RESUMO
Here, we present the high-resolution structure of the Gallus gallus 80S ribosome obtained from cold-treated chicken embryos. The translationally inactive ribosome complex contains elongation factor eEF2 with GDP, SERPINE1 mRNA binding protein 1 (SERBP1) and deacylated tRNA in the P/E position, showing common features with complexes already described in mammals. Modeling of most expansion segments of G. gallus 28S ribosomal RNA allowed us to identify specific features in their structural organization and to describe areas where a marked difference between mammalian and avian ribosomes could shed light on the evolution of the expansion segments. This study provides the first structure of an avian ribosome, establishing a model for future structural and functional studies on the translational machinery in Aves.
Assuntos
RNA de Transferência , Ribossomos , Embrião de Galinha , Animais , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Modelos Moleculares , Ribossomos/metabolismo , RNA de Transferência/genética , RNA de Transferência/química , Mamíferos/metabolismoRESUMO
The ribosome is a major target for clinically used antibiotics, but multidrug resistant pathogenic bacteria are making our current arsenal of antimicrobials obsolete. Here we present cryo-electron-microscopy structures of 17 distinct compounds from six different antibiotic classes bound to the bacterial ribosome at resolutions ranging from 1.6 to 2.2 Å. The improved resolution enables a precise description of antibiotic-ribosome interactions, encompassing solvent networks that mediate multiple additional interactions between the drugs and their target. Our results reveal a high structural conservation in the binding mode between antibiotics with the same scaffold, including ordered water molecules. Water molecules are visualized within the antibiotic binding sites that are preordered, become ordered in the presence of the drug and that are physically displaced on drug binding. Insight into RNA-ligand interactions will facilitate development of new antimicrobial agents, as well as other RNA-targeting therapies.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Ribossomos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Ribossomos/metabolismo , Bactérias/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação , RNA/metabolismoRESUMO
In all species, ribosomes synthesize proteins by faithfully decoding messenger RNA (mRNA) nucleotide sequences using aminoacyl-tRNA substrates. Current knowledge of the decoding mechanism derives principally from studies on bacterial systems1. Although key features are conserved across evolution2, eukaryotes achieve higher-fidelity mRNA decoding than bacteria3. In human, changes in decoding fidelity are linked to ageing and disease and represent a potential point of therapeutic intervention in both viral and cancer treatment4-6. Here we combine single-molecule imaging and cryogenic electron microscopy methods to examine the molecular basis of human ribosome fidelity to reveal that the decoding mechanism is both kinetically and structurally distinct from that of bacteria. Although decoding is globally analogous in both species, the reaction coordinate of aminoacyl-tRNA movement is altered on the human ribosome and the process is an order of magnitude slower. These distinctions arise from eukaryote-specific structural elements in the human ribosome and in the elongation factor eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) that together coordinate faithful tRNA incorporation at each mRNA codon. The distinct nature and timing of conformational changes within the ribosome and eEF1A rationalize how increased decoding fidelity is achieved and potentially regulated in eukaryotic species.
Assuntos
Bactérias , Biossíntese de Proteínas , Humanos , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Aminoacil-RNA de Transferência/genética , Aminoacil-RNA de Transferência/metabolismo , Imagem Individual de Molécula , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Ribossomos/genética , Ribossomos/metabolismoRESUMO
Alteration of antibiotic binding sites through modification of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a common form of resistance to ribosome-targeting antibiotics. The rRNA-modifying enzyme Cfr methylates an adenosine nucleotide within the peptidyl transferase center, resulting in the C-8 methylation of A2503 (m8A2503). Acquisition of cfr results in resistance to eight classes of ribosome-targeting antibiotics. Despite the prevalence of this resistance mechanism, it is poorly understood whether and how bacteria modulate Cfr methylation to adapt to antibiotic pressure. Moreover, direct evidence for how m8A2503 alters antibiotic binding sites within the ribosome is lacking. In this study, we performed directed evolution of Cfr under antibiotic selection to generate Cfr variants that confer increased resistance by enhancing methylation of A2503 in cells. Increased rRNA methylation is achieved by improved expression and stability of Cfr through transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, which may be exploited by pathogens under antibiotic stress as suggested by natural isolates. Using a variant that achieves near-stoichiometric methylation of rRNA, we determined a 2.2 Å cryo-electron microscopy structure of the Cfr-modified ribosome. Our structure reveals the molecular basis for broad resistance to antibiotics and will inform the design of new antibiotics that overcome resistance mediated by Cfr.
