effects. Furthermore, molecular docking studies revealed that doxorubicin-pyrazoline B and doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide may synergistically inhibit cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the binding of topoisomerase I to the DNA chain. Moreover, the combination of pyrazoline B-paclitaxel may has synergistic activity to cause apoptosis by inhibiting Bcl2 binding to the Bax fragment or inhibiting cell division by inhibiting α-ß tubulin disintegration. Paclitaxel-ascorbic acid had a synergistic effect on the inhibition of α-ß tubulin disintegration. Conclusion: The results show that this combination is promising for further in vitro and in vivo studies.

Molecular detection of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli from bat caves on Lombok Island.

Background: The discovery of antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae bacteria in wild animals is an indication of their potential for wildlife as a reservoir. Bats are natural reservoir hosts and a source of infection for several microorganisms and have the potential to become vectors for the spread of zoonotic diseases. Aim: A study was conducted based on these characteristics to identify and detect the blaTEM gene in Eschericia coli isolated from bat excrements in Tanjung Ringgit Cave, East Lombok. Methods: Bat fecal samples were firstly inoculated onto eosin methylene blue agar media. Recovered bacterial isolates were further characterized using standard microbiological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. blaTEM gene detection was carried out using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Out of the 150 bat fecal samples obtained from Tanjung Ringgit cave, Lombok Island, Indonesia, 56 (37%) were positive for E. coli. Eight (8) out of the 56 E. coli isolates that underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disc diffusion method were confirmed to be multidrug-resistant as they exhibited resistance to at least three different classes of antibiotics. Out of the eight (8) multidrug resistance E. coli isolates recovered from fecal samples of bats, 2 (two) harbored the blaTEM gene. Conclusion: The discovery of the blaTEM gene in bat fecal samples indicates the potential for wild animals, especially bats, to spread ESBL resistance genes to the environment and to humans.

The 30 Years of Shifting in The Indonesian Cardiovascular Burden-Analysis of The Global Burden of Disease Study.

IMPORTANCE: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Compared with disease burden rates in 1990, significant reductions in Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) burden rates for CVD have been recorded. However, general DALYs rates have not changed in Indonesia in the past 30 years. Thus, assessing Indonesian CVD burdens will be an essential first step in determining primary disease interventions. OBJECTIVE: To determine the national and province-level burden of CVD from 1990 to 2019 in Indonesia. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective observational study was conducted using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019, provided by the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), to analyze trends in the burden of CVD, including mortality, morbidity, and prevalence characteristics of 12 underlying CVDs. EXPOSURES: Residence in Indonesia. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Mortality, incidence, prevalence, death, and DALYs of CVD. RESULTS: CVD deaths have doubled from 278 million in 1990 to 651 million in 2019. All CVDs recorded increased death rates, except for rheumatic heart disease (RHD) (- 69%) and congenital heart disease (CHD) (- 37%). Based on underlying diseases, stroke and ischemic heart disease (IHD) are still the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in Indonesia, whereas stroke and peripheral artery disease (PAD) are the most prevalent CVDs. Indonesia has the second worst CVD DALYs rates compared to ASEAN countries after Laos. At provincial levels, the highest CVD DALY rates were recorded in Bangka Belitung, South Kalimantan, and Yogyakarta. In terms of DALYs rate changes, they were recorded in West Nusa Tenggara (24%), South Kalimantan (18%), and Central Java (11%). Regarding sex, only RHD, and PAD burdens were dominated by females. CONCLUSIONS: CVD mortality, morbidity, and prevalence rates increased in Indonesia from 1990 to 2019, especially for stroke and ischemic heart disease. The burden is exceptionally high, even when compared to other Southeast Asian countries and the global downward trend. GBD has many limitations. However, these data could provide policymakers with a broad view of CVD conditions in Indonesia.

Kinship analysis of mecA gene of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and risk factors from the farmers in Blitar, Indonesia.

Background and Aim: There are numerous reports of subclinical mastitis cases in Blitar, which is consistent with the region's high milk production and dairy cattle population. Staphylococcus aureus, which is often the cause of mastitis cases, is widely known because of its multidrug-resistant properties and resistance to ß-lactam antibiotic class, especially the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. This study aimed to molecular detection and sequence analysis of the mecA gene in milk and farmer's hand swabs to show that dairy cattle are reservoirs of MRSA strains. Materials and Methods: A total of 113 milk samples and 39 farmers' hand swab samples were collected from a dairy farm for the isolation of S. aureus using Mannitol salt agar. The recovered isolates were further characterized using standard microbiological techniques. Isolates confirmed as S. aureus were tested for sensitivity to antibiotics. Oxacillin Resistance Screening Agar Base testing was used to confirm the presence of MRSA, whereas the mecA gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Results: A total of 101 samples were confirmed to be S. aureus. There were 2 S. aureus isolates that were multidrug-resistant and 14 S. aureus isolates that were MRSA. The mecA gene was detected in 4/14 (28.6%) phenotypically identified MRSA isolates. Kinship analysis showed identical results between mecA from milk and farmers' hand swabs. No visible nucleotide variation was observed in the two mecA sequences of isolates from Blitar, East Java. Conclusion: The spread of MRSA is a serious problem because the risk of zoonotic transmission can occur not only to people who are close to livestock in the workplace, such as dairy farm workers but also to the wider community through the food chain.