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INTRODUCTION: A frequent cause of weaning and extubation failure in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients is diaphragm muscle dysfunction. Ultrasound (US) evaluation of the diaphragm yields important data regarding its thickness (diaphragm thickening fraction [TFdi]) and its movement or excursion (diaphragmatic dynamics) that reveal the presence of diaphragmatic dysfunction. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, which included patients older than 18 years with invasive mechanical ventilation with an expected duration of more than 48â h, in a tertiary referral center in Colombia. The excursion of the diaphragm, inspiratory and expiratory thickness, and TFdi were evaluated by US. Prevalence and use of medications were evaluated, and the association with failure in ventilatory weaning and extubation was analyzed. RESULTS: Sixty-one patients were included. The median age and APACHE IV score were 62.42 years and 78.23, respectively. The prevalence of diaphragmatic dysfunction (assessed by excursion and TFdi) was 40.98%. The sensibility, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for TFdi < 20% was 86%, 24%, 75%, and 40%, respectively, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.6. The ultrasonographic analysis of excursion of the diaphragm, inspiratory and expiratory thickness, and TFdi (>20%) allow in its set and with normal values, predict success or failure for the extubation with an area under the ROC curve of 0.87. CONCLUSION: Diaphragmatic dynamics and thickness parameters together assessed by ultrasonography could predict the success of extubation in critically ill patients in Colombia, based on the finding of diaphragmatic dysfunction.
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Resumen Objetivo: Conocer las características de la población en riesgo de tromboembolia venosa y determinar si la profilaxis antitrombótica usada en patologías no quirúrgicas en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel, se adhiere a los protocolos de tromboprofilaxis establecidos. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional de corte transversal, en el que se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 40 an˜os, hospitalizados por patologías de tratamiento médico no quirúr- gicas y con una permanencia de por lo menos 72 horas. Para evaluar el riesgo de trombembolia venosa y de sangrado se aplicaron las escalas PADUA e IMPROVE, respectivamente. Resultados: La muestra estuvo conformada por 233 pacientes, 56,6% del género masculino, con promedio de edad de 64,8 an˜os ± 13,1. La inmovilidad prolongada fue el principal factor de riesgo para trombembolia venosa durante la hospitalización; ésta fue cercana al 48,9% en la muestra total y a 69,4% en los pacientes evaluados mediante la escala de PADUA ≥4 (p < 0,01). Al determinar la frecuencia de tromboprofilaxis en los pacientes en riesgo, se determinó que 79,8% recibieron algún método de tromboprofilaxis. Entre los pacientes con puntaje en escala de PADUA < 4 se encontró que el 73,4% recibió tromboprofilaxis farmacológica. Conclusiones: En nuestro medio la tromboprofilaxis farmacológica se basa principalmente en el uso de heparinas de bajo peso molecular y se puede afirmar que dicho uso es adecuado y está por encima de otras series previamente referenciadas.
Abstract Objetive: To find out the characteristics of the population at risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and to determine whether antithrombotic prophylaxis used in nonsurgical conditions at a third level university hospital adheres to established protocols for thromboprophylaxis. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted. Selected patients were over 40 years of age, hospitalized due to nonsurgical, medical conditions and hospitalized for at least 72 hours. The PADUA score was used to assess the risk for VTE, and the IMPROVE score was used to assess bleeding. Results: The sample consisted of 233 patients, 56.6% of whom were men, with an average age of 64.8 ± 13.1 years. The main risk factor for VTE during hospitalization was prolonged immobility, at 48.9% of the total sample and 69.4% of patients with a Padua ≥4 (p=<0.01). When determining the frequency of thromboprophylaxis in patients at risk, results showed that 79.8% received some type of thromboprophylaxis. Among patients with a <4 Padua score it was found that 73.4% received pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis. Conclusions: In our field, pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis is mainly based on the use of low molecular weight heparins and it can be concluded that the use of thromboprophylaxis is appropriate and above that of other previously referenced series.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Embolia Pulmonar , Anticoagulantes/administração & dosagem , Veias , Tromboembolia Venosa , AnticoagulantesRESUMO
Objetivo: describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes con infección y cuadros de sepsis, sepsis severa o shock séptico, al interior de la UCI de una institución de cuarto nivel. La sepsis, sepsis severa y shock séptico son cuadros clínicos de incidencia creciente en las Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo, por lo que se hace necesario estudiar sus características y buscar alternativas costo-eficientes para el diagnóstico oportuno y abordaje racional. Materiales y Métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo. A partir de una ficha estándar se recopiló y sistematizó información relevante sobre los pacientes ingresados a la UCI entre junio de 2010 y mayo de 2011; En total se incluyeron 97 sujetos, se evaluaron variables sociodemográficas, antecedentes, comorbilidad, duración de la estancia, complicaciones y estado al egreso de la Unidad. Resultados. 64,9% Masculino; promedio de edad 49 años, media deestancia 19 días. Tasa de mortalidad global de 39,6% (IC95%: 29,7-50,0%); 68,0%(n=66; IC95%: 58,2-77,8%), ingresó con un diagnóstico de infección; en 14,4% (n=14)de los casos el diagnóstico de sepsis se hizo antes del ingreso a la UCI; en 67,0%(n= 65), al ingreso o hasta 24 horas después; en 18,5% (n=18), transcurridos dos omás días del ingreso a la UCI. Las infecciones más frecuentes fueron neumonías e intraabdominales. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron la falla renal (59%) Insuficiencia respiratoria (16%) injuria pulmonar aguda (11%) y falla multisistémica (7%).Conclusiones: es necesario profundizar en el diseño de técnicas de diagnóstico y estrategias de manejo que faciliten la identificación precoz de la sepsis.
Objective: describe clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with infectionand diagnosis of sepsis, severe sepsis or septic shock, within an intensive careunit at a Hospital of fourth level of complexity. Sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shockare clinical disorders of increasing incidence in intensive care units; so, it is necessary to assess their characteristics and look for cost-efficient alternatives for the early diagnosis and rational approach. Materials and methods: descriptive, observational study. Initiating with the design of a standard questioner, were collected and recordedrelevant information about patients admitted to the intensive care unit, between June2010 and May 2011; In total 97 subjects were included. Were evaluated sociodemographic data, comorbidity, length of stay, complications, and alive or death status at the moment of discharge from the intensive care unit. Results: Mean age 49 years, meanlength of stay 19 days. Overall mortality rate of 39.6% (IC95%: 29,7-50,0%); 68,0%(n=66; IC95%: 58,2-77,8%), was admitted with a diagnosis of infection; in 14.4% (n= 14) of cases the diagnosis of sepsis was made before admission to intensive care unit; in 67.0% (n = 65), in the moment of the admission or up to 24 hours; 18.5% (n =18), two or more days after admission to the intensive care unit. The most common infections were pneumonia and intraabdominal. The most frequent complications wereacute renal failure (59%), respiratory failure (16%) acute lung injury (11%) and multiple organ failure (7%). Conclusions: It is necessary to deepen the design of diagnostic techniques to easy and early identification of sepsis.