Terapia de resincronización cardíaca. Evolución a largo plazo de los pacientes respondedores y no respondedores / Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Long-term Evolution of Responder and Non-responder Patients

RESUMEN Introducción: La terapia de resincronización cardíaca (TRC) es un tratamiento eficaz en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca (IC), baja fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI) y QRS ancho. Sin embargo, hay un porcentaje de estos que son no respondedores, lo que implicaría peores resultados clínicos. Objetivos: Valorar las diferencias en parámetros ecocardiográficos de remodelado reverso y tasa de eventos [hospitalización por insuficiencia cardíaca (HIC), muerte de todas las causas (MT), trasplante cardíaco (TXC) y terapias apropiadas (TA)] entre pacientes respondedores vs. no respondedores a la TRC. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 343 pacientes con TRC. Se los clasifico en respondedores y no respondedores según parámetros clínicos y ecocardiográficos. Se realizó seguimiento a 2 años, en que se evaluó el remodelado reverso y la incidencia de HIC, MT, TXC y TA. Resultados: De los 343 pacientes, 17% fueron no respondedores y 83% respondedores. A los 6 meses y 12 meses no hubo diferencias significativas en cuando a diámetros ventriculares, pero si en la FEVI (p<0,001), que aumentó más en los respondedores. A los 24 meses los respondedores presentaron menor diámetro diastólico (p=0,004), menor diámetro sistólico (p=0,003) y mayor FEVI (p<0,001) Los no respondedores tuvieron significativamente mayor incidencia de HIC (p< 0,001), TXC (p=0,001) y TA (p=0,002) y un exceso de MT en el límite de la significación estadística (p= 0,056). Conclusiones: Los pacientes respondedores a la TRC presentaron mayor remodelado reverso y mejor evolución clínica, en forma acorde a los resultados de estudios observacionales internacionales.

ABSTRACT Background: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an effective treatment in patients with heart failure (HF), low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and wide QRS. However, there are a percentage of these patients who are non-responders, implying worse clinical outcomes. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the differences in echocardiographic parameters of reverse remodeling and event rates [hospitalization for heart failure (HHF), all-cause mortality (ACM), heart transplantation (HTX) and appropriate therapies (AT)] between responder vs. non-responder patients to CRT. Methods: A total of 343 patients with CRT, classified into responders and non-responders according to clinical and echocardiographic parameters, were included in the study. A 2-year follow-up was performed, in which reverse remodeling and the incidence of HHF, ACM, HTX and AT were evaluated. Results: Among the 343 patients, 17% were non-responders and 83% responders. At 6 and 12 months there were no significant differences in ventricular diameters, but significant differences in LVEF (p<0.001), with greater increase in responders. At 24 months, responders had smaller diastolic diameter (p=0.004), smaller systolic diameter (p=0.003) and higher LVEF (p<0.001). Non-responders had significantly higher incidence of HHF (p<0.001), HTX (p=0.001) and AT (p=0.002), and an excess of ACM at the limit of statistical significance (p= 0.056). Conclusions: Patients responding to CRT presented greater reverse remodeling and better clinical evolution, in accordance with the results of international observational studies.

Terapia de resincronización cardíaca. Incidencia y mecanismos involucrados en la reducción de la insuficiencia mitral funcional / Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Incidence and Mechanisms Involved in the Reduction of Functional Mitral Regurgitation

RESUMEN Introducción: La insuficiencia mitral funcional (IMF) es común en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca (IC). La IMF moderada/ grave (M/G) se asocia a peor pronóstico. Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de IMF y los mecanismos involucrados en su reducción en respondedores a la terapia de resincronización cardíaca (TRC) a los 6 meses comparados con 12 y 24 meses. Métodos: Entre 2009 y 2018 fueron tratados 338 pts. Respondedores: reducción de CF NYHA ≥1 grado o aumento de la fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda (FEVI) ≥5% (absoluto). La IMF se graduó en 4 puntos: No-IMF, leve, M y G, y se la relacionó con las mediciones ecocardiográficas. Características Basales: edad 64 ±10 años, hombres 71%, CF-NYHA IIIII 92%, bloqueo de rama izquierda (BRI) 67%, QRS ≥150 ms 75%, diámetro diastólico del VI (DDVI) 68 ± 9 mm, diámetro sistólico del VI (DSVI) 52 ± 12 mm, FEVI 24 ± 7%. Resultados: La prevalencia de IMF fue del 92,6%. A los 6 meses, 86% fueron respondedores y 23% de ellos mejoraron de IMF-M/G a IMF-Leve/No-IMF. Hubo un fuerte remodelado inverso: DDVI 68 ± 10 vs 63 ± 11 mm, (p = 0,0001), DSVI 55 ± 12 vs 50 ± 13 mm, (p = 0,0006) y FEVI 25 ± 11 vs 33 ± 10%, (p = 0,00001). Comparando 6 con 12 meses 89,4% fueron respondedores, 8% mejoraron de IMF-M/G a IMF-Leve/No-IMF. Comparando 6 con 24 meses 88% fueron respondedores, 14,6% mejoraron de IMF-M/G a IMF-Leve/No-IMF. Entre 6 y 12 y 6 y 24 meses no hubo remodelado inverso significativo. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de IMF fue elevada. El mayor remodelado inverso y reducción de la IMF se observaron a los 6 meses, siendo el primero el principal mecanismo en la reducción de la IMF. Esta mejoría se sostuvo a los 12 y 24 meses.

