Willingness and Barriers to Undertaking Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Reported by Medical Students after the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic-Single-Center Study.

Most of the studies in the field of willingness and barriers to resuscitation (CPR) were conducted before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The aim of the study was to assess the number and types of barriers to CPR among medical students after the pandemic ended. This study was based on a survey. The data was collected from 12 April 2022 to 25 May 2022. A total of 509 complete questionnaires were obtained. The number of barriers depending on the time elapsed from the last CPR course did not differ significantly (Me = 4 [IQR 2-6] vs. Me = 5 [IQR 3-7]; p = 0.054, respectively). The number of all barriers reported by respondents differed significantly and was higher in those reporting fear of coronavirus (Me = 4 [IQR 2-6] vs. Me = 7 [IQR 4-9]; p < 0.001, respectively). A total of 12 out of all 23 barriers were significantly more frequent in this group of respondents. Barriers to CPR are still common among medical students, even despite a high rate of CPR training. The pandemic significantly affected both the number and frequency of barriers. The group of strangers and children, as potential cardiac arrest victims, deserve special attention. Efforts should be made to minimize the potentially modifiable barriers.

Management of myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: Expert opinion of the Association of Intensive Cardiac Care and Association of Cardiovascular Interventions of the Polish Society of Cardiology.

Despite significant advances in interventional cardiology and mechanical circulatory support (MCS) techniques, outcomes for patients with myocardial infarction (MI) complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS) remain suboptimal. This expert consensus aims to provide information on the current management of patients with MI complicated by CS in Poland and to propose solutions, including systemic ones, for all stages of care. The document uses data from the Polish PL-ACS Registry of Acute Coronary Syndromes, which includes records of more than 820 000 hospital admissions. We describe the role of medical rescue teams, highlighting the necessity to expand their range of competencies at the level of prehospital care. We emphasize the importance of treating the underlying cause of CS and direct patient transfer to centers capable of performing percutaneous coronary interventions. We present current recommendations of scientific societies on MCS use. We underline the role of the Cardiac Shock Team in the management of patients with MI complicated by CS. Such teams should comprise an interventional cardiologist, a cardiothoracic surgeon, and an intensive care physician. Patients should be transferred to highly specialized CS centers, following the example of so-called Cardiac Shock Care Centers described in some other countries. We propose criteria for the operation of such centers Other important aspects discussed in the document include the role of rehabilitation, multidisciplinary care, and long-term follow-up of treatment outcomes. The document was developed in cooperation with experts from different scientific societies in Poland, which illustrates the importance of interdisciplinary care in this patient population.

Assessment of Lipid Balance Parameters after Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy in 1-Year Observation.

Introduction: Currently, the increase in the percentage of obese people observed along with the development of civilization, reaching the level of a global pandemic, has forced a search for methods of effective and permanent obesity treatment. Obesity is a multifactorial disease; it coexists with many disease entities and requires multidisciplinary treatment. Obesity leads to metabolic changes in the form of metabolic syndromes, which include, among others, atherogenic dyslipidemia. The proven relationship between dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk enforces the need to effectively improve the lipid profile of obese patients. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is a method of surgical treatment of morbid obesity which improves bariatric and metabolic parameters. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) at improving lipid profile parameters upon a 1-year follow up. Material and Methods: Bariatric parameters of 196 patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy as well as the lipid profile of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), non-NDL, and triglycerides (TG) in a 1-year observation were analyzed. Results: Improvements in bariatric parameters were observed in patients after LSG. Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides and non-HDL level decreases were observed along with an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Conclusions: Sleeve gastrectomy is an effective method of treating obesity and improving the lipid profile in obese patients.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: Do we have to perform coronary angiography?

