Effect of Charging Parameter on Fruit Battery-Based Oil Palm Maturity Sensor.

Oil palm is one of the key industries highly observed in Malaysia, due to its high demand both whether locally or internationally. The oil extraction rate (OER) in palm oil production is used as an element to identify the performance of the mills, estates and producers. In view of this, there are specific instrument or sensor needs to be implemented at the mills especially during the reception of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) transported from the field for oil content processing. This paper aims to study and propose the use of a fruit battery-based oil palm maturity sensor to analyse the effect of the sensor to various parameters. The study utilizes a charging method with different parameters, including a moisture content test on the palm oil samples. Three types of parameters are tested along with the different grades of oil palm fruit from different bunches, such as the load resistance, charging voltage and charging time. The repeatability data of the samples are obtained with the used list of values in each parameter. The results show that the parameters tested for the unripe, under ripe and ripe samples can affect the sensor sensitivity.

Fruit Battery Method for Oil Palm Fruit Ripeness Sensor and Comparison with Computer Vision Method.

Oil palm ripeness' main evaluation procedure is traditionally accomplished by human vision. However, the dependency on human evaluators to grade the ripeness of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFBs) by traditional means could lead to inaccuracy that can cause a reduction in oil palm fruit oil extraction rate (OER). This paper emphasizes the fruit battery method to distinguish oil palm fruit FFB ripeness stages by determining the value of load resistance voltage and its moisture content resolution. In addition, computer vision using a color feature is tested on the same samples to compare the accuracy score using support vector machine (SVM). The accuracy score results of the fruit battery, computer vision, and a combination of both methods' accuracy scores are evaluated and compared. When the ripe and unripe samples were tested for load resistance voltage ranging from 10 Ω to 10 kΩ, three resistance values were shortlisted and tested for moisture content resolution evaluation. A 1 kΩ load resistance showed the best moisture content resolution, and the results were used for accuracy score evaluation comparison with computer vision. From the results obtained, the accuracy scores for the combination method are the highest, followed by the fruit battery and computer vision methods.

Fruit Battery with Charging Concept for Oil Palm Maturity Sensor.

There are many factors affecting oil extraction rate (OER) but a large contributor to high national OER is by processing good-quality fresh fruit bunches (FFB) at the mills. The current practice for grading oil palm fruit bunches in mills is using human graders for visual inspection, which can lead to repeated mistakes, inconsistent evaluation results, and many other related losses. This study aims to develop a fruit maturity sensor that can detect oil palm fruit maturity grade and send indication to the user whether to accept or reject the bunches. This study focuses on fruit battery principle and applying the charging concept to the fruit battery in order to generate significant load voltage readings of oil palm fruit battery. The charging process resulted in amplified load voltage readings, which were 4 times more sensitive to changes as compared to normal fruit battery without charging process. From the load voltage readings, the fruits can be characterized into their maturity grade based on moisture content. It was determined that fruits with moisture content less than 44% and average load voltage, Vavg, between 20 to 30 mV are considered ripe fruits.

Combination of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Improves Gait Ability in a Patient in Chronic Stage of Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Walking ability is important in stroke patients to maintain daily life. Nevertheless, its improvement is limited with conventional physical therapy in chronic stage. We report the case of a chronic stroke patient showing a remarkable improvement in gait function after a new neurorehabilitation protocol using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). CASE PRESENTATION: A 62-year-old male with left putaminal hemorrhage suffered from severe right hemiparesis. He could move by himself with a wheelchair 1 year after the ictus. Anodal tDCS at the vertex (2 mA, 20 min) with NMES at the anterior tibialis muscle had been applied for 3 weeks. The Timed Up and Go test and 10-meter walk test improved after the intervention, which had been maintained for at least 1 month. CONCLUSION: This single case suggests the possibility that tDCS with NMES could be a new rehabilitation approach to improve the gait ability in chronic stroke patients.

Evaluation of the Arterial Wall in Vertebrobasilar Artery Dissection Using High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Vessel Wall Imaging.

BACKGROUND: High-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (HRMR-VWI) has been used to explore vascular diseases such as vasculitis and vulnerable plaque of intracranial arteries. Although vessel wall inflammation is suspected as one of the causes of cerebral arterial dissection, there have been few reports regarding the application of HRMR-VWI to arterial dissection. We have therefore evaluated the efficacy of HRMR-VWI in patients with vertebrobasilar artery dissection. METHODS: HRMR-VWI was performed on 5 patients who had been diagnosed with nonhemorrhagic vertebrobasilar artery dissection. RESULT: Four patients exhibited vessel wall enhancement on HRMR-VWI, the range of which corresponded with the dissection sites identified by cerebral angiogram, magnetic resonance imaging, or magnetic resonance angiography. The enhancements observed in all cases were extensive as compared with the findings of conventional angiography. CONCLUSION: HRMR-VWI is thought to elucidate the condition of the affected vessel wall more in detail as compared with conventional methods.

[A simple cognitive test which detects early decline in cognitive function].

AIM: The aim of this study was to examine our new cognitive test which detects early decline in cognitive function. METHODS: Our newly developed Simple Cognitive test (SC-test) takes 3 minutes, during which participants choose the figures in which both the shape and color are different from the figure on the left end of each line. The top score is 50 points. In a normal control study, the SC-test was given to 271 nursing home staff. We gave the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) and SC-test, to 114 participants in day-rehabilitation (Day group). RESULTS: For the normal candidates, most young participants obtained nearly full marks. The average mark of those aged 18 to 29 was 48.1 (+/-3.40) points, while that for those 60 to 69 was 36.2 (+/-11.6) points. The average age of the Day group was 80.2 (+/-6.2), the MMSE average score was 23.8 (+/-4.3) points, the average FAB score was 11.2 (+/-3.5) points and the average on the SC-test was 13.1 (+/-11.5) points. The correlation coefficient between the SC-test and MMSE was r=0.569 (p=4.17x10(-11)), while that of the FAB was r=0.664 (p=6.661x10(-16)). In the 3-dimensional scatter chart of the three tests, despite near full marks on MMSE, people who obtained low scores on the FAB test also had low scores on the SC-test. CONCLUSIONS: The SC-test is very simple to use, and it has very high sensitivity and specificity regarding early decline in cognitive function, especially frontal lobe function.