Antibiotics treat or prevent infections by killing bacteria or slowing down their growth. A large proportion of these drugs do this by disrupting an essential piece of cellular machinery called the ribosome which the bacteria need to make proteins. However, over the course of the treatment, some bacteria may gain genetic alterations that allow them to resist the effects of the antibiotic. Antibiotic resistance is a major threat to global health, and understanding how it emerges and spreads is an important area of research. Recent studies have discovered populations of resistant bacteria carrying a gene for a protein named chloramphenicol-florfenicol resistance, or Cfr for short. Cfr inserts a small modification in to the ribosome that prevents antibiotics from inhibiting the production of proteins, making them ineffective against the infection. To date, Cfr has been found to cause resistance to eight different classes of antibiotics. Identifying which mutations enhance its activity and protect bacteria is vital for designing strategies that fight antibiotic resistance. To investigate how the gene for Cfr could mutate and make bacteria more resistant, Tsai et al. performed a laboratory technique called directed evolution, a cyclic process which mimics natural selection. Genetic changes were randomly introduced in the gene for the Cfr protein and bacteria carrying these mutations were treated with tiamulin, an antibiotic rendered ineffective by the modification Cfr introduces into the ribosome. Bacteria that survived were then selected and had more mutations inserted. By repeating this process several times, Tsai et al. identified 'super' variants of the Cfr protein that lead to greater resistance. The experiments showed that these variants boosted resistance by increasing the proportion of ribosomes that contained the protective modification. This process was facilitated by mutations that enabled higher levels of Cfr protein to accumulate in the cell. In addition, the current study allowed, for the first time, direct visualization of how the Cfr modification disrupts the effect antibiotics have on the ribosome. These findings will make it easier for clinics to look out for bacteria that carry these 'super' resistant mutations. They could also help researchers design a new generation of antibiotics that can overcome resistance caused by the Cfr protein.
Assuntos
Evolução Molecular Direcionada/métodos , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/genética , Metiltransferases/genética , RNA Ribossômico/genética , Adenosina/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Sítios de Ligação , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , MetilaçãoRESUMO
Maintaining a healthy proteome is fundamental for the survival of all organisms1. Integral to this are Hsp90 and Hsp70, molecular chaperones that together facilitate the folding, remodelling and maturation of the many 'client proteins' of Hsp902. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a model client protein that is strictly dependent on Hsp90 and Hsp70 for activity3-7. Chaperoning GR involves a cycle of inactivation by Hsp70; formation of an inactive GR-Hsp90-Hsp70-Hop 'loading' complex; conversion to an active GR-Hsp90-p23 'maturation' complex; and subsequent GR release8. However, to our knowledge, a molecular understanding of this intricate chaperone cycle is lacking for any client protein. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the GR-loading complex, in which Hsp70 loads GR onto Hsp90, uncovering the molecular basis of direct coordination by Hsp90 and Hsp70. The structure reveals two Hsp70 proteins, one of which delivers GR and the other scaffolds the Hop cochaperone. Hop interacts with all components of the complex, including GR, and poises Hsp90 for subsequent ATP hydrolysis. GR is partially unfolded and recognized through an extended binding pocket composed of Hsp90, Hsp70 and Hop, revealing the mechanism of GR loading and inactivation. Together with the GR-maturation complex structure9, we present a complete molecular mechanism of chaperone-dependent client remodelling, and establish general principles of client recognition, inhibition, transfer and activation.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70 , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP90 , Proteínas de Homeodomínio , Dobramento de Proteína , Receptores de Glucocorticoides , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70/metabolismo , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP90/metabolismo , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Humanos , Chaperonas Moleculares/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/metabolismoRESUMO