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains a leading cause of global mortality, while survivors are burdened with long-term neurological and cardiovascular complications. OHCA management at the hospital level remains challenging, due to heterogeneity of OHCA presentation, the critical status of OHCA patients reaching the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), and the demands of post ROSC treatment. The validity and optimal timing for coronary angiography is one important, yet not fully defined, component of OHCA management. Guidelines state clear recommendations for coronary angiography in OHCA patients with shockable rhythms, cardiogenic shock, or in patients with ST-segment elevation observed in electrocardiography after ROSC. However, there is no established consensus on the angiographic management in other clinical settings. While coronary angiography may accelerate the diagnostic and therapeutic process (provided OHCA was a consequence of coronary artery disease), it might come at the cost of impaired post-resuscitation care quality due to postponing of intensive care management. The aim of the current statement paper is to discuss clinical strategies for the management of OHCA including the stratification to invasive procedures and the rationale behind the risk-benefit ratio of coronary angiography, especially with patients in critical condition.

The impact of mild therapeutic hypothermia on platelet reactivity in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest with acute myocardial infarction treated with ticagrelor.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to assess the antiplatelet effect of ticagrelor in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH) vs. MI patients without OHCA treated with PCI. METHODS: The study was designed and performed as a phase IV, single-center, investigator-initiated, prospective, observational study assessing the early pharmacodynamic effect (within first 24 h) of a ticagrelor loading dose (180 mg) in both groups of patients (MTH group vs. MI group). For assessment of ticagrelor pharmacodynamics Multiple Electrode Aggregometry (MEA) was applied. RESULTS: Compared with the MTH group, platelet inhibition was persistently stronger in the MI group over the entire observation period (up to 24 h), with the highest difference at 4 hours after loading with ticagrelor (25.8 ± 26.4 vs. 75.8 ± 40.9 U, p = 0.002). As a consequence, there was a higher prevalence of high platelet reactivity in the MTH group, with the most explicit difference at 6 hours after the loading dose of ticagrelor (78% vs. 7%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In comparison with patients treated with primary PCI for uncomplicated MI, the antiplatelet effect of ticagrelor in patients with MI complicated with OHCA, undergoing MTH and primary PCI, is attenuated and delayed.

Does the presence of physician-staffed emergency medical services improve the prognosis in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest? A propensity score matching analysis.

BACKGROUND: Substantial differences in survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) have been observed between countries. These might be attributed to the organization of emergency medical service (EMS) systems, including prehospital physician involvement. However, limited data exist on the physician's role in improving survival after OHCA. AIMS: To compare prehospital and in-hospital outcomes of OHCA patients attended by physician-staffed EMS vs. paramedic-staffed EMS units. METHODS: Among all patients enrolled in the regional, prospective registry of OHCA in southern Poland, we excluded those aged <18 years, with unwitnessed or EMS-witnessed cardiac arrest, without attempted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), attended by more than one EMS, or with traumatic cardiac arrest. The groups were matched 1:1 using propensity scores for baseline characteristic variables that might influence physician-staffed EMS dispatch. RESULTS: A total of 812 OHCA cases were included in the current analysis. Among them, 351 patients were attended by physician-staffed EMS. There were no differences in baseline characteristics in the propensity-score matched cohort consisting of 351 pairs. The return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was more often achieved in the physician-staffed EMS group (42.7% vs. 33.3%; P = 0.01). The prehospital survival rate was also higher in this group (34.1% vs. 19.2%; P <0.01). However, there were no significant differences in survival rate to discharge between cases treated by physician-staffed and paramedic-staffed EMS (9.7% vs. 7.0%; P = 0.22). CONCLUSIONS: OHCA patients attended by physician-staffed EMS were more likely to have ROSC and survive till hospital admission. However, better prehospital outcomes might not translate into improved in-hospital prognosis in these patients.

Comparison of Vie Scope® and Macintosh laryngoscopes for intubation during resuscitation by paramedics wearing personal protective equipment.

