Cesarean Delivery and Risk of Excess Weight Among Brazilian Preschool Children.

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between cesarean Delivery (CD) and overweight in preschool children, considering the presence of birth aspects and demographic characteristics that have been associated with the risk of excess weight. METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional analysis used representative data of children from 2 to 6 years of age at municipal daycare centers in Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil. The sample included 752 preschoolers. Weight and height were collected in daycare centers, and the nutritional status classification was performed using z scores of Body Mass Index (zBMI). Data analysis was performed in the bivariate and multivariate manner, the latter with the inclusion of another possible risk factor. Adjustments were made for daycare centers time, sex, birth length and weight and maternal schooling. RESULTS: The mean age of preschool children was 4.7 years, and 53.8% were boys. The prevalence of overweight children was 21.7%. The median zBMI of the children born by CD was higher than that of vaginal Delivery (p = 0.0194). The prevalence of overweight showed association with CD (p = 0.0196; PR = 1.397 with 95% CI of 1065-1831). Logistic binary multivariate regression analysis confirmed the association, even in the presence of other possible risk factors (CR: 1.580, 95% CI: 1.072-2.330). CONCLUSION FOR PRACTICE: Birth by CD is one of the factors that are associated with the early development of overweight in preschoolers.

Evaluation of growth and nutritional condition of children in Public Schools in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil / Avaliação do crescimento e do estado nutricional de crianças em idade escolar em Escolas Públicas de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is becoming more and more frequent in children, which can result in health problems both in childhood and in adulthood. Considering that, at school age, eating habits may be influenced by the context in which the child is inserted, mainly, lifestyle, inside and outside the school environment, it is important to evaluate the growth achieved in height, as well as their nutritional status, since this can be an indication of future and possible nutritional disorders, allowing to direct resources and effective public policies in this age groupOBJECTIVE: Evaluate the growth in stature and nutritional condition of schoolchildren by gender and age in Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, in the first semester of the 2012 school yearMETHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 595 children of six to ten years of age, through the marketing of Public Municipal Elementary Schools, in the city of Florianópolis, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The statistical analysis of the data was performed with the Statistical Package for the Social Science, version 20.0RESULTS: It was assessed a larger proportion of children between seven and nine years of age, and both in relation to the stature as the Body Mass Index (BMI). The medians are higher when compared to the reference (World Health Organization), revealing that the children are growing well, even above the average for the benchmark. However, at the same time, they have a BMI higher than expected, even considering their high stature. The diagnosis of nutritional status among the boys and girls showed no statistical differences. However, it is worth highlighting that, although the bigger prevalence is eutrophic children (70.3%), a high prevalence of excess weight (overweight, obesity and severe obesity) can also be observed, around 28% of the sampleCONCLUSION: Although most children were found to be in normal nutritional condition, some were identified as being overweight or obese. It was evident that nutritional condition does not differ in relation to gender, but is influenced by age and height

INTRODUÇÃO: A obesidade vem se tornando cada vez mais frequente em crianças, o que pode resultar em agravos à saúde tanto na infância quanto na idade adulta. Considerando que, na idade escolar, os hábitos alimentares podem sofrer influência do contexto em que a criança está inserida, principalmente, estilo de vida, dentro e fora do ambiente escolar, torna-se importante avaliar o crescimento alcançado em estatura, bem como o seu estado nutricional, visto que este pode ser um indicativo de futuros e possíveis distúrbios nutricionais, permitindo direcionar recursos e políticas públicas efetivas nessa faixa etáriaOBJETIVO: Avaliar o crescimento em estatura e o estado nutricional de crianças em idade escolar em função do sexo e idade em Florianópolis no primeiro semestre do ano letivo de 2012MÉTODO: Estudo de corte transversal, realizado com 595 crianças de seis a dez anos de idade, frequentadoras de Escolas Públicas Municipais de Ensino Fundamental I, na cidade de Florianópolis, Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Utilizou-se um questionário para coleta de dados. Os dados foram digitados e armazenados em planilhas, utilizando o programa Microsoft Excel 2007. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada com o Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS), versão 20.0. O peso e a altura foram inicialmente comparados à curva normal, aplicando-se o teste de distância Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Foram utilizados estatística descritiva e o teste de correlação de PearsonRESULTADOS: Evidenciou-se uma proporção maior de crianças entre os sete e nove anos de idade, e tanto em relação à estatura quanto ao IMC, as medianas estão superiores quando comparadas ao do referencial (Organização Mundial de Saúde), revelando que as crianças estão crescendo bem, inclusive acima da média do referencial, mas que ao mesmo tempo apresentam um IMC acima do esperado, mesmo considerando a elevada estatura. O diagnóstico do estado nutricional entre os meninos e meninas não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas. Contudo, vale destacar que, embora a maior prevalência seja de crianças eutróficas (70,3%), pode-se observar alta prevalência de excesso de peso (sobrepeso, obesidade e obesidade grave), em torno de 28% da amostraCONCLUSÃO: Embora com prevalência do estado nutricional normal, identificou- se o sobrepeso e a obesidade. Evidenciou-se que o estado nutricional não tem diferença em função do sexo, contudo é influenciado pela idade e estatura

Tri-Ponderal Mass Index: A Screening Tool for Risk of Central Fat Accumulation in Brazilian Preschool Children.