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that regulates important functions in the central nervous system1,2. The ALK gene is a hotspot for chromosomal translocation events that result in several fusion proteins that cause a variety of human malignancies3. Somatic and germline gain-of-function mutations in ALK were identified in paediatric neuroblastoma4-7. ALK is composed of an extracellular region (ECR), a single transmembrane helix and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain8,9. ALK is activated by the binding of ALKAL1 and ALKAL2 ligands10-14 to its ECR, but the lack of structural information for the ALK-ECR or for ALKAL ligands has limited our understanding of ALK activation. Here we used cryo-electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray crystallography to determine the atomic details of human ALK dimerization and activation by ALKAL1 and ALKAL2. Our data reveal a mechanism of RTK activation that allows dimerization by either dimeric (ALKAL2) or monomeric (ALKAL1) ligands. This mechanism is underpinned by an unusual architecture of the receptor-ligand complex. The ALK-ECR undergoes a pronounced ligand-induced rearrangement and adopts an orientation parallel to the membrane surface. This orientation is further stabilized by an interaction between the ligand and the membrane. Our findings highlight the diversity in RTK oligomerization and activation mechanisms.
Assuntos
Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico/química , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico/metabolismo , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico/ultraestrutura , Sítios de Ligação , Membrana Celular/química , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Cristalografia por Raios X , Citocinas/química , Citocinas/metabolismo , Citocinas/ultraestrutura , Ativação Enzimática , Humanos , Ligantes , Modelos Moleculares , Complexos Multiproteicos/química , Complexos Multiproteicos/metabolismo , Complexos Multiproteicos/ultraestrutura , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Ligação Proteica , Domínios Proteicos , Multimerização ProteicaRESUMO
Peptide-chain elongation during protein synthesis entails sequential aminoacyl-tRNA selection and translocation reactions that proceed rapidly (2-20 per second) and with a low error rate (around 10-3 to 10-5 at each step) over thousands of cycles1. The cadence and fidelity of ribosome transit through mRNA templates in discrete codon increments is a paradigm for movement in biological systems that must hold for diverse mRNA and tRNA substrates across domains of life. Here we use single-molecule fluorescence methods to guide the capture of structures of early translocation events on the bacterial ribosome. Our findings reveal that the bacterial GTPase elongation factor G specifically engages spontaneously achieved ribosome conformations while in an active, GTP-bound conformation to unlock and initiate peptidyl-tRNA translocation. These findings suggest that processes intrinsic to the pre-translocation ribosome complex can regulate the rate of protein synthesis, and that energy expenditure is used later in the translocation mechanism than previously proposed.
Assuntos
Fator G para Elongação de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Biossíntese de Proteínas , Aminoacil-RNA de Transferência/genética , Ribossomos/metabolismo , Códon , Escherichia coli/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , RNA Mensageiro/genéticaRESUMO
