Systematic Review of Prognosis Models in Predicting Tooth Loss in Periodontitis.

This study reviews and appraises the methodological and reporting quality of prediction models for tooth loss in periodontitis patients, including the use of regression and machine learning models. Studies involving prediction modeling for tooth loss in periodontitis patients were screened. A search was performed in MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL up to 12 February 2022, with citation chasing. Studies exploring model development or external validation studies for models assessing tooth loss in periodontitis patients for clinical use at any time point, with all prediction horizons in English, were considered. Studies were excluded if models were not developed for use in periodontitis patients, were not developed or validated on any data set, predicted outcomes other than tooth loss, or were prognostic factor studies. The CHARMS checklist was used for data extraction, TRIPOD to assess reporting quality, and PROBAST to assess the risk of bias. In total, 4,661 records were screened, and 45 studies were included. Only 26 studies reported any kind of performance measure. The median C-statistic reported was 0.671 (range, 0.57-0.97). All studies were at a high risk of bias due to inappropriate handling of missing data (96%), inappropriate evaluation of model performance (92%), and lack of accounting for model overfitting in evaluating model performance (68%). Many models predicting tooth loss in periodontitis are available, but studies evaluating these models are at a high risk of bias. Model performance measures are likely to be overly optimistic and might not be replicated in clinical use. While this review is unable to recommend any model for clinical practice, it has collated the existing models and their model performance at external validation and their associated sample sizes, which would be helpful to identify promising models for future external validation studies.

The Alcohol Harm Paradox in Periodontitis.

Individuals of lower socioeconomic position (SEP) experience a greater rate of alcohol-related harms, yet they consume equal or lower amounts of alcohol than higher-SEP individuals. This phenomenon, called the "alcohol harm paradox" (AHP), gained attention recently, and different mechanisms have been proposed to explain it. Since both SEP and alcohol have been suggested to be associated with periodontitis risk, we conducted a secondary analysis using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011 to 2012 and 2013 to 2014 cycles, aiming to examine 1) whether the association between alcohol consumption and periodontitis is modified by SEP and 2) the extent to which the effect of SEP inequalities on periodontitis is mediated by and/or interacts with alcohol consumption. We set educational attainment as the main SEP proxy and tested the poverty income ratio in subsequent sensitivity analyses. Effect measure modification analysis was employed, considering heavy drinking as exposure, and causal mediation analysis based on the potential outcome's framework decomposed the effect of SEP on periodontitis in proportions attributable to mediation and interaction. Models were fitted using binary logistic regression and adjusted for sex, ethnicity, age, body mass index, smoking status, diabetes, binge drinking, and regular preventive dental visits. The analytical sample comprised 4,057 participants. After adjusting for covariates, less educated heavy drinkers presented 175% (odds ratio, 2.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.04-3.72) higher odds of periodontitis than their counterparts, and super-additive associations were found (relative excess risk due to interaction: 1.35; 95% CI, 0.49-2.20). Additionally, -69.5% (95% CI, -122.1% to -16.8%) of the effects of education on periodontitis were attributable to interaction with heavy drinking, consistent with the AHP. No contribution was found for the mechanism of mediation. Heavy drinking disproportionately impacts the occurrence of periodontitis in lower-SEP individuals. Lower-SEP individuals seem to experience differential effects of heavy drinking on periodontitis.

Pharmacological and toxicological effects of Amaryllidaceae.

The Amaryllidaceae family is widely distributed in the tropics, presenting biological activity attributed mostly to alkaloids, such as an important inhibitory activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), antifungal, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities. The present study aims to review the spectrum of action of the main biological activities and toxicity of secondary metabolites found in Amaryllidaceae through a literature review, using Prisma and the descriptors "Pharmacological effects of Amaryllidaceae" and "Amaryllidaceae family" and "Pharmacological actions of Amaryllidaceae", used in English and Portuguese. The literature search was done in March and May 2023. Original works published from 2012 to 2023, available in full, and presenting experimental and clinical studies were included. After the selection considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 60 articles fulfilled the defined criteria. From a pharmacological point of view, the highlight is due to the alkaloid galantamine, which has the potential- and is already used - for treating Alzheimer's. The toxicological aspect must be considered and evaluated carefully, as alkaloids have been associated with adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and cardiovascular, neurological, and respiratory changes. Furthermore, some studies indicate that consuming these plants in significant quantities can lead to hepatic and renal toxicity. Therefore, the therapeutical use of this family's plant drugs and derivatives requires further studies to elucidate its effects and point out metabolites with therapeutic potential.