Background and Objectives: To verify the use of the tri-ponderalmass index (TMI) as a screening tool for risk of central fat accumulation in preschool children. Materials and Methods: An observational, analytical study was carried out on samples from children 2 to 5 years of age. The body mass index (BMI) and the tri-ponderalmass index (TMI: Weight/height3) were calculated. The waist circumference-to-height ratio (WHtR) was used to classify central fat accumulation risk. Preschoolers whose WHtRwas in the upper tertile of the sample were classified as at risk for central fat accumulation. A comparison of the two indicators (BMI and TMI) was made from the area under the receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve (AUC) in the discrimination of the WHtR. Results: The sample used for analysis was 919 preschoolers. The mean age of the children was 3.9 years (SD = 0.7). The difference in AUC was 5% higher for TMI (p < 0.0001). In the individual analysis of the ROC curve of the TMI, favoring a higher sensitivity, the cutoff point of 14.0 kg/m3 showed a sensitivity of 99.3% (95% CI: 97.6-99.9). Conclusion: Considering WHtR as a marker of possible future metabolic risk among preschool children, TMI proved to be a useful tool, superior to BMI, in screening for risk of central fat accumulation in preschool children.

Nutritional Status Trends in Brazilian Preschoolers: A Cohort Study.

Background: Determining trends in the nutritional status of children may guide care prevention beyond this age in an effort to reduce the prevalence and incidence of overweight and/or obese children. The objective of this study is to evaluate the evolution of the nutritional status of preschool children in two moments, with an interval of 2 years. Methods: This is a cohort study of a random probabilistic sample of preschool children attending public schools within an urban area of high human development index city, in the hinterland of São Paulo state. In 2016, we reassessed the nutritional status of 351 preschoolers evaluated in 2014, comparing the prevalence of overweight according to BMI >1 z-score. Results: The prevalence of overweight was 31.05% (2014) and 31.06% (2016) and mean BMI z-scores were 0.58 and 0.57, respectively. The nutritional status classification of the preschool children showed almost no agreement between the two time points (κ = 0.053). Nevertheless, children with overweight in 2014 had a relative risk of 1.96 of being overweight or obese in 2016 (p = 0.0473). Conclusions: Prevalence of overweight among preschoolers was the same at 2 and 5 years of age, with no tendency to grow. Despite this, 2-year-old preschoolers with overweight present a twofold higher relative risk for excessive weight at 5 years of age. These changes of nutritional status at preschool age evince the great flexibility of their nutritional condition during this period of life.

Maternal breastfeeding, early introduction of non-breast milk, and excess weight in preschoolers / Aleitamento materno, introdução precoce de leite não materno e excesso de peso na idade pré-escolar

Abstract Objective: Investigate associations between excess weight in preschool children, breastfeeding duration and age of non-breast milk introduction. Methods: Cross-sectional study of a representative sample of 817 preschool children, aged 2-4 years, attending municipal day care centers in the city of Taubaté. The weight and height of children were measured in the day care centers in 2009, 2010 and 2011. The body mass index z-score (BMIz) was calculated and children were classified as risk of overweight (BMIz≥1 to<2) or excess weight (BMIz≥2). Data analysis was carried out by comparison of proportions, coefficient of correlation and multivariate linear regression. Results: The prevalence of risk of overweight was 18.9% and of excess weight (overweight or obesity) was 9.3%. The median duration of breastfeeding and age of introduction of non-breast milk was 6 months. The child's BMIz showed direct correlation with birth weight (r=0.154; p<0.001) and maternal body mass index (BMI) (r=0.113; p=0.002). The correlation was inverse with the total duration of breastfeeding (r=−0.099; p=0.006) and age at non-breast milk introduction (r=−0.112; p=0.002). There was no correlation between the child's BMIz with birth length, duration of exclusive breastfeeding and mother's age. Conclusions: The earlier the introduction of non-breast milk, the higher the correlation with excess weight at preschool age.

Resumo Objetivo: Investigar relações existentes entre excesso de peso em pré-escolares, duração do aleitamento materno e a idade de introdução de leite não materno. Métodos: Estudo transversal de amostra representativa de 817 pré-escolares, 2-4 anos de idade, de creches municipais de Taubaté. O peso e a altura das crianças foram mensurados nas creches em 2009, 2010 e 2011. Calculado o escore z de Índice de Massa Corporal (zIMC), as crianças foram classificadas como risco de sobrepeso (zIMC≥1 a<2) ou como excesso de peso (zIMC≥2). A análise dos dados foi feita por comparação de proporções, coeficiente de correlação e regressão linear multivariada. Resultados: A prevalência de risco de sobrepeso foi 18,9% e de excesso de peso (sobrepeso ou obesidade) de 9,3%. A mediana de duração do aleitamento materno e a idade de introdução do leite não materno foi de 6 meses. O zIMC da criança evidenciou correlação direta com o peso ao nascer (r=0,154; p<0,001) e com o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) materno (r=0,113; p=0,002). A correlação foi inversa com a duração total do aleitamento materno (r=−0,099; p=0,006) e a idade de introdução de leite não materno (r=−0,112; p=0,002). Não houve correlação entre o zIMC da criança com o comprimento ao nascer, duração do aleitamento exclusivo e idade da mãe. Conclusões: Quanto mais precoce a introdução de leite não materno, maior a correlação com excesso de peso na idade pré-escolar.

Mothers' conceptions about excess weight in infancy and the nutritional status of their children.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze maternal conceptions about excess weight in infancy and the nutritional status of their preschool-aged children. METHODS: A mixed, exploratory study was performed using semi-structured interviews. Two study groups were defined: a group of 16 mothers of children with excess weight and a group of 15 mothers of eutrophic children. The interviews were submitted to content analysis using CHIC software (Classification Hiérarchique Implicative et Cohésitive¯). RESULTS: The mothers of children with excess weight tended to conceive thin children as malnourished, while those of normal weight children emphasized the influence of family and genetics as determinants of a child's nutritional status. Although there was a certain consensus among the mothers that an unhealthy diet contributes to the risk of a child developing excess weight, the concept of genetics as a determinant of a child's nutritional status was also present in the dialogue from the mothers of both groups. This result indicates a lack of clarity regarding the influence of eating behavior and family lifestyle on weight gain and the formation of a child's eating habits. Both groups indicated that the mother has a decisive role in the eating habits of her child; however, the mothers of children with excess weight did not seem to take ownership of this concept when addressing the care of their own children. CONCLUSION: Differences in conceptions, including taking ownership of care, may contribute to the development of excess weight in preschool-aged children.