Ribosome biogenesis is a highly coordinated and complex process that requires numerous assembly factors that ensure prompt and flawless maturation of ribosomal subunits. Despite the increasing amount of data collected, the exact role of most assembly factors and mechanistic details of their operation remain unclear, mainly due to the shortage of high-resolution structural information. Here, using cryo-electron microscopy, we characterized 30S ribosomal particles isolated from an Escherichia coli strain with a deleted gene for the RbfA factor. The cryo-EM maps for pre-30S subunits were divided into six classes corresponding to consecutive assembly intermediates: from the particles with a completely unresolved head domain and unfolded central pseudoknot to almost mature 30S subunits with well-resolved body, platform, and head domains and partially distorted helix 44. The structures of two predominant 30S intermediates belonging to most populated classes obtained at 2.7 Å resolutions indicate that RbfA acts at two distinctive 30S assembly stages: early formation of the central pseudoknot including folding of the head, and positioning of helix 44 in the decoding center at a later stage. Additionally, it was shown that the formation of the central pseudoknot may promote stabilization of the head domain, likely through the RbfA-dependent maturation of the neck helix 28. An update to the model of factor-dependent 30S maturation is proposed, suggesting that RfbA is involved in most of the subunit assembly process.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/fisiologia , Proteínas Ribossômicas/metabolismo , Subunidades Ribossômicas Menores de Bactérias/fisiologia , Ribossomos/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação , Microscopia Crioeletrônica/métodos , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Modelos Moleculares , Ligação Proteica , Proteínas Ribossômicas/genética , Subunidades Ribossômicas Menores de Bactérias/ultraestrutura , Ribossomos/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Sphingolipids are essential lipids in eukaryotic membranes. In humans, the first and rate-limiting step of sphingolipid synthesis is catalyzed by the serine palmitoyltransferase holocomplex, which consists of catalytic components (SPTLC1 and SPTLC2) and regulatory components (ssSPTa and ORMDL3). However, the assembly, substrate processing and regulation of the complex are unclear. Here, we present 8 cryo-electron microscopy structures of the human serine palmitoyltransferase holocomplex in various functional states at resolutions of 2.6-3.4 Å. The structures reveal not only how catalytic components recognize the substrate, but also how regulatory components modulate the substrate-binding tunnel to control enzyme activity: ssSPTa engages SPTLC2 and shapes the tunnel to determine substrate specificity. ORMDL3 blocks the tunnel and competes with substrate binding through its amino terminus. These findings provide mechanistic insights into sphingolipid biogenesis governed by the serine palmitoyltransferase complex.
Assuntos
Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Serina C-Palmitoiltransferase/metabolismo , Serina C-Palmitoiltransferase/ultraestrutura , Sítios de Ligação , Biocatálise , Domínio Catalítico , Humanos , Ligantes , Proteínas de Membrana/química , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/ultraestrutura , Modelos Moleculares , Mutação , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Serina C-Palmitoiltransferase/química , Serina C-Palmitoiltransferase/genética , Especificidade por SubstratoRESUMO
Proteasomal machinery performs essential regulated protein degradation in eukaryotes. Classic proteasomes are symmetric, with a regulatory ATPase docked at each end of the cylindrical 20S. Asymmetric complexes are also present in cells, either with a single ATPase or with an ATPase and non-ATPase at two opposite ends. The mechanism that populates these different proteasomal complexes is unknown. Using archaea homologs, we construct asymmetric forms of proteasomes. We demonstrate that the gate conformation of the two opposite ends of 20S are coupled: binding one ATPase opens a gate locally, and also opens the opposite gate allosterically. Such allosteric coupling leads to cooperative binding of proteasomal ATPases to 20S and promotes formation of proteasomes symmetrically configured with two identical ATPases. It may also promote formation of asymmetric complexes with an ATPase and a non-ATPase at opposite ends. We propose that in eukaryotes a similar mechanism regulates the composition of the proteasomal population.