ABSTRACT Background: Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) is common in heart failure, and moderate/severe (M/S) FMR is associated with worse prognosis. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of FMR and the mechanisms involved in its reduction in responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) at 6 months compared with 12 and 24 months. Methods: Between 2009 and 2018, 338 patients received CRT. Patients showing NYHA functional class (FC) reduction ≥1 or left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) absolute increase ≥5% were considered responders. Functional mitral regurgitation was graded using a 4-point scale into none-, mild-, M- and S-FMR, and was related to echocardiographic measurements. Baseline patient characteristics were: age 64±10 years, men 71%, NYHA FC II-III 92%, left bundle branch block (LBBB) 67%, QRS ≥150 ms 75%, LV diastolic diameter (LVDD) 68±9 mm, LV systolic diameter (LVSD) 52±12 mm, and LVEF 24±7%. Results: The prevalence of FMR was 92.6%. At 6 months, 86% were responders, 23% improved from M/S-FMR to mild/none-FMR and there was strong reverse remodeling: LVDD 68±10 vs. 63±11 mm, (p=0.0001), LVSD 55±12 vs. 50±13 mm, (p=0.0006) and LVEF 25±11 vs. 33±10%, (p=0.00001). Comparing 6 with 12 months, 89.4% were responders and 8% improved M/S-FMR to mild/none-FMR. Comparing 6 with 24 months, 88% were responders and 14.6% improved M/S-FMR to mild/none-FMR. Between 6 and 12 and 6 and 24 months, there was no significant reverse remodeling. Conclusions: The prevalence of FMR was high. The highest reverse remodeling and FMR reduction was observed at 6 months, the former being the main mechanism of FMR reduction. This improvement persisted at 12 and 24 months.

Radiofrequency ablation of supraventricular arrhythmias after orthotopic heart transplantation: Long-term follow-up of a single-center experience.

BACKGROUND: Supraventricular arrhythmias (SVAs), commonly managed with radiofrequency ablation (RFA), may occur after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). METHODS: We retrospectively assessed 514 consecutive patients (pts.) undergoing OHT between January 1990 and July 2016 in a single-center. Patients with SVAs managed with RFA were included. Mechanisms of genesis of SVAs, association with surgical techniques and outcomes, were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 514 pts undergoing OHT, 53% (272 pts.) were managed with bicaval (BC) technique and 47% (242 pts.) with biatrial (BA) technique. Mean follow-up 10 ± 8.4 years. Nine pts. (1.7%) developed SVA requiring RFA. The BC technique was performed in 4 pts., 3 pts. presented cavotricuspid isthmus-dependent atrial flutter (CTI AFL), and 1 pt. double loop AFL. Five pts. were managed with BA technique, 4 pts. presented CTI AFL, and 1 pt. atrial tachycardia (AT). Mean time between OHT and SVA occurrence was 6.6 ± 5.5 years. The procedure was successful in 89% (8 pts.). Arrhythmia recurrence was seen in 3 pts (37%), all with BA technique. CONCLUSION: Supraventricular arrhythmias in heart transplantation may be associated with the surgical scar. Identifying the mechanism is vital to choose the appropriate treatment with radiofrequency ablation.