Mothers' conceptions about excess weight in infancy and the nutritional status of their children

OBJECTIVE: To analyze maternal conceptions about excess weight in infancy and the nutritional status of their preschool-aged children. METHODS: A mixed, exploratory study was performed using semi-structured interviews. Two study groups were defined: a group of 16 mothers of children with excess weight and a group of 15 mothers of eutrophic children. The interviews were submitted to content analysis using CHIC software (Classification Hiérarchique Implicative et Cohésitive¯). RESULTS: The mothers of children with excess weight tended to conceive thin children as malnourished, while those of normal weight children emphasized the influence of family and genetics as determinants of a child’s nutritional status. Although there was a certain consensus among the mothers that an unhealthy diet contributes to the risk of a child developing excess weight, the concept of genetics as a determinant of a child’s nutritional status was also present in the dialogue from the mothers of both groups. This result indicates a lack of clarity regarding the influence of eating behavior and family lifestyle on weight gain and the formation of a child’s eating habits. Both groups indicated that the mother has a decisive role in the eating habits of her child; however, the mothers of children with excess weight did not seem to take ownership of this concept when addressing the care of their own children. CONCLUSION: Differences in conceptions, including taking ownership of care, may contribute to the development of excess weight in preschool-aged children.

Aleitamento materno, introdução da alimentação complementar e excesso de peso em pré-escolares / Breastfeeding, complementary food introduction and overweight in preschool children

Fenômeno crescente, que envolve alta morbidade e altos custos para os sistemas de saúde, a obesidade está sendo encontrada também entre a população pediátrica, sendo considerada atualmente um problema de saúde pública. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se em crianças no início da idade préescolar já se observa prevalência de excesso de peso e se a introdução de novos alimentos, assim como o tipo de alimento, está associada à essa condição nutricional. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, analítico, de uma coorte histórica com crianças nascidas em 2011/12, frequentadoras de creches públicas em Taubaté - SPem 2014. Além do peso e estatura das crianças, coletou-se informações quanto aos antecedentes de alimentação e de nascimento utilizando um questionário padronizado. Quanto aoestado nutricional definiu-se como portadoras de excesso de peso (EP) crianças com escores z do índice de massa corpórea (zIMC) ≥ 1. Realizou-se a análise bivariada e posteriormente análise de regressão linear de múltiplas variáveis. A prevalência de EP encontrada foi elevada (27,5%). Apenas o peso ao nascer (PN) mostrou correlação significante em relação ao zIMC (r= 0,22, p<0,0001). Aanálise de múltiplas variáveis não mostrou relação com os diversos alimentos, mas evidenciou o PN elevado como fator de risco, o sexo masculino e a duração total do aleitamento materno como fatores de proteção. Como consequência, é possível concluir que a introdução precoce de novos alimentos não representa fator de risco para o desenvolvimento do excesso de peso no início da idade pré-escolar(AU)

Growing phenomenon, which involves high morbidity and consequently high costs for health systems, obesity has been found also among the pediatric population and is currently considered a public health problem. The aim of this study was to verify if in children in the early preschool age we can see the prevalence of overweight and if introducing complementary feeding as well as the type of food introduced, are associated with this condition in this age group. It is an observational analytic study with children born in 2011-2012 that attended public schools in Taubaté -SP during 2014. In addition to the weight and height of children, information about the history of feeding and birth were collectedusing a standardized questionnaire.The nutritional status was defined as having overweight children with z-scores for body mass index (zIMC) ≥ 1.We conducted bivariate analysis and then linear regression analysis of multiple variables.The prevalence of overweight was elevated (27.5%). Only birth weight showed significant correlation with respect to zIMC (r = 0.22, p < 0.0001). The multivariable analysis showed no relationship with the various foods, but showed birth weightas a high risk factor, the male and the total duration of breastfeeding as protective factors. As a result, we conclude that the early introduction of new foods is not a risk factor for the development of overweight at the beginning of preschool age(AU)

Maternal breastfeeding, early introduction of non-breast milk, and excess weight in preschoolers. / Aleitamento materno, introdução precoce de leite não materno e excesso de peso na idade pré­escolar.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate associations between excess weight in preschool children, breastfeeding duration and age of non-breast milk introduction. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of a representative sample of 817 preschool children, aged 2 to 4 years, attending municipal day care centers in the city of Taubaté. The weight and height of children were measured in the day care centers in 2009, 2010 and 2011. The body mass index z-score (BMIz) was calculated and children were classified as risk of overweight (BMIz≥1 to<2) or excess weight (BMIz≥2). Data analysis was carried out by comparison of proportions, coefficient of correlation and multivariate linear regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of risk of overweight was 18.9% and of excess weight (overweight or obesity) was 9.3%. The median duration of breastfeeding and age of introduction of non-breast milk was 6 months. The child's BMIz showed direct correlation with birth weight (r=0.154; p<0.001) and maternal Body Mass Index (BMI) (r=0.113; p=0.002). The correlation was inverse with the total duration of breastfeeding (r=-0.099; p=0.006) and age at non-breast milk introduction (r=-0.112; p=0.002). There was no correlation between the child's BMIz with birth length, duration of exclusive breastfeeding and mother's age. CONCLUSIONS: The earlier the introduction of non-breast milk, the higher the correlation with excess weight at preschool age.