Oswaldocruzia franciscoensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Molineidae) in Leptodactylus macrosternum Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Caatinga morphoclimatic domain, Brazil: morphological and molecular characterisation.

A new species of Oswaldocruzia Travassos, 1917 (Nematoda, Molineidae), parasite of Leptodactylus macrosternum Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 (Anura: Leptodactylidae), from Caatinga morphoclimatic domain, Brazil, is described based on morphological and molecular data. Oswaldocruzia franciscoensis n. sp. is characterised by an anterior extremity with a cephalic vesicle divided into two portions, a body covered by cuticular longitudinal ridges, and cervical alae. Males of the new species have caudal bursa of type I with a 2-1-2 pattern, spicules divided into a shoe, bifurcated fork, and blade with two unequal branches, in which the longer branch bifurcates at its distal portion end and the smaller branch with three distal processes, each with distal bifurcations. Females have didelphic and amphidelphic uteri, an ovijector divided into vestibule, anterior and posterior sphincters, and anterior and posterior infundibula. The new species differs from its Neotropical congeners that have caudal bursa of type I, based on the presence of cervical alae and by having a spicular blade distally divided into two unequal branches, with the longer branch bifurcating at its distal portion and smaller branch with three distal processes, each distally bifurcated. The partial 18S rDNA sequence generated for Oswaldocruzia franciscoensis n. sp. is the first of a representative belonging to this genus in the Neotropical region.

Co-occurrence of Periodontitis and Diabetes-Related Complications.

Periodontitis is a common finding among people with diabetes mellitus (DM) and has been cited as a DM complication. Whether and how periodontitis relates to other diabetes-related complications has yet to be explored. This study aims to examine the clustering of periodontitis with other diabetes-related complications and explore pathways linking diabetes-related complications with common risk factors. Using data from participants with DM across 3 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (n = 2,429), we modeled direct and indirect pathways from risk factors to diabetes-related complications, a latent construct comprising periodontitis, cardiovascular diseases, proteinuria, and hypertension. Covariates included age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), smoking, physical activity, healthy diet, alcohol consumption, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), dyslipidemia, and body mass index (BMI). Sensitivity analyses were performed considering participants with overweight/obesity and restricting the sample to individuals without DM. Periodontitis clustered with other diabetes complications, forming a latent construct dubbed diabetes-related complications. In NHANES III, higher HbA1c levels and BMI, older age, healthy diet, and regular physical activity were directly associated with the latent variable diabetes-related complications. In addition, a healthy diet and BMI had a total effect on diabetes-related complications. Although sex, smoking, dyslipidemia, and SES demonstrated no direct effect on diabetes-related complications in NHANES III, a direct effect was observed using NHANES 2011-2014 cycles. Sensitivity analysis considering participants with overweight/obesity and without DM showed consistent results. Periodontal tissue breakdown seems to co-occur with multiple diabetes-related complications and may therefore serve as a valuable screening tool for other well-known diabetes-related complications.

Dynamic Involvement of Striatal NG2-glia in L-DOPA Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinsonian Rats: Effects of Doxycycline.

SUMMARY STATEMENT: NG2-glia alters its dynamics in response to L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. In these animals, striatal NG2-glia density was reduced with cells presenting activated phenotype while doxycycline antidyskinetic therapy promotes a return to NG2-glia cell density and protein to a not activated state.

Hypoglycemic effect of Coffea arabica leaf extracts and major bioactive constituents.

The present study focused on investigating the antioxidant, antiglycation activity, digestive enzymes inhibition, bioaccessibility and hypoglycemic effect of C. arabica leaves extracts. The extracts deactivated the O2•-, ROO•, H2O2, HOCl reactive oxygen species. Coffee leaves showed strong inhibition of α-glucosidase (IC50 = 40.30 µg mL-1) greater than the isolated metabolites and acarbose. There was also inhibition of pancreatic lipase (IC50 = 56.43 µg mL-1) in addition to a hypoglycemic effect in zebrafish similar to acarbose and metformin. With the exception of rutin, all biocompounds were detected at all stages of in vitro digestion. Finally, these results suggest that C. arabica leaf extracts possess antidiabetic and anti-obesity properties that can be attributed to the main metabolites and the synergistic action between them.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Effect of Smoking Exposure on Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy: 1-Year Follow-up.

