Mode and site of action of therapies targeting CGRP signaling.

Targeting CGRP has proved to be efficacious, tolerable, and safe to treat migraine; however, many patients with migraine do not benefit from drugs that antagonize the CGRPergic system. Therefore, this review focuses on summarizing the general pharmacology of the different types of treatments currently available, which target directly or indirectly the CGRP receptor or its ligand. Moreover, the latest evidence regarding the selectivity and site of action of CGRP small molecule antagonists (gepants) and monoclonal antibodies is critically discussed. Finally, the reasons behind non-responders to anti-CGRP drugs and rationale for combining and/or switching between these therapies are addressed.

Pheochromocytoma triggered by coronavirus disease 2019: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 is an infectious disease with many presentations, and many of its effects on the human body are still unknown. Pheochromocytoma is a neuroendocrine tumor that may occur sporadically or be a manifestation of a hereditary disease line multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. CASE PRESENTATION: In this study, we report a case of an Iranian patient infected with coronavirus disease 2019, causing unusual presentations of pheochromocytoma, including myocarditis and cerebrovascular involvement. CONCLUSIONS: We discovered a case of pheochromocytoma as an unusual presentation of COVID-19. In further investigations we also discovered thyroid medullary carcinoma and at the end MEN 2 syndrome was diagnosed. After proper treatment many symptoms were eliminated.

Persian adaptation of a questionnaire of environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis (EnvIMS-Q).

BACKGROUND: It seems that gene-environment interaction play most important role in Multiple Sclerosis development. Increasing the incidence and prevalence of MS during the recent decades in the low prevalence area such as Iran is explained better by environment factors. Environmental Risk Factors in Multiple Sclerosis (the 'EnvIMS-Q') is a 6-page self-administered questionnaire for case control studies. OBJECTIVES: the objectives of study are validation and adaptation of the EnvIMS-Q' then development of a Persian version for case control studies in Persian population. METHODS: This questionnaire translated literally and in culturally relevant form, then content validation process was done by three groups' experts. According to giving rating to each item, each section and the whole instrument, we calculated their content validation indexes and also added some new questions and a new section to EnvIMS-Q. Finally, we analyzed repeatability of the answers within a 4 weeks interval. RESULTS: Relevancy and clarity indexes of all items were more than 80%. Scale relevancy index equaled 99% and scale clarity index equaled 97%. Repeatability of most items was acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: the use of standardized validated questionnaires will assist the researchers to perform local studies on the role of environmental factors on the basis of reliable data.

Neuromyelitis optica with linear enhancement of corpus callosum in brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Neuromyelitis optica is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with various patterns of brain lesions. Corpus callosum may be involved in both multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. Previous case reports have demonstrated that callosal lesions in neuromyelitis optica are usually large and edematous and have a heterogeneous intensity showing a "marbled pattern" in the acute phase. Their size and intensity may reduce with time or disappear in the chronic stages. CASE PRESENTATION: In this report, we describe a case of a 25-year-old Caucasian man with neuromyelitis optica who presented clinically with optic neuritis and myelitis. His brain magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated linear enhancement of the corpus callosum. Brain images with contrast agent added also showed linear ependymal layer enhancement of the lateral ventricles, which has been reported in this disease previously. CONCLUSIONS: Linear enhancement of corpus callosum in magnetic resonance imaging with contrast agent could help in diagnosing neuromyelitis optica and differentiating it from other demyelinating disease, especially multiple sclerosis.

Co-existence of neurofibromatosis type 2 and multiple sclerosis: A case report.

Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF-2) is an autosomal-dominant neurogenetic disorder which is characterized by the development of multiple tumors such as schwannomas, meningiomas and ependymomas. The responsible gene for NF-2 is located on chromosome 22q12. We present a 42-year-old male who developed multiple sclerosis 5 years after diagnosis of NF2 and radiosurgery for bilateral schwannomas.