Breastfeeding, comnlementarv food introduction and overweight in preschool children.

Growing phenomenon, which involves high morbidity and consequently high costs for health systems, obesity has been found also among the pediatric population and is currently considered a public health problem. The aim of this study was to verify if in children in the early preschool age we can see the prevalence of overweight and if introducing complementary feeding as well as the type of food introduced, are associated with this condition in this age group. It is an observational analytic study with children born in 2011-2012 that attended public schools in Taubat6 -SP during 2014. In addition to the weight and height of children, information about the history of feeding and birth were collectedusing a standardized questionnaire.The nutritional status was defined as having overweight children with z-scores for body mass index (zIMC) > 1.We conducted bivariate analysis and then linear regression analysis of multiple variables.The prevalence of overweight was elevated (27.5%). Only birth weight showed significant correlation with respect to zIMC (r = 0.22, p < 0.0001). The multivariable analysis showed no relationship with the various foods, but showed birth weightas a high risk factor, the male and the total duration of breastfeeding as protective factors. As a result, we conclude that the early introduction of new foods is not a risk factor for the development of overweight at the beginning of pre-school age.

Factors associated with infant mortality in the metropolitan region of Cariri, Ceará, Brazil / Fatores associados à mortalidade infantil na região metropolitana do Cariri, Ceará, Brasil

INTRODUCTION: The identification of factors related to children's deaths is very important in planning public health actions for restructure and improve the mother and child assistance, aimed in reducing child mortality OBJECTIVE: Analyze the factors associated with infant mortality in the metropolitan area of Cariri, Ceará, Brazil METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. All deaths occurring in children under one year old of the metropolitan region of Cariri, Ceará, Brazil, contained in the mortality information system and in live births's information system, from January 2009 to December 2013. Newborn variables (sex, race/color, weight, age); maternal variables (maternal age and education and type of gestation); assistance variables (labor type) were extracted from the SUS (Sistema Único de Saúde/Unified Health System) Informatics Department and presented in chart and tables in absolute and percentage frequency form RESULTS: In the five-year period, 816 infant deaths in 48321 births were registered associated to the following factors: 453 (55.5%) male, 471 (57.7%) drab and 514 (63%) low weight in birth, 458 (56.1%) with 20 to 34 years of age, 353 (43.2%) 8 years or more of schooling, 657 (80.5%) only pregnancy and 414 (50.7%) vaginal birth CONCLUSION: Infant mortality variables in the metropolitan region of Cariri, Ceará, Brazil were associated mostly with deaths occurring in drab boys with birth weight below the normal, whose mothers were young, with good education and who had just one gestation, born of vaginal birth.(AU)

INTRODUÇÃO: A identificação de fatores relacionados aos óbitos infantis pode auxiliar no planejamento de ações de saúde pública para a reestruturação e melhoria da assistência materno-infantil, visando à redução da mortalidade infantil OBJETIVO: Analisar os fatores associados à mortalidade infantil na Região Metropolitana do Cariri, Ceará, Brasil MÉTODO: Trata-se de estudo transversal. Foram considerados todos os óbitos ocorridos em crianças menores de um ano de idade dos municípios da Região Metropolitana do Cariri contidas no sistema de informação sobre mortalidade e sistema de informação sobre nascidos vivos, entre janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2013. Variáveis do recém-nascido (sexo, raça/cor, peso ao nascer, idade); variáveis maternas (idade e escolaridade materna, e tipo de gestação); variáveis de assistência (tipo de parto) foram extraídas do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde e apresentados em gráfico e tabelas na forma de frequência absoluta e percentual RESULTADOS: No quinquênio, registrou-se 816 óbitos infantis de 48321 nascidos vivos associados aos seguintes fatores: 453 (55,5%) sexo masculino, 471 (57,7%) cor parda e 514 (63%) baixo peso ao nascer, 458 (56,1%) de 20 a 34 anos de idade, 353 (43,2%) escolaridade maior ou igual a 8 anos, 657 (80,5%) gestação única e 414 (50,7%) parto vaginal CONCLUSÃO: As variáveis relacionadas à mortalidade infantil na região metropolitana do cariri foram associadas em sua maioria com óbitos ocorridos em meninos, de cor parda, com peso ao nascer abaixo do normal, cujas mães eram jovens, com boa escolaridade e que tiveram gestação única, nascidos de parto vaginal.(AU)

Infant growth during the first year of life / Crescimento de lactentes durante o primeiro ano de vida