This study investigated the influence of different levels of exposure to smoking on periodontal healing for 12 mo after nonsurgical periodontal therapy and supportive periodontal care every third month. Eighty smokers willing to quit smoking and with periodontitis were included. Participants were offered an individualized voluntary smoking cessation program. Data collection included questionnaires and a full-mouth periodontal examination. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to model smoking trajectories over the follow-up. The effect of smoking trajectory on periodontal parameters over time was estimated with mixed effects modeling. Three smoking patterns were identified: light smokers/quitters (n = 46), moderate smokers (n = 17), and heavy smokers (n = 17). For the periodontal data, the first factor, moderate periodontitis, included the number of sites with clinical attachment levels (CALs) of 4, 5, 6, and 7 mm; periodontal pocket depths (PPDs) of 4, 5, and 6 mm; and bleeding on probing. The second factor, severe periodontitis, consisted of the number of sites with a CAL ≥8 mm and PPD ≥7 mm. Heavy smokers commenced with a higher average CAL of 1.1 mm and 10 more sites with severe periodontitis than light smokers/quitters. While light smokers/quitters and moderate smokers obtained an average improvement of 0.6-mm PPD and 0.7-mm CAL, respectively, heavy smokers experienced 0.5-mm attachment loss. Heavy smokers had only a 50% reduction in the number of sites with moderate periodontitis when compared with light smokers/quitters and moderate smokers. While most participants benefited from nonsurgical periodontal therapy with results affected in a dose-response manner, the therapy had no effect on severe periodontitis among heavy smokers. Smoking cessation should be part of periodontal therapy; otherwise, limited benefits would be observed among heavy smokers, hindering the effect of treatment.

Scoping Review of Oral Health-Related Birth Cohort Studies: Toward a Global Consortium.

The multidisciplinary nature and long duration of birth cohort studies allow investigation of the relationship between general and oral health and indicate the most appropriate stages in life to intervene. To date, the worldwide distribution of oral health-related birth cohort studies (OHRBCSs) has not been mapped, and a synthesis of information on methodological characteristics and outcomes is not available. We mapped published literature on OHRBCSs, describing their oral health-related data and methodological aspects. A 3-step search strategy was adopted to identify published studies using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and OVID databases. Studies with baseline data collection during pregnancy or within the first year of life or linked future oral health data to exposures during either of these 2 life stages were included. Studies examining only mothers' oral health and specific populations were excluded. In total, 1,721 articles were suitable for initial screening of titles and abstracts, and 528 articles were included in the review, identifying 120 unique OHRBCSs from 34 countries in all continents. The review comprised literature from the mid-1940s to the 21st century. Fifty-four percent of the OHRBCSs started from 2000 onward, and 75% of the cohorts were from high-income and only 2 from low-income countries. The participation rate between the baseline and the last oral health follow-up varied between 7% and 93%. Ten cohorts that included interventions were mostly from 2000 and with fewer than 1,000 participants. Seven data-linkage cohorts focused mostly on upstream characteristics and biological aspects. The most frequent clinical assessment was dental caries, widely presented as decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT/dmft). Periodontal conditions were primarily applied as isolated outcomes or as part of a classification system. Socioeconomic classification, ethnicity, and country- or language-specific assessment tools varied across countries. Harmonizing definitions will allow combining data from different studies, adding considerable strength to data analyses; this will be facilitated by forming a global consortium.

Neck circumference and the burden of metabolic syndrome disease: a population-based sample.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to verify the association between neck circumference (NC) and metabolic syndrome and establish NC cut-off points to predict metabolic syndrome. METHODS: Weight, height, NC, waist circumference, body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure were measured in a cross-sectional and population-based study with 966 adults. The association between NC and the burden of metabolic syndrome disease was evaluated by multinomial logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to acquire gender-specific cut-off values and predict metabolic syndrome. The NC is a simple anthropometric measurement, has low evaluation costs, can estimate the subcutaneous fat in the upper body and is related to cardiometabolic risks. RESULTS: NC is an independent predictor of metabolic syndrome burden with high association to women. The syndrome components stratification indicated that the NC of individuals with one component was lower than those with three or more (P = 0.001). Metabolic syndrome prediction cut-off point was a NC of 39.5 cm for men and 33.3 cm for women. CONCLUSIONS: Increased NC was associated with higher metabolic syndrome risks. This anthropometric parameter can be used as an additional marker for screening cardiovascular risk diseases.