BACKGROUND: Endotracheal intubation (ETI) is still the gold standard of airway management, but in cases of sudden cardiac arrest in patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection, ETI is associated with risks for both the patient and the medical personnel. We hypothesized that the Vie Scope® is more useful for endotracheal intubation of suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cardiac arrest patients than the conventional laryngoscope with Macintosh blade when operators are wearing personal protective equipment (PPE). METHODS: Study was designed as a prospective, multicenter, randomized clinical trial performed by Emergency Medical Services in Poland. Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis who needed cardiopulmonary resuscitation in prehospital setting were included. Patients under 18 years old or with criteria predictive of impossible intubation under direct laryngoscopy, were excluded. Patients were randomly allocated 1:1 to Vie Scope® versus direct laryngoscopy with a Macintosh blade. Study groups were compared on success of intubation attempts, time to intubation, glottis visualization and number of optimization maneuvers. RESULTS: We enrolled 90 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients, aged 43-92 years. Compared to the VieScope® laryngoscope, use of the Macintosh laryngoscope required longer times for tracheal intubation with an estimated mean difference of -48 s (95%CI confidence interval [CI], -60.23, -35.77; p < 0.001). Moreover VieScope® improved first attempt success rate, 93.3% vs. 51.1% respectively (odds ratio [OR] = 13.39; 95%CI: 3.62, 49.58; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The use of the Vie Scope® laryngoscope in OHCA patients improved the first attempt success rate, and reduced intubation time compared to Macintosh laryngoscope in paramedics wearing PPE for against aerosol generating procedures. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials registration number NCT04365608.

Simple demographic characteristics and laboratory findings on admission may predict in-hospital mortality in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: development and validation of the covid-19 score.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) constitutes a major health burden worldwide due to high mortality rates and hospital bed shortages. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with several laboratory abnormalities. We aimed to develop and validate a risk score based on simple demographic and laboratory data that could be used on admission in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection to predict in-hospital mortality. METHODS: Three cohorts of patients from different hospitals were studied consecutively (developing, validation, and prospective cohorts). The following demographic and laboratory data were obtained from medical records: sex, age, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), platelets, leukocytes, sodium, potassium, creatinine, and C-reactive protein (CRP). For each variable, classification and regression tree analysis were used to establish the cut-off point(s) associated with in-hospital mortality outcome based on data from developing cohort and before they were used for analysis in the validation and prospective cohort. The covid-19 score was calculated as a sum of cut-off points associated with mortality outcome. RESULTS: The developing, validation, and prospective cohorts included 129, 239, and 497 patients, respectively (median age, 71, 67, and 70 years, respectively). The following cut of points associated with in-hospital mortality: age > 56 years, male sex, hemoglobin < 10.55 g/dL, MCV > 92.9 fL, leukocyte count > 9.635 or < 2.64 103/µL, platelet count, < 81.49 or > 315.5 103/µL, CRP > 51.14 mg/dL, creatinine > 1.115 mg/dL, sodium < 134.7 or > 145.4 mEq/L, and potassium < 3.65 or > 6.255 mEq/L. The AUC of the covid-19 score for predicting in-hospital mortality was 0.89 (0.84-0.95), 0.850 (0.75-0.88), and 0.773 (0.731-0.816) in the developing, validation, and prospective cohorts, respectively (P < 0.001The mortality of the prospective cohort stratified on the basis of the covid-19 score was as follows: 0-2 points,4.2%; 3 points, 15%; 4 points, 29%; 5 points, 38.2%; 6 and more points, 60%. CONCLUSION: The covid-19 score based on simple demographic and laboratory parameters may become an easy-to-use, widely accessible, and objective tool for predicting mortality in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Does weight loss after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy contribute to reduction in blood pressure?

INTRODUCTION: Obesity­related hypertension is a life threatening medical condition that significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and premature mortality. Effective treatment of obesity may be achieved by laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). This surgical method contributes not only to sustained weight loss but also to normalization of blood pressure. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of weight loss after LSG on partial or full control of blood pressure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of medical and clinical data of 305 patients who had undergone LSG was performed. The bariatric effect of LSG was assessed by calculating percentage of total weight loss (%TWL), percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL), and percentage of excess BMI loss (%EBMIL). Blood pressure status after surgery was categorized as partial or full hypertension resolution. RESULTS: A total of 143 patients (46.9%) were diagnosed with hypertension preoperatively with median (IQR) hypertension duration of 7.52 (1.88-13.16) years. Hypertensive patients were older (49 vs 38.5 years) and had higher prevalence of coexisting diseases (type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obstructive sleep apnea) than patients with normal blood pressure. During 1­year follow up, 90 patients (63%) used lower doses of antihypertensive medications and 33 patients (23%) discontinued the therapy. Twelve months after the surgery, median (IQR) %TWL in the control group was 32.5% (28.1%-37.7%), while in the hypertensive group, 29.1% (25.9%-33.6%) (P <0.001); %EWL was 62.9% (53%-74.6%) and 54.8% (47.4%-68.2%), respectively (P = 0.001), and %EBMIL 73.9% (59.5%-91.2%) and 63% (55%-80.5%), respectively (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is an effective method for the treatment of obesity­ related hypertension. However, weight loss induced by LSG does not affect the blood pressure status after the surgery.