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe and analyse the profile of growth in normal infants during the first year of life, including their patterns of weight and length, and the duration of breastfeeding METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted based on 85 records of infants who met the inclusion criteria. The total duration of breastfeeding was recorded along with weight and length at three ages: birth, 6 and 12 months. The data were analysed as Z-scores based on WHO (2006) using the software products MedCalc 12.0 and GraphPad Prism 6.0 RESULTS: Although 76.5% of the infants showed a growth pattern compatible with WHO references at 12 months of age, the others presented as overweight as at risk of being overweight. A significant correlation was observed between birth weight and BMI Z-score at two ages: 6 months (r = 0.26; p = 0.01) and 12 months (r = 0.32; p = 0.002). A correlation between birth weight and length Z-score was also found at 6 months (r = 0.4034; p = 0.0001) and 12 months (r = 0.3309; p = 0.002). Birth length was also correlated with length Z-score at 6 months (r = 0.4829; p < 0.0001) and 12 months (r = 0.3407; p = 0.0014). Breastfeeding duration did not show any correlation with anthropometric data at 6 and 12 months of age CONCLUSION: The growth pattern of the sample during the first year of life was found to be appropriate or faster than normal. Growth pattern also seems to be influenced by anthropometric characteristics at birth, which does not depend on breastfeeding duration.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil do crescimento durante o primeiro ano de vida em lactentes normais e suas relações com o peso e o comprimento ao nascer e com o aleitamento materno MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva com levantamento de dados de prontuários de 85 crianças que preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Registrou-se com peso e comprimento ao nascer, aos 6 e 12 meses de vida, e o tempo total de aleitamento materno. Os dados de crescimento foram analisados em escores z com base na referência da OMS (2006), utilizando os softwares MedCalc 12.0 e GraphPad Prism 6.0 RESULTADOS: Aos 12 meses de vida 76,5% dos lactentes apresentavam valores de crescimento compatíveis com o referencial da OMS, enquanto os demais estavam em risco de sobrepeso e sobrepeso. Observou-se correlação entre o peso de nascimento e o escore z do Índice de Massa Corporal aos 6 meses (r = 0,26; p= 0,01) e aos 12 meses (r = 0,32; p = 0,002) e também com o escore z do comprimento para idade aos 6 (r = 0,4034; p = 0,0001) e 12 meses (r = 0,3309; p = 0,0020). O comprimento ao nascer também mostrou correlação com o escore z de comprimento aos 6 (r = 0,4829; p < 0,0001) e 12 meses (r = 0,3407; p = 0,0014). A duração do aleitamento materno não evidenciou correlação com os dados antropométricos dos 6 e 12 meses de idade CONCLUSÃO: O crescimento alcançado durante o primeiro ano foi adequado ou acima do mesmo, sendo influenciado pelas características antropométricas ao nascer, independentemente da duração do aleitamento materno.(AU)

Crescimento de lactentes durante o primeiro ano de vida / Infant growth during the first year of life

The aim of this study was to describe and analyse the profile of growth in normal infants during the first year of life, including their patterns of weight and length, and the duration of breastfeeding METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted based on 85 records of infants who met the inclusion criteria. The total duration of breastfeeding was recorded along with weight and length at three ages: birth, 6 and 12 months. The data were analysed as Z-scores based on WHO (2006) using the software products MedCalc 12.0 and GraphPad Prism 6.0 RESULTS: Although 76.5% of the infants showed a growth pattern compatible with WHO references at 12 months of age, the others presented as overweight as at risk of being overweight. A significant correlation was observed between birth weight and BMI Z-score at two ages: 6 months (r = 0.26; p = 0.01) and 12 months (r = 0.32; p = 0.002). A correlation between birth weight and length Z-score was also found at 6 months (r = 0.4034; p = 0.0001) and 12 months (r = 0.3309; p = 0.002). Birth length was also correlated with length Z-score at 6 months (r = 0.4829; p < 0.0001) and 12 months (r = 0.3407; p = 0.0014). Breastfeeding duration did not show any correlation with anthropometric data at 6 and 12 months of age CONCLUSION: The growth pattern of the sample during the first year of life was found to be appropriate or faster than normal. Growth pattern also seems to be influenced by anthropometric characteristics at birth, which does not depend on breastfeeding duration.

Analisar o perfil do crescimento durante o primeiro ano de vida em lactentes normais e suas relações com o peso e o comprimento ao nascer e com o aleitamento materno MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva com levantamento de dados de prontuários de 85 crianças que preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Registrou-se com peso e comprimento ao nascer, aos 6 e 12 meses de vida, e o tempo total de aleitamento materno. Os dados de crescimento foram analisados em escores z com base na referência da OMS (2006), utilizando os softwares MedCalc 12.0 e GraphPad Prism 6.0 RESULTADOS: Aos 12 meses de vida 76,5% dos lactentes apresentavam valores de crescimento compatíveis com o referencial da OMS, enquanto os demais estavam em risco de sobrepeso e sobrepeso. Observou-se correlação entre o peso de nascimento e o escore z do Índice de Massa Corporal aos 6 meses (r = 0,26; p= 0,01) e aos 12 meses (r = 0,32; p = 0,002) e também com o escore z do comprimento para idade aos 6 (r = 0,4034; p = 0,0001) e 12 meses (r = 0,3309; p = 0,0020). O comprimento ao nascer também mostrou correlação com o escore z de comprimento aos 6 (r = 0,4829; p < 0,0001) e 12 meses (r = 0,3407; p = 0,0014). A duração do aleitamento materno não evidenciou correlação com os dados antropométricos dos 6 e 12 meses de idade CONCLUSÃO: O crescimento alcançado durante o primeiro ano foi adequado ou acima do mesmo, sendo influenciado pelas características antropométricas ao nascer, independentemente da duração do aleitamento materno.

Fatores associados à mortalidade infantil na região metropolitana do Cariri, Ceará, Brasil / Factors associated with infant mortality in the metropolitan region of Cariri, Ceará, Brazil

The identification of factors related to children's deaths is very important in planning public health actions for restructure and improve the mother and child assistance, aimed in reducing child mortality OBJECTIVE: Analyze the factors associated with infant mortality in the metropolitan area of Cariri, Ceará, Brazil METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. All deaths occurring in children under one year old of the metropolitan region of Cariri, Ceará, Brazil, contained in the mortality information system and in live births's information system, from January 2009 to December 2013. Newborn variables (sex, race/color, weight, age); maternal variables (maternal age and education and type of gestation); assistance variables (labor type) were extracted from the SUS (Sistema Único de Saúde/Unified Health System) Informatics Department and presented in chart and tables in absolute and percentage frequency form RESULTS: In the five-year period, 816 infant deaths in 48321 births were registered associated to the following factors: 453 (55.5%) male, 471 (57.7%) drab and 514 (63%) low weight in birth, 458 (56.1%) with 20 to 34 years of age, 353 (43.2%) 8 years or more of schooling, 657 (80.5%) only pregnancy and 414 (50.7%) vaginal birth CONCLUSION: Infant mortality variables in the metropolitan region of Cariri, Ceará, Brazil were associated mostly with deaths occurring in drab boys with birth weight below the normal, whose mothers were young, with good education and who had just one gestation, born of vaginal birth.