Assuntos
Archaea/metabolismo , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/química , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismo , Archaea/genética , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Cinética , Modelos Moleculares , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/genética , Conformação Proteica , Thermoplasma/genética , Thermoplasma/metabolismoRESUMO
Macrolides are one of the most successful and widely used classes of antibacterials, which kill or stop the growth of pathogenic bacteria by binding near the active site of the ribosome and interfering with protein synthesis. Dirithromycin is a derivative of the prototype macrolide erythromycin with additional hydrophobic side chain. In our recent study, we have discovered that the side chain of dirithromycin forms lone pair-π stacking interaction with the aromatic imidazole ring of the His69 residue in ribosomal protein uL4 of the Thermus thermophilus 70S ribosome. In the current work, we found that neither the presence of the side chain, nor the additional contact with the ribosome, improve the binding affinity of dirithromycin to the ribosome. Nevertheless, we found that dirithromycin is a more potent inhibitor of in vitro protein synthesis in comparison with its parent compound, erythromycin. Using high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy, we determined the structure of the dirithromycin bound to the translating Escherichia coli 70S ribosome, which suggests that the better inhibitory properties of the drug could be rationalized by the side chain of dirithromycin pointing into the lumen of the nascent peptide exit tunnel, where it can interfere with the normal passage of the growing polypeptide chain.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/química , Eritromicina/análogos & derivados , Inibidores da Síntese de Proteínas/química , Ribossomos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Eritromicina/química , Eritromicina/farmacologia , Escherichia coli/genética , Modelos Moleculares , Biossíntese de Proteínas/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores da Síntese de Proteínas/farmacologia , RNA Ribossômico 23S/químicaRESUMO
Post-transcriptional ribosomal RNA (rRNA) modifications are present in all organisms, but their exact functional roles and positions are yet to be fully characterized. Modified nucleotides have been implicated in the stabilization of RNA structure and regulation of ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis. In some instances, rRNA modifications can confer antibiotic resistance. High-resolution ribosome structures are thus necessary for precise determination of modified nucleotides' positions, a task that has previously been accomplished by X-ray crystallography. Here, we present a cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the Escherichia coli 50S subunit at an average resolution of 2.2 Å as an additional approach for mapping modification sites. Our structure confirms known modifications present in 23S rRNA and additionally allows for localization of Mg2+ ions and their coordinated water molecules. Using our cryo-EM structure as a testbed, we developed a program for assessment of cryo-EM map quality. This program can be easily used on any RNA-containing cryo-EM structure, and an associated Coot plugin allows for visualization of validated modifications, making it highly accessible.
Assuntos
Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/ultraestrutura , Nucleotídeos/metabolismo , Subunidades Ribossômicas Maiores de Bactérias/ultraestrutura , Modelos Moleculares , Peptídeos/metabolismo , Peptidil Transferases/metabolismo , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Solventes , Eletricidade EstáticaRESUMO
The integrated stress response (ISR) tunes the rate of protein synthesis. Control is exerted by phosphorylation of the general translation initiation factor eIF2. eIF2 is a guanosine triphosphatase that becomes activated by eIF2B, a two-fold symmetric and heterodecameric complex that functions as eIF2's dedicated nucleotide exchange factor. Phosphorylation converts eIF2 from a substrate into an inhibitor of eIF2B. We report cryo-electron microscopy structures of eIF2 bound to eIF2B in the dephosphorylated state. The structures reveal that the eIF2B decamer is a static platform upon which one or two flexible eIF2 trimers bind and align with eIF2B's bipartite catalytic centers to catalyze nucleotide exchange. Phosphorylation refolds eIF2α, allowing it to contact eIF2B at a different interface and, we surmise, thereby sequestering it into a nonproductive complex.
Assuntos
Fator de Iniciação 2B em Eucariotos/química , Fator de Iniciação 2 em Eucariotos/química , Nucleotídeos de Guanina/química , Biossíntese de Proteínas , Estresse Fisiológico , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Ativação Enzimática , Enzimas , Humanos , Modelos Químicos , Fosforilação , Conformação Proteica , Multimerização ProteicaRESUMO
Chemical modifications of RNA have recently gained new attention in biological sciences. They occur notably on messenger RNA (mRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and are important for various cellular functions, but their molecular mechanism of action is yet to be understood in detail. Ribosomes are large ribonucleoprotein assemblies, which synthesize proteins in all organisms. Human ribosomes, for example, carry more than 200 modified nucleotides, which are introduced during biogenesis. Chemically modified nucleotides may appear to be only scarcely different from canonical nucleotides, but modifications such as methylations can in fact modulate their chemical and topological properties in the RNA and alter or modulate the overall translation efficiency of the ribosomes resulting in dysfunction of the translation machinery. Recent functional analysis and high-resolution ribosome structures have revealed a large repertoire of modification sites comprising different modification types. In this review, we focus on 2'-O-methylations (2'-O-Me) and discuss the structural insights gained through our recent cryo electron microscopy (cryo-EM) high-resolution structural analysis of the human ribosome, such as their locations and their influence on the secondary and tertiary structures of human rRNAs. The detailed analysis presented here reveals that ribose conformations of the rRNA backbone differ when the 2'-OH hydroxyl position is methylated, with 3'-endo conformations being the default and the 2'-endo conformations being characteristic in that the associated base is flipped-out. We compare currently known 2'-O-Me sites in human rRNAs evaluated using RiboMethSeq and cryo-EM structural analysis and discuss their involvement in several human diseases.