ANalgesic Efficacy and safety of MOrphiNe versus methoxyflurane in patients with acute myocardial infarction: the rationale and design of the ANEMON-SIRIO 3 study: a multicentre, open-label, phase II, randomised clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: The unfavourable influence of morphine on the pharmacokinetics of ticagrelor resulting in weaker and retarded antiplatelet effect in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) has been previously shown. Replacing morphine with methoxyflurane, a potent, non-opioid analgesic agent, that does not weaken or delay the effect of antiplatelet agents may improve the clinical efficacy of treatment of patients with ACS. METHODS: The ANEMON-SIRIO 3 study was designed as a multicentre, open-label, phase II, randomised clinical trial aimed to test the analgesic efficacy and safety of methoxyflurane in patients with ACS. The study population will comprise patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction or non-ST-elevation ACS admitted to the study centres with typical chest pain requiring analgesic treatment. Before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for the patients with index ACS will be randomly assigned in 1:1 ratio to receive methoxyflurane administered by inhalation, or to obtain morphine administered intravenously. Analgesic treatment will be followed by 300 mg loading dose of aspirin and 180 mg loading dose of ticagrelor. Patients will be assessed with regard to pain intensity according to the Numeric Pain Rating Scale at baseline, 3 min after study drug administration and immediately after PCI. Moreover, patients will be actively monitored with regard to the occurrence of side effects of evaluated therapies, as well as adverse events that may be related to insufficient platelet inhibition (no-reflow phenomenon assessed immediately after PCI, administration of GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors during PCI, acute stent thrombosis). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study will be conducted in six Polish clinical centres from the beginning of in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. TRIAL REGISTRATION DETAILS: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04476173.

Emergency Medical Teams Interventions due to Cardiovascular Diseases in 2018: Polish Regional Observational Study.

Background and objectives: The goal of this work was to assess the interventions for cardiovascular causes (ICD-10: I) and analyze the time between the request for intervention and the arrival of the Medical Emergency Team realized by the Voivodeship Rescue Service in Katowice in the period between 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018. Materials and Methods: Analysis of the characteristics of the interventions was completed based on the information contained on the dispatch order cards and medical emergency services. Statistical analysis was done using the Chi-square test (p < 0.05). Results: Out of 211,548 cases, 26,672 were associated with cardiovascular diseases. It can be observed that the large majority of interventions took place in urban areas (89.98%; 23,998 cases), whereas only 11.02% took place in rural areas (2674 cases). The most common cause for medical interventions being made by the Medical Emergency Team was primary hypertension-11,649 cases. The average arrival time to urban areas was 9 min and 12 s ± 3 min and 54 s, whereas for rural areas it was 11 min and 57 s ± 4 min and 32 s (p < 0.05). Conclusions: It can be observed that the Medical Emergency System in Katowice operates accordingly with the intentions of the legislator. The obtained data also indicates that there is a high societal awareness of the residents about the purpose of the Medical Emergency Team.