A identificação de fatores relacionados aos óbitos infantis pode auxiliar no planejamento de ações de saúde pública para a reestruturação e melhoria da assistência materno-infantil, visando à redução da mortalidade infantil OBJETIVO: Analisar os fatores associados à mortalidade infantil na Região Metropolitana do Cariri, Ceará, Brasil MÉTODO: Trata-se de estudo transversal. Foram considerados todos os óbitos ocorridos em crianças menores de um ano de idade dos municípios da Região Metropolitana do Cariri contidas no sistema de informação sobre mortalidade e sistema de informação sobre nascidos vivos, entre janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2013. Variáveis do recém-nascido (sexo, raça/cor, peso ao nascer, idade); variáveis maternas (idade e escolaridade materna, e tipo de gestação); variáveis de assistência (tipo de parto) foram extraídas do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde e apresentados em gráfico e tabelas na forma de frequência absoluta e percentual RESULTADOS: No quinquênio, registrou-se 816 óbitos infantis de 48321 nascidos vivos associados aos seguintes fatores: 453 (55,5%) sexo masculino, 471 (57,7%) cor parda e 514 (63%) baixo peso ao nascer, 458 (56,1%) de 20 a 34 anos de idade, 353 (43,2%) escolaridade maior ou igual a 8 anos, 657 (80,5%) gestação única e 414 (50,7%) parto vaginal CONCLUSÃO: As variáveis relacionadas à mortalidade infantil na região metropolitana do cariri foram associadas em sua maioria com óbitos ocorridos em meninos, de cor parda, com peso ao nascer abaixo do normal, cujas mães eram jovens, com boa escolaridade e que tiveram gestação única, nascidos de parto vaginal.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart rate variability: a literature update.

BACKGROUND: The literature indicates that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects cardiac autonomic control. In this study, we conducted a literature review in order to investigate the heart rate variability (HRV) in COPD subjects. METHODS: A search was performed in Medline database, using the link between the keywords: "autonomic nervous system", "cardiovascular system", "COPD" and "heart rate variability". RESULTS: The search resulted in a total of 40 references. Amongst these references, the first exclusion resulted in the barring of 29 titles and abstracts, which were not clearly related to the purpose of review. This resulted in a total of 11 articles that were then read and utilized in the review. The selected studies indicated that there is significant reduction of HRV in patients with COPD, characterized by reduction of indices that assess parasympathetic activity in addition to dealing with the global autonomic modulation. We also established that supervised exercise can reduce these harmful effects in COPD patients. Also, it was reported that the use of non-invasive ventilation in these patients may contribute to the improvement of respiratory symptoms, with no impairing, and may even induce positive responses in cardiac autonomic regulation. CONCLUSION: The studies indicate a need for further investigations to guide future therapies to improve the treatment of cardiovascular system in the respiratory diseases.

Razão cintura/estatura: marcador de alteração nutricional em pré-escolares / Waist/height ratio: a marker of nutritional alteration in preschool children

INTRODUÇÃO: a prevalência de obesidade no Brasil está progressivamente aumentando entre crianças. Em obesos a concentração de gordura na região abdominal é um marcador preditivo de futuros agravos à saúde. Dentre os indicadores de adiposidade central, a razão cintura-estatura (RCE) tem se mostrado mais sensível na predição de futuros riscos à saúde do que a circunferência da cintura isolada. OBJETIVO: analisar a relação entre a RCE e a classificação do estado nutricional em pré-escolares. MÉTODO: estudo transversal, com 711 pré-escolares de creches municipais de Taubaté, SP. A amostragem foi probabilística tendo como unidade amostral a creche. Peso, estatura e circunferência da cintura de cada criança foram medidos. Para classificar as crianças com excesso de peso (risco de sobrepeso, sobrepeso ou obesidade), ou com sobrepeso ou obesidade foram utilizados os pontos de corte do escore Z de Índice de Massa Corpórea (zIMC) propostos pelo Ministério da Saúde (2009), a partir do referencial da Organização Mundial de Saúde (2006). Os dados foram analisados por curvas ROC (Receiver Operator Curve). RESULTADOS: a área sob a curva (AUC) da RCE para excesso de peso foi de 0,851 (p<0,0001), e para sobrepeso ou obesidade juntos foi de 0,886 (p<0,0001). Valores de 0,52 e 0,54 da RCE foram os pontos de corte de otimização da relação Sensibilidade/Especificidade respectivamente para excesso de peso ou sobrepeso ou obesidade. CONCLUSÃO: a razão cintura-estatura é um instrumento útil na atenção básica à saúde de crianças em início da idade pré-escolar, para a avaliação do estado nutricional e também da adiposidade central.(AU)