Assuntos
RNA Ribossômico/metabolismo , Ribossomos/metabolismo , Humanos , Metilação , Conformação de Ácido Nucleico , Ribossomos/químicaRESUMO
Transcriptional pausing by RNA polymerases (RNAPs) is a key mechanism to regulate gene expression in all kingdoms of life and is a prerequisite for transcription termination. The essential bacterial transcription factor NusA stimulates both pausing and termination of transcription, thus playing a central role. Here, we report single-particle electron cryo-microscopy reconstructions of NusA bound to paused E. coli RNAP elongation complexes with and without a pause-enhancing hairpin in the RNA exit channel. The structures reveal four interactions between NusA and RNAP that suggest how NusA stimulates RNA folding, pausing, and termination. An asymmetric translocation intermediate of RNA and DNA converts the active site of the enzyme into an inactive state, providing a structural explanation for the inhibition of catalysis. Comparing RNAP at different stages of pausing provides insights on the dynamic nature of the process and the role of NusA as a regulatory factor.
Assuntos
RNA Polimerases Dirigidas por DNA , Proteínas de Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli , Dobramento de RNA , RNA Bacteriano , Terminação da Transcrição Genética , Fatores de Elongação da Transcrição , Domínio Catalítico , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/metabolismo , RNA Polimerases Dirigidas por DNA/química , RNA Polimerases Dirigidas por DNA/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/química , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/química , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , RNA Bacteriano/biossíntese , RNA Bacteriano/química , Fatores de Elongação da Transcrição/química , Fatores de Elongação da Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
A current bottleneck in structure determination of macromolecular complexes by cryo electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is the large amount of data needed to obtain high-resolution 3D reconstructions, including through sorting into different conformations and compositions with advanced image processing. Additionally, it may be difficult to visualize small ligands that bind in sub-stoichiometric levels. Volta phase plates (VPP) introduce a phase shift in the contrast transfer and drastically increase the contrast of the recorded low-dose cryo-EM images while preserving high frequency information. Here we present a comparative study to address the behavior of different data sets during image processing and quantify important parameters during structure refinement. The automated data collection was done from the same human ribosome sample either as a conventional defocus range dataset or with a Volta phase plate close to focus (cfVPP) or with a small defocus (dfVPP). The analysis of image processing parameters shows that dfVPP data behave more robustly during cryo-EM structure refinement because particle alignments, Euler angle assignments and 2D & 3D classifications behave more stably and converge faster. In particular, less particle images are required to reach the same resolution in the 3D reconstructions. Finally, we find that defocus range data collection is also applicable to VPP. This study shows that data processing and cryo-EM map interpretation, including atomic model refinement, are facilitated significantly by performing VPP cryo-EM, which will have an important impact on structural biology.
Assuntos
Microscopia Crioeletrônica/métodos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Substâncias Macromoleculares/química , Coleta de Dados , Humanos , Ligantes , Substâncias Macromoleculares/ultraestrutura , Ribossomos/química , Ribossomos/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Transient receptor potential (TRP) melastatin 4 (TRPM4) is a widely expressed cation channel associated with a variety of cardiovascular disorders. TRPM4 is activated by increased intracellular calcium in a voltage-dependent manner but, unlike many other TRP channels, is permeable to monovalent cations only. Here we present two structures of full-length human TRPM4 embedded in lipid nanodiscs at ~3-angstrom resolution, as determined by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. These structures, with and without calcium bound, reveal a general architecture for this major subfamily of TRP channels and a well-defined calcium-binding site within the intracellular side of the S1-S4 domain. The structures correspond to two distinct closed states. Calcium binding induces conformational changes that likely prime the channel for voltage-dependent opening.