COVID-19 challenges: From SARS-CoV-2 infection to effective point-of-care diagnosis by electrochemical biosensing platforms.

In January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) identified a new zoonotic virus, SARS-CoV-2, responsible for causing the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). Since then, there has been a collaborative trend between the scientific community and industry. Multidisciplinary research networks try to understand the whole SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology and its relationship with the different grades of severity presented by COVID-19. The scientific community has gathered all the data in the quickly developed vaccines that offer a protective effect for all variants of the virus and promote new diagnostic alternatives able to have a high standard of efficiency, added to shorter response analysis time and portability. The industry enters in the context of accelerating the path taken by science until obtaining the final product. In this review, we show the principal diagnostic methods developed during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, when we observe the diagnostic tools section of an efficient infection outbreak containment report and the features required for such tools, we could observe a highlight of electrochemical biosensing platforms. Such devices present a high standard of analytical performance, are low-cost tools, easy to handle and interpret, and can be used in the most remote and low-resource regions. Therefore, probably, they are the ideal point-of-care diagnostic tools for pandemic scenarios.

Analysis of the population structure of a cattle conservation nucleus Curraleiro Pé Duro / [Análise da estrutura populacional de um núcleo de conservação de bovino Curraleiro Pé Duro]

The objective of this research was to study the population structure of the Cattle Conservation Nucleos Curraleiro Pé Duro of the Instituto Nacional do Semiárido (NCP_INSA) based on pedigree data. Genealogical information from 338 animals registered in the period from 1991 to 2019 was used. The number of founding animals (Nf), the effective number of founders (fe), effective number of ancestors (fa), inbreeding coefficient (F), and average relatedness coefficient (AR), in addition to Fis, Fit and Fst were estimated. It was possible to identify ancestors up to the third generation, with an increase in information over the generations. Of the total pedigree information evaluated, 90.53% had the identification of the father and mother. The effective size of the population was smaller than those proposed by FAO, suggesting the need to redefine the herd management and genetic management plan strategies, promoting gene flow and breed expansion.(AU)

O objetivo com essa pesquisa foi estudar a estrutura populacional do Núcleo de Conservação de Bovinos Curraleiro Pé-Duro (NCP) do Instituto Nacional do Semiárido (INSA), por meio de dados de pedigree. Utilizaram-se informações genealógicas de 338 animais registrados no período de 1991 a 2019. Foi estimado o número de animais fundadores (Nf), o número efetivo de fundadores (fe), o número efetivo de ancestrais (fa), o coeficiente de endogamia (F) e o coeficiente de parentesco médio (AR), além do Fis, Fit e Fst. Foi possível identificar ancestrais até a terceira geração, com aumento crescente das informações ao longo das gerações. Do total de informações avaliadas, 90,53% possuíam identificação do pai e da mãe. O tamanho efetivo da população foi inferior ao mínimo proposto pela FAO, o que sugere a necessidade de redefinir as estratégias do plano de gestão e de manejo genético do rebanho, de modo a promover fluxo gênico e expansão da raça.(AU)

Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors and differentiated thyroid cancer: do metabolic and inflammatory risk factors play roles?

PURPOSE: It is postulated that patients with different types of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) may present a higher incidence of cancer. Factors underlying individuals becoming overweight, such as insulin resistance, hyperleptinemia, and low-grade inflammation, may play a role in the risk of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) in such patients. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of and obesity-related risk factors associated with DTC in patients with PitNETs. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 149 patients with nonacromegalic PitNETs (AG group), 71 patients with acromegaly (ACRO group), and 156 controls (CG group). All participants underwent insulin and blood glucose measurements with the determination of the homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, leptin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and they also underwent thyroid ultrasound. Clinically significant nodules were biopsied for subsequent cytopathological evaluation, and participants were operated on when indicated. RESULTS: Patients in the AG group had high levels of insulin resistance and significantly higher levels of leptin and hsCRP compared with those of patients in the ACRO group. There were no cases of DTC in the AG group; two findings, one incidental, of DTC occurred in the CG group, and three cases of DTC were present in the ACRO group. Acromegaly was associated with DTC after adjusted analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings in patients with nonacromegalic PitNETs do not indicate a high risk for DTC despite the presence of metabolic and inflammatory risk factors for neoplastic events. In contrast, acromegaly promotes a greater risk of DTC.