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of obesity in Brazil is progressively increasing among children. In obese individuals, the concentration of fat in the abdominal region is a predictive marker for future health problems. Among the indicators of central adiposity, the waist-to-height ratio (WHR) has been shown to be more sensitive for predicting future health hazards than waist circumference alone. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between the WHR and the classification of nutritional status of preschool children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 711 preschool children in daycare in Taubate, SP. The sampling was probabilistic, having the nursery as the sampling unit. The weight, height and waist circumference of each child were measured. For classifying children with excess weight (risk of overweight, overweight or obesity), or with overweight or obesity the cut-off points of the Z-scores of Body Mass Index (zBMI), proposed by the Ministry of Health (2009), were used, from the point of view of the World Health Organization. The data were analyzed using the ROC (Receiver Operator Curve. RESULTS: The area under the curve (AUC) of WHR for excess weight was 0.851 (p< 0.0001), and for overweight or obesity together was 0.886 (p< 0.0001). Values of 0.52 and 0.54 of the WHR were the cut-off points for optimization of Sensitivity/Specificity respectively for excess weight or overweight or obesity. CONCLUSION: The WHR is a useful tool in basic health care for children at the beginning of preschool age, for the assessment of nutritional status and central adiposity.(AU)

Razão cintura/estatura: marcador de alteração nutricional em pré-escolares / Waist/height ratio: a marker of nutritional alteration in preschool children

INTRODUÇÃO: a prevalência de obesidade no Brasil está progressivamente aumentando entre crianças. Em obesos a concentração de gordura na região abdominal é um marcador preditivo de futuros agravos à saúde. Dentre os indicadores de adiposidade central, a razão cintura-estatura (RCE) tem se mostrado mais sensível na predição de futuros riscos à saúde do que a circunferência da cintura isolada. OBJETIVO: analisar a relação entre a RCE e a classificação do estado nutricional em pré-escolares. MÉTODO: estudo transversal, com 711 pré-escolares de creches municipais de Taubaté, SP. A amostragem foi probabilística tendo como unidade amostral a creche. Peso, estatura e circunferência da cintura de cada criança foram medidos. Para classificar as crianças com excesso de peso (risco de sobrepeso, sobrepeso ou obesidade), ou com sobrepeso ou obesidade foram utilizados os pontos de corte do escore Z de Índice de Massa Corpórea (zIMC) propostos pelo Ministério da Saúde (2009), a partir do referencial da Organização Mundial de Saúde (2006). Os dados foram analisados por curvas ROC (Receiver Operator Curve). RESULTADOS: a área sob a curva (AUC) da RCE para excesso de peso foi de 0,851 (p<0,0001), e para sobrepeso ou obesidade juntos foi de 0,886 (p<0,0001). Valores de 0,52 e 0,54 da RCE foram os pontos de corte de otimização da relação Sensibilidade/Especificidade respectivamente para excesso de peso ou sobrepeso ou obesidade. CONCLUSÃO: a razão cintura-estatura é um instrumento útil na atenção básica à saúde de crianças em início da idade pré-escolar, para a avaliação do estado nutricional e também da adiposidade central.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of obesity in Brazil is progressively increasing among children. In obese individuals, the concentration of fat in the abdominal region is a predictive marker for future health problems. Among the indicators of central adiposity, the waist-to-height ratio (WHR) has been shown to be more sensitive for predicting future health hazards than waist circumference alone. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between the WHR and the classification of nutritional status of preschool children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 711 preschool children in daycare in Taubate, SP. The sampling was probabilistic, having the nursery as the sampling unit. The weight, height and waist circumference of each child were measured. For classifying children with excess weight (risk of overweight, overweight or obesity), or with overweight or obesity the cut-off points of the Z-scores of Body Mass Index (zBMI), proposed by the Ministry of Health (2009), were used, from the point of view of the World Health Organization. The data were analyzed using the ROC (Receiver Operator Curve. RESULTS: The area under the curve (AUC) of WHR for excess weight was 0.851 (p< 0.0001), and for overweight or obesity together was 0.886 (p< 0.0001). Values of 0.52 and 0.54 of the WHR were the cut-off points for optimization of Sensitivity/Specificity respectively for excess weight or overweight or obesity. CONCLUSION: The WHR is a useful tool in basic health care for children at the beginning of preschool age, for the assessment of nutritional status and central adiposity.

Preschool children and excess weight: the impact of a low complexity intervention in public day care centers

INTRODUCTION: childhood obesity is a major public health problem, affecting children even at early ages. OBJECTIVE: to assess the impact of dietary intervention and relatively simple physical activity on the nutritional state of preschoolers. METHODS: this was an intervention study in public daycare centers targeting children from 2 to 4 years of age, in the State of São Paulo. The sample consisted of 9 daycare centers covering 578 children, with 264 children in the intervention group (IG) and 314 in the comparison group (CG). Intervention was focused on modifications in diet and physical activity, avoiding overloading the routine of daycare centers, for duration of one year. A zBMI score > 1 (zBMI) and < 2 was considered risk of being overweight, and > 2 zBMI was considered excess weight (overweight and obese). Analysis was done by frequency calculations, comparisons of proportions by χ², mean comparisons by t-student and calculations according to Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: IG showed an inverse correlation between the initial zBMI of the children and the difference with the zBMI at the end of the intervention (rP = -0.39, p <0.0001). The mean difference of zBMI of the overweight children in IG between the beginning and the end of the study period was negative (-0.46 z score), indicating weight reduction, while the children in the CG was positive (+0. 17 z score) (p = 0.0037). CONCLUSION: intervention in diet and physical activity in overweight preschool children in daycare centers could have a favorable impact on the evolution of their nutritional state...(AU)

