Aggressive parenting: social, medical and legal aspects.

OBJECTIVE: Aim: To examine the impacts of aggressive parenting on physical, mental and emotional development; outcomes for society; possible ways of prevention of children' rights or health violation and responsibility of parents to optimize well-being of children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: The analysis of scientific data has been conducted on the basis of PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases in order to collect the existed results of researches about social and medical aspects of impact of aggressive parenting. The formal-legal method was used to interpret the provisions of legislation regarding the protection of personal non-property rights and responsibilities of parents and children. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: Aggressive parenting affects children of all ages and is associated with chronic stress and long-term negative impacts on physical development, cognitive and behavioral dysfunction, socioemotional difficulties, social and psychological dysfunction in adulthood. Aggressive parenting triggers a child' aggressive behavior which is considered as a predictor of adult's criminality. From a legal standpoint, aggressive parenting is a form of violation of the responsibility of parents to educate a child, which is an element of family legal relations regulated by the norms of the family law institution known as ≪Personal non-property rights and responsibilities of parents and children". The definition of aggressive parenting has been defined with its legal features and characteristics. Effective prevention methods should be directed to predict possible further parental violence, intervention programs to reduce outcomes of aggressive parenting and to improve the ways of responsibility in procedural and material aspects of law.

APPLICATION OF SURROGACY TECHNOLOGY BY FOREIGNERS IN UKRAINE (LEGAL CONFLICT).

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To establish legal conflicts between the use of surrogacy technology by foreigners in Ukraine, to develop mechanisms to overcome them. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The study used a methodology that embodies an interdisciplinary approach that allows systematic analysis of theoretical and practical aspects of legal conflicts in the use of surrogacy technology by foreigners in Ukraine, as well as develop proposals for their elimination. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: It is proposed to adopt at the level of an international act unified approaches to determining the origin of a child born as a result of the use of surrogate motherhood technology to eliminate legal conflicts. The need to amend the legislation of Ukraine and the establishment of a ban on unilateral refusal from the surrogacy agreement after the embryo has been implemented is argued. Based on the analysis of judicial practice, it was established what problems may arise in the registration of paternity and maternity by foreign genetic parents in connection with the application of the surrogacy procedure by foreigners in Ukraine in cases where their native legislation does not permit or restricts surrogacy.

PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF CHILDREN BORN BY SURROGATE MOTHERS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: Analyze the practice of resolving the problems of protecting the rights of children born to surrogate mothers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: In carrying out the study, an interdisciplinary approach was applied to the analysis of the problem of protecting the rights of children born to surrogate mothers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This approach includes dialectical, comparative-legal, statistical, and systemic methods. The research used scientific developments in the field of problems of protecting the rights of children born to surrogate mothers, international acts, legislation, statistical data. It has been established that although the understanding of surrogacy is the same for all states, there is a rather different approach to the possibility of its application. The issue of providing a child born to a surrogate mother with data on his genetic origin (in the absence of a genetic link with legal parents) should be resolved on the basis of this approach: maintaining a balance of interests between parents and the child, taking into account the principle of the best interests of the child. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: It was concluded that the inadmissibility of closing borders and restricting the entry of foreigners to reunite with children born of surrogate mothers. It is proposed to create a register of persons those wishing to apply the surrogacy procedure, as well as the register of children born from surrogate mothers in Ukraine.

LEGAL BASIS FOR THE USE OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE AND EUROPEAN STATES.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: Conduct a comparative legal analysis of the legislation of Ukraine and other countries on the use of assisted reproductive technologies (hereinafter - ART). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The study used an interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of the problem of assisted reproductive technologies. This approach includes dialectical, comparative law, statistical and systemic methods. The study used scientific developments in the field of ART, international acts, legislation, statistics. Ukrainian legislation on surrogacy and other ARTs has been studied. The expediency of adopting a special law to regulate the use of ART in Ukraine is substantiated. According to the monitoring data, Denmark, Belgium, Iceland, Sweden, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, and Serbia are the leaders in the use of ART among European countries. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The study allows us to conclude that the legislation of the studied European countries and Ukraine on the use of assisted reproductive technologies are quite different. European countries, except the United Kingdom, are very limited in allowing embryo research. It is noted that, first, not all countries allow surrogacy; second, a different maximum age is set for women to use ART; thirdly, the different shelf life of cryopreserved embryos has been established. The issue of the possible maximum number of implanted embryos into the uterine cavity using ART requires clear legal regulation both in Ukraine and in the EU.