Glasgow Coma Scale score of more than four on admission predicts in-hospital survival in patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

AIM: The aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score assessed by EMS team in predicting survival to hospital discharge in patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). METHODS: Silesian Registry of OHCA (SIL-OHCA) is a prospective, population-based regional registry of OHCAs. All cases of OHCAs between the 1st of January 2018 and the 31st of December 2018 were included. Data were collected by EMS using a paper-based, Utstein-style form. OHCA patients aged ≥18 years, with CPR attempted or continued by EMS, who survived to hospital admission, were included in the current analysis. Patients who did not achieve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in the field, with missing data on GCS after ROSC or survival status at discharge were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Two hundred eighteen patients with OHCA, who achieved ROSC, were included in the present analysis. ROC analysis revealed GCS = 4 as a cut-off value in predicting survival to discharge (AUC 0.735; 95%CI 0.655-0.816; p < 0.001). Variables significantly associated with in-hospital survival were young age, short response time, witnessed event, previous myocardial infarction, chest pain before OHCA, initial shockable rhythm, coronary angiography, and GCS > 4. On the other hand, epinephrine administration, intubation, the need for dispatching two ambulances, and/or a physician-staffed ambulance were associated with a worse prognosis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed GCS > 4 as an independent predictor of in-hospital survival after OHCA (OR of 6.4; 95% CI 2.0-20.3; p < 0.0001). Other independent predictors of survival were the lack of epinephrine administration, previous myocardial infarction, coronary angiography, and the patient's age. CONCLUSION: The survival to hospital discharge after OHCA could be predicted by the GCS score on hospital admission.

Intraosseous versus intravenous access while wearing personal protective equipment: a meta-analysis in the era of COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Obtaining vascular access is one of the key procedures performed in patients in emergency settings. AIMS: The study was conducted as a meta­analysis and a systematic review and aimed to address the following question: which intravascular access method should be used in patients with COVID­19 when wearing full personal protective equipment (PPE)? METHODS: We performed a systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases for randomized controlled trials that compared intravascular access methods used by operators wearing full level C PPE. We evaluated procedure duration and the success rate of intraosseous and peripheral intravenous accesses. RESULTS: Eight randomized controlled trials were included in quantitative synthesis. The use of PPE during intravascular access procedures had an impact on procedure duration in the case of intraosseous access (mean difference [MD], 11.69; 95% CI, 6.47-16.92; P <0.001), as well as reduced the success rate of intraosseous access by 0.8% and intravenous access by 10.1%. Under PPE conditions, intraosseous access, compared with peripheral intravenous access, offered a shorter procedure time (MD, -41.43; 95% CI, -62.36 to -24.47; P <0.001). CONCLUSION: This comprehensive meta­analysis suggested that the use of PPE significantly extends the duration of intravascular procedures. However, under PPE conditions, operators were able to obtain intraosseous access in a shorter time and with a higher success rate than in the case of intravenous access.

Epidemiology, management, and survival rate of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Upper Silesia, Poland: an Utstein-style report.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the growing number of studies on the epidemiology of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in Poland, this issue has not been sufficiently studied. Notably, there has been a lack of uniform Utstein-style data reporting. AIM: To evaluate the epidemiology of OHCA, patient characteristics, the laypeople and emergency medical service (EMS) response to cardiac arrest, and outcomes of OHCA patients, based on a prospective registry encompassing a population of 2.7 million Poles. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Consecutive, adult, EMS-treated OHCA cases in 2018 were analyzed. Prehospital data were collected using case report forms by EMS. Information on in-hospital procedures and outcomes was based on data from the public payer of health care services. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to find independent predictors of survival to discharge. RESULTS: A total of 1392 patients were included. Most OHCA occurred at home (74.7%). In 66.8% of OHCA cases, the cardiac arrest was witnessed by bystanders and in another 20.4% by EMS. Laypeople performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in 54.4% of non-EMS-witnessed events, and an automated external defibrillator (AED) was used in 4.6% of patients who received bystander CPR. Finally, 30.7% of all patients were transported to the hospital, and 9.2% survived to hospital discharge. Epinephrine administration, unwitnessed OHCA, longer response time, older age, and initial non-shockable rhythm were independently associated with lower survival to discharge. CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis of OHCA patients in Poland is poor. There is still room for improvement in increasing the prevalence of bystander CPR and AED use before EMS arrival.