Assuntos
Canais de Cátion TRPM/química , Sítios de Ligação , Cálcio/química , Cálcio/metabolismo , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Humanos , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Lipídeos , Modelos Moleculares , Nanoestruturas , Conformação Proteica , Domínios Proteicos , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/ultraestrutura , Canais de Cátion TRPM/metabolismo , Canais de Cátion TRPM/ultraestruturaRESUMO
The transcription co-activator complex SAGA is recruited to gene promoters by sequence-specific transcriptional activators and by chromatin modifications to promote pre-initiation complex formation. The yeast Tra1 subunit is the major target of acidic activators such as Gal4, VP16, or Gcn4 but little is known about its structural organization. The 430 kDa Tra1 subunit and its human homolog the transformation/transcription domain-associated protein TRRAP are members of the phosphatidyl 3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) family. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of the entire SAGA complex where the major target of activator binding, the 430 kDa Tra1 protein, is resolved with an average resolution of 5.7 Å. The high content of alpha-helices in Tra1 enabled tracing of the majority of its main chain. Our results highlight the integration of Tra1 within the major epigenetic regulator SAGA.
Assuntos
Cromatina/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Histona Acetiltransferases/metabolismo , Transativadores/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Cromatina/química , Cromatina/ultraestrutura , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Proteínas Fúngicas/química , Proteínas Fúngicas/ultraestrutura , Histona Acetiltransferases/química , Histona Acetiltransferases/ultraestrutura , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Ligação Proteica , Domínios Proteicos , Saccharomycetales/química , Saccharomycetales/metabolismo , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Transativadores/química , Transativadores/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Chemical modifications of human ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are introduced during biogenesis and have been implicated in the dysregulation of protein synthesis, as is found in cancer and other diseases. However, their role in this phenomenon is unknown. Here we visualize more than 130 individual rRNA modifications in the three-dimensional structure of the human ribosome, explaining their structural and functional roles. In addition to a small number of universally conserved sites, we identify many eukaryote- or human-specific modifications and unique sites that form an extended shell in comparison to bacterial ribosomes, and which stabilize the RNA. Several of the modifications are associated with the binding sites of three ribosome-targeting antibiotics, or are associated with degenerate states in cancer, such as keto alkylations on nucleotide bases reminiscent of specialized ribosomes. This high-resolution structure of the human 80S ribosome paves the way towards understanding the role of epigenetic rRNA modifications in human diseases and suggests new possibilities for designing selective inhibitors and therapeutic drugs.
Assuntos
Microscopia Crioeletrônica , RNA Ribossômico/química , RNA Ribossômico/ultraestrutura , Ribossomos/química , Ribossomos/ultraestrutura , Sítios de Ligação , Epistasia Genética , Células HeLa , Humanos , Ligantes , Modelos Moleculares , Estabilidade de RNA , RNA Ribossômico/biossíntese , RNA Ribossômico/classificação , Subunidades Ribossômicas Maiores de Eucariotos/genética , Subunidades Ribossômicas Menores de Eucariotos/genética , Ribossomos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ribossomos/genéticaRESUMO
Cryo electron microscopy (cryo-EM) historically has had a strong impact on the structural and mechanistic analysis of protein synthesis by the prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes. Vice versa, studying ribosomes has helped moving forwards many methodological aspects in single particle cryo-EM, at the level of automated data collection and image processing including advanced techniques for particle sorting to address structural and compositional heterogeneity. Here we review some of the latest ribosome structures, where cryo-EM allowed gaining unprecedented insights based on 3D structure sorting with focused classification and refinement methods helping to reach local resolution levels better than 3Å. Such high-resolution features now enable the analysis of drug interactions with RNA and protein side-chains including even the visualization of chemical modifications of the ribosomal RNA. These advances represent a major breakthrough in structural biology and show the strong potential of cryo-EM beyond the ribosome field including for structure-based drug design.