Temporomandibular inflammation mobilizes parvalbumin and FosB/deltaFosB neurons of amygdala and dorsal raphe.

Pathophysiological mechanisms involved in orofacial pain and their relationship with emotional disorders have emerged as an important research area for multidisciplinary studies. In particular, temporomandibular disorders (TMD) have been evaluated clinically from both physiological and psychological perspectives. We hypothesized that an altered neuronal activity occurs in the amygdala and the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), encephalic regions involved in the modulation of painful and emotional information. Adult male Wistar rats were used in an experimental complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation model. CFA was applied for 1 or 10 days, and the animals were euthanized for brain samples dissection for FosB/ΔFosB and parvalbumin (PV) immunostaining. Our results were consistent in showing that the amygdala and DR were activated in the persistent inflammatory phase (10 days) and that the expression of PV+ interneurons in the amygdala was decreased. In contrast, in the DR, the expression of PV+ interneurons was increased in persistent states of CFA-induced TMJ inflammation. Moreover, at 10 days of inflammation, there was an increased co-localization of PV+ and FosB/ΔFosB+ neurons in the basolateral and central nucleus of the amygdala. Different nuclei of the amygdala, as well as portions of the DR, were activated in the persistent phase (10 days) of TMJ inflammation. In conclusion, altered activity of the amygdala and DR was detected during persistent inflammatory nociception in the temporomandibular joint. These regions may be essential for both sensory and affective dimensions of orofacial pain.

Toward a point-of-care diagnostic for specific detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from sputum samples.

This study reports the development of a new PCR-free device, using IS6110 gene as biomarker, for Tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis. An arginine film (ARGFILM) was used to prepare the biosensor platform. MT-probe was immobilized on this biosensor platform to identify IS6110 gene. This gene is an excellent biomarker for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT). Electrochemical analyses were carried out using differential pulse voltammetry method (DPV) by methylene blue (MB) reduction signal measurement before and after hybridization either between probe and synthetic target or extracted DNA from clinical sputum samples. The optimization study of MT-probe immobilization on modified-electrode surface showed that the best probe concentration was 15 µM. The analytical analysis of hybridization assays was performed using different concentrations of synthetic MT-target (15-500 nM). The linear response was between 15 and 100 nM and the detection limit was 4.4 nM. The biosensor performance was also investigated with extracted DNA from sputum samples (PCR-free). The results showed that the biosensor was able to detect the MT from samples, exhibiting a high sensitivity and satisfactory selectivity. Thus, these results allow for the possibility of developing a portable detection device for effective diagnosis of TB patients.

Temporomandibular inflammation mobilizes parvalbumin and FosB/deltaFosB neurons of amygdala and dorsal raphe

Pathophysiological mechanisms involved in orofacial pain and their relationship with emotional disorders have emerged as an important research area for multidisciplinary studies. In particular, temporomandibular disorders (TMD) have been evaluated clinically from both physiological and psychological perspectives. We hypothesized that an altered neuronal activity occurs in the amygdala and the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), encephalic regions involved in the modulation of painful and emotional information. Adult male Wistar rats were used in an experimental complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation model. CFA was applied for 1 or 10 days, and the animals were euthanized for brain samples dissection for FosB/ΔFosB and parvalbumin (PV) immunostaining. Our results were consistent in showing that the amygdala and DR were activated in the persistent inflammatory phase (10 days) and that the expression of PV+ interneurons in the amygdala was decreased. In contrast, in the DR, the expression of PV+ interneurons was increased in persistent states of CFA-induced TMJ inflammation. Moreover, at 10 days of inflammation, there was an increased co-localization of PV+ and FosB/ΔFosB+ neurons in the basolateral and central nucleus of the amygdala. Different nuclei of the amygdala, as well as portions of the DR, were activated in the persistent phase (10 days) of TMJ inflammation. In conclusion, altered activity of the amygdala and DR was detected during persistent inflammatory nociception in the temporomandibular joint. These regions may be essential for both sensory and affective dimensions of orofacial pain.

Occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in coalho cheese in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil / Ocorrência de Mycobaterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis em queijo coalho do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

Paratuberculosis is a chronic and incurable disease that affects ruminants and other domestic animals. It is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) that may also be involved in some human diseases such as Crohn's disease, type 1 diabetes, sarcoidosis, multiple sclerosis, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of MAP DNA in samples of artisanal coalho cheese purchased in the State of Pernambuco. Forty samples of coalho cheese submitted to the Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) technique were analyzed for the detection of the MAP region IS900. 11 (27.5%) were positive with a mean of 195.9 MAP colony forming unit (CFU) per gram of each sample, with a minimum of 30.3 CFU/g and a maximum of 324.2 CFU/g. Thus, this type of cheese that is one of the most consumed in this region of Brazil constitutes a source of human exposure to MAP. Further research in this area should be performed to evaluate the viability of the bacteria in this cheese type.(AU)

Paratuberculose é uma enfermidade crônica e incurável que acomete ruminantes e outras espécies de animais domésticos. É causada pelo Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) e ainda há a suspeita do seu envolvimento em enfermidades nos humanos como a doença de Crohn, diabetes tipo 1, sarcoidose, esclerose múltipla e tireoidite de Hashimoto. Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa investigar a ocorrência do DNA de MAP em amostras de queijo coalho artesanal adquiridas em estabelecimentos comerciais do Estado de Pernambuco. 40 amostras de queijo coalho artesanal foram submetidas a técnica de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real (qPCR) para detecção da região IS900 do MAP. 11 (27,5%) foram positivas com uma média de 195,9 unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC) de MAP por grama de queijo, com detecção mínima de 30,3UFC/g e máxima de 324,2UFC/g. Sendo assim, esse tipo de queijo que é um dos mais consumidos nesta região do Brasil constitui uma fonte de exposição humana ao MAP. Mais pesquisas nessa área devem ser realizadas para avaliar a viabilidade dessa bactéria no queijo coalho.(AU)

Regulation of PGLYRP1 and TREM-1 during Progression and Resolution of Gingival Inflammation.

INTRODUCTION: The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) signaling pathway is stimulated by bacteria and, together with its putative ligand peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 (PGLYRP1), propagates proinflammatory responses. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the TREM-1/PGLYRP1/interleukin (IL)-1ß regulation in response to biofilm accumulation and removal in an experimental human gingivitis model. METHODS: The study (n = 42 participants, mean age: 23.8 ± 3.7 y) comprised a recruitment step (day -14) followed by experimentally induced biofilm formation (induction [I] phase, day 0 to +21) and a 2-wk resolution (R) phase (day +21 to +35). Plaque was recorded by the Modified Quigley and Hein Plaque Index (TQHPI), while records of gingival inflammation were based on the Modified Gingival Index (MGI). Unstimulated whole saliva supernatants (n = 210, 5 time points) were tested for TREM-1, PGLYRP1, and IL-1ß by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: During the I-phase, concentrations of all analytes showed a tendency for downregulation at day +7 compared to day 0. TREM-1 (P = 0.019) and PGLYRP1 (P = 0.007) increased significantly between day +7 and day +21. Although all analyte levels decreased during the R-phase, the difference was not significant except TREM-1 being at borderline significance (P = 0.058). Moreover, TREM-1, PGLYRP1, and IL-1ß showed significant positive correlations (P < 0.0001) with each other. The study participants were grouped into "fast" and "slow" responders based on clinical gingival inflammation scores. At each time point, fast responders showed significantly higher concentrations of TREM-1 (P < 0.025), PGLYRP1 (P < 0.007), and IL-1ß (P < 0.025) compared to slow responders. Mixed-effects multilevel regression analyses revealed that PGLYRP1 (P = 0.047) and IL-1ß (P = 0.005) showed a significant positive association with the MGI scores. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that TREM-1 and PGLYRP1 are regulated in response to biofilm accumulation and removal, and fast responders demonstrated higher levels of these analytes compared to slow responders. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT: The results of this study demonstrated the suitability of salivary TREM-1 and PGLYRP1 to reflect biofilm accumulation and removal and PGLYRP1 to monitor the progression and resolution of inflammation in gingivitis-susceptible individuals (fast responders). Combined with conventional risk factors, the molecular toolbox proposed here should be further validated in future studies to confirm whether it can be used for population-based monitoring and prevention of gingivitis.