INTRODUÇÃO: obesidade infantil é importante problema de saúde pública, afetando inclusive crianças muito precocemente. OBJETIVO: avaliar o impacto de uma intervenção alimentar e de atividade física relativamente simples no estado nutricional de pré-escolares. MÉTODO: estudo de intervenção em creches públicas visando as crianças de 2 a 4 anos incompletos de idade, no Estado de São Paulo. A amostra foi de 9 creches abarcando 578 crianças, sendo 264 crianças no grupo intervenção (GI) e 314 no grupo comparação (GC). A intervenção foi voltada para modificações na alimentação e na atividade física, evitando sobrecarregar a rotina das creches, com duração de um ano. Considerou-se um escore z de IMC > 1 (zIMC) e 2 como risco de sobrepeso, e zIMC > 2 como excesso de peso (sobrepeso e obesidade). A análise foi por cálculos de frequências, comparações de proporções pelo χ², comparações de médias pelo t de Student e cálculo dos coeficientes de correlação de Pearson. RESULTADOS: o GI mostrou correlação inversa entre o zIMC inicial das crianças e a diferença deste com o zIMC ao final da intervenção (rP= -0,39; p<0,0001). A média das diferenças do zIMC das crianças com excesso de peso do GI entre o início e o final do período de estudo foi negativa (-0,46 escore z), indicando redução de peso, enquanto nas crianças do GC foi positiva (+0,17 escore z), (p = 0,0037). CONCLUSÃO: intervenção na alimentação e nas atividades físicas de pré-escolares com excesso de peso em creches pode ter impacto favorável na evolução de seu estado nutricional...(AU)

Preschool children and excess weight: the impact of a low complexity intervention in public day care centers

INTRODUCTION: childhood obesity is a major public health problem, affecting children even at early ages. OBJECTIVE: to assess the impact of dietary intervention and relatively simple physical activity on the nutritional state of preschoolers. METHODS: this was an intervention study in public daycare centers targeting children from 2 to 4 years of age, in the State of São Paulo. The sample consisted of 9 daycare centers covering 578 children, with 264 children in the intervention group (IG) and 314 in the comparison group (CG). Intervention was focused on modifications in diet and physical activity, avoiding overloading the routine of daycare centers, for duration of one year. A zBMI score > 1 (zBMI) and < 2 was considered risk of being overweight, and > 2 zBMI was considered excess weight (overweight and obese). Analysis was done by frequency calculations, comparisons of proportions by χ², mean comparisons by t-student and calculations according to Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: IG showed an inverse correlation between the initial zBMI of the children and the difference with the zBMI at the end of the intervention (rP = -0.39, p <0.0001). The mean difference of zBMI of the overweight children in IG between the beginning and the end of the study period was negative (-0.46 z score), indicating weight reduction, while the children in the CG was positive (+0. 17 z score) (p = 0.0037). CONCLUSION: intervention in diet and physical activity in overweight preschool children in daycare centers could have a favorable impact on the evolution of their nutritional state...

INTRODUÇÃO: obesidade infantil é importante problema de saúde pública, afetando inclusive crianças muito precocemente. OBJETIVO: avaliar o impacto de uma intervenção alimentar e de atividade física relativamente simples no estado nutricional de pré-escolares. MÉTODO: estudo de intervenção em creches públicas visando as crianças de 2 a 4 anos incompletos de idade, no Estado de São Paulo. A amostra foi de 9 creches abarcando 578 crianças, sendo 264 crianças no grupo intervenção (GI) e 314 no grupo comparação (GC). A intervenção foi voltada para modificações na alimentação e na atividade física, evitando sobrecarregar a rotina das creches, com duração de um ano. Considerou-se um escore z de IMC > 1 (zIMC) e 2 como risco de sobrepeso, e zIMC > 2 como excesso de peso (sobrepeso e obesidade). A análise foi por cálculos de frequências, comparações de proporções pelo χ², comparações de médias pelo t de Student e cálculo dos coeficientes de correlação de Pearson. RESULTADOS: o GI mostrou correlação inversa entre o zIMC inicial das crianças e a diferença deste com o zIMC ao final da intervenção (rP= -0,39; p<0,0001). A média das diferenças do zIMC das crianças com excesso de peso do GI entre o início e o final do período de estudo foi negativa (-0,46 escore z), indicando redução de peso, enquanto nas crianças do GC foi positiva (+0,17 escore z), (p = 0,0037). CONCLUSÃO: intervenção na alimentação e nas atividades físicas de pré-escolares com excesso de peso em creches pode ter impacto favorável na evolução de seu estado nutricional...

Prevalence of overweight preschool children in public day care centers: a cross-sectional study.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Brazil is undergoing a period of epidemiological transition associated with demographic and nutritional changes. The prevalence of obesity is also increasing in children and is causing numerous health problems that are becoming public health issues. The aim here was to evaluate the prevalence of overweight among children of two and three years of age. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in municipal day care centers in Taubaté, state of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Weight and height measurements were made on 447 preschool children forming a probabilistic randomized sample. Their body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Their nutritional status was classified using the World Health Organization reference cutoff points (2006). Their mean weight, height and BMI were compared according to their age and sex. RESULTS: The mean values for the final sample (n = 447) were as follows: mean age: 38.6 months (± 3.5) and Z scores for: weight/height (W/H): 0.50 (± 1.22); height/age: -0.03 (± 1.07); weight/age (W/A): 0.51 (± 1.23); and BMI: 0.51(± 1.23). The prevalence of overweight children (BMI > 1 z) was 28.86%, while the prevalence of underweight children (BMI < -2 z) was 0.89%. There were no differences in mean BMI among the two and three-year age groups (P = 0.66). CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of overweight was observed in the sample of two and three-year-old children, with practically no malnutrition, thus showing that a significant nutritional transition may already be occurring, even in medium-sized cities of developing countries.