Validation of the 2014 European Society of Cardiology Sudden Cardiac Death Risk Prediction Model in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in a Reference Center in South America.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a common cause of death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC). Our aim was to conduct an external and independent validation in South America of the 2014 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) SCD risk prediction model to identify patients requiring an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. This study included 502 consecutive patients with HC followed from March, 1993 to December, 2014. A combined end point of SCD or appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy was assessed. For the quantitative estimation of individual 5-year SCD risk, we used the formula: 1 - 0.998(exp(Prognostic index)). Our database also included the abnormal blood pressure response to exercise as a risk marker. We analyzed the 3 categories of 5-year risk proposed by the ESC: low risk (LR) <4%; intermediate risk (IR) ≥4% to <6%, and high risk (HR) ≥6%. The LR group included 387 patients (77%); the IR group 39 (8%); and the HR group 76 (15%). Fourteen patients (3%) had SCD/appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy (LR: 0%; IR: 2 of 39 [5%]; and HR: 12 of 76 [16%]). In a receiver-operating characteristic curve, the new model proved to be an excellent predictor because the area under the curve for the estimated risk is 0.925 (statistical C: 0.925; 95% CI 0.8884 to 0.9539, p <0.0001). In conclusion, the SCD risk prediction model in HC proposed by the 2014 ESC guidelines was validated in our population and represents an improvement compared with previous approaches. A larger multicenter, independent and external validation of the model with long-term follow-up would be advisable.

Crioablación con balón en fibrilación auricular paroxística: Experiencia inicial / Balloon Cryoablation for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: Initial Experience

Introducción: El aislamiento eléctrico de las venas pulmonares constituye la piedra angular en el tratamiento curativo de pacientes con fibrilación auricular paroxística (FAP) recurrente y sintomática. La crioablación con balón (CAB) es una alternativa a la radiofrecuencia, con disminución de los tiempos del procedimiento y de radioscopia. Objetivos: Describir los resultados inmediatos y la experiencia inicial en las primeras intervenciones de CAB de FAP en nuestro hospital. Material y métodos: Entre noviembre de 2013 y febrero de 2015, 23 pacientes fueron intervenidos con una CAB de FAP. Previo al procedimiento se les realizó una angiotomografía con reconstrucción de la aurícula izquierda y las venas pulmonares. Resultados: La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 53 ± 11 años, 19 eran varones, el diámetro de la aurícula izquierda fue de 40 ± 7 mm, la FEVI fue de 58% ± 8%. El CHA2DS2VASc promedio fue de 0,6. La duración promedio de los procedimientos fue de 169 ± 47 minutos, con un tiempo de radioscopia de 39 ± 17 minutos. Se logró el aislamiento en 89/91 venas pulmonares (97,8%); en 2 pacientes se debió completar la lesión con radiofrecuencia. Un paciente (4,34%) presentó parálisis diafragmática transitoria, con recuperación espontánea a los 30 minutos. No hubo otras complicaciones. Con una mediana de seguimiento de 9,2 meses, 21 pacientes (91,3%) permanecieron en ritmo sinusal. Conclusiones: En esta experiencia inicial, la CAB de FAP se mostró como una técnica segura y eficaz en pacientes seleccionados. Presentó un éxito agudo alto en el aislamiento de las venas pulmonares. Durante el seguimiento, la tasa de recurrencia fue baja. Resta esperar los resultados del seguimiento extendido para conocer su impacto real.

Background: Pulmonary vein isolation is the cornerstone for the treatment of patients with recurrent and symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). Balloon cryoablation (BCA) is an option to radiofrequency with shorter procedural and fluoroscopy times. Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe the immediate outcomes and the initial experience in the first BCA procedures for PAF in our hospital. Methods: Between November 2013 and February 2015, 23 patients underwent BCA for PAF. A computed tomography angiography with reconstruction of the left atrium and pulmonary veins was performed before the procedure. Results: Mean age was 53±11 years, 19 patients were men, left atrial dimension was 40±7 mm and LVEF was 58%±8%. Average CHA2DS2VASc score was 0.6. The average procedural time was 169±47 minutes, with a fluoroscopy time of 39±17 minutes. Isolation of the pulmonary veins was achieved in 89/91 pulmonary veins (97.8%), and 2 patients required additional radiofrequency catheter ablation. One patient (4.34%) presented transient paralysis of the diaphragm with spontaneous recovery after 30 minutes. No further complications were observed. After a median follow-up of 9.2 months, 21 patients (91.3%) remained with sinus rhythm. Conclusions: In this initial experience, BCA for PAF proved to be a safe and effective technique in selected patients. A high acute success rate was achieved for pulmonary vein isolation. During follow-up, the recurrence rate was low. The real impact of the procedure will be known when long-term outcomes become available.