Ultrasound-guided percutaneous sclerosis of congenital splenic cysts using ethyl alcohol 96% and minocycline hydrochloride 10%: A pediatric series.

INTRODUCTION: The management of congenital splenic cysts continues to evolve. In the past the standard treatment was splenectomy, but increased knowledge about the spleen's immunologic function has led most pediatric surgeons to preserve splenic tissue. A great number of studies using sclerosing substances have been published, but to date reports in children have been limited. Our study concerns a group of 15 children with congenital splenic cysts treated with percutaneous drainage and sclerosis with alcohol. We performed the procedure under general anesthesia and checked radiologically for possible leakage. METHODS: In 2000 our group started managing pediatric patients with splenic cysts. During the first eight years surgery was the treatment of choice. From April 2008 to December 2014, a prospective study was conducted on 15 consecutive patients treated with percutaneous sclerotherapy. The outcomes regarding cystic dimensional variations before and after treatment were analyzed. RESULTS: In 20% of patients complete disappearance of the cystic lesion was achieved. In 67% of the patients the maximum diameter of the cyst was reduced to below 50mm. CONCLUSION: Our results should encourage the use of this treatment because it is a valid and safe option in childhood. The high success rate achieved with percutaneous drainage and sclerotherapy of cystic lesions supports our results.

Local control in metastatic neuroblastoma in children over 1 year of age.

BACKGROUND: Local control is always considered in metastatic neuroblastoma (NBL). The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of radical surgery on survival in children over 1 year of age. METHODS: Fifty-eight patients older than 1 year of age with metastatic NBL were treated with conventional plus high-dose chemotherapy with or without addition of local radiotherapy (RT, 21Gy). Surgery was classified as radical surgery (complete resection and gross total resection) or non-radical surgery. The Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazard model were used to calculate the probability of progression free and overall survival (PFS and OS) and for multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The 5-year PFS and OS for patients with radical surgery were 26% (95% CI 14-40%) and 38% (95% CI 23-53%) respectively, while the PFS and OS for patients without radical surgery were 33% (95% CI 10-59%) and 31% (95% CI 10-55%) (respectively, P 0.85 and P 0.42). The 5-year PFS and OS for patients who received RT were 36% (95% CI 19-53%) and 46% (95% CI 26-64%) respectively, while the 5-year PFS and OS for patients who did not receive RT were 22% (95% CI 9-38%) and 27% (95% CI 13-42%) respectively (P 0.02 for PFS). Multivariate analysis confirmed the role of well-known prognostic factors, such as the presence of MYCN amplification, age and response before high-dose chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the degree of resection does not influence survival in metastatic NBL patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy; local RT contributes to local disease control.

Selective arterial embolization of giant renal tuberous sclerosis.

Different minimally invasive methods have been proposed to treat renal manifestation of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), in order to preserve kidney parenchyma and avoid nephrectomy. The case of a boy with bleeding giant angiomyolipoma treated by selective arterial embolization is discussed. The extensive renal lesions resulted significantly decreased, with resolution of arterial hypertension and abdominal symptoms. Differential renal function increased from 26.6% to 32.6%. Renal involvement in TSC requires careful parenchymal-sparing procedures. Selective embolization of the main renal lesions should be considered as first line therapy.

Short topotecan-based induction regimen in newly diagnosed high-risk neuroblastoma.

PURPOSE: Topotecan is an active drug in relapsed neuroblastoma. We investigated the efficacy and toxicity of a topotecan-based induction regimen in newly diagnosed neuroblastoma. METHODS: Patients older than 1 year with either metastatic or localised stage 2-3 MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma received 2 courses of high-dose topotecan (HD-TPT) 6mg/m(2) and high-dose cyclophosphamide (HD-CPM) 140 mg/kg, followed by 2 courses of ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide (ICE) every 28 days. After surgery on primary tumour, a fifth course with vincristine, doxorubicin and CPM was given, followed by high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell support. Response was assessed in accordance with the International Neuroblastoma Response Criteria. RESULTS: Of 35 consecutive patients, 33 had metastatic disease. The median length of induction phase was 133 days (range 91-207) and time to high-dose chemotherapy was 208 days (range 156-285). The median tumour volume reduction was 55% after two HD-TPT/HD-CPM courses and 80% after four courses. Radical surgery was performed in 16/27 patients after chemotherapy. After the fifth course, 29/34 patients (85%) had achieved a partial remission (12) or a CR/very good partial remission (17). CR of metastases was achieved in 13/32 (41%) and bone marrow was in complete remission in 16/24 patients (67%). Grade 4 neutropenia and/or thrombocytopenia occurred in 100% of HD-TPT/HD-CPM and in 95% of ICE courses, while non-haematological toxicities were manageable. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that our induction regimen is feasible and well tolerated. A major response rate of 85% with 41% complete metastatic response confirms this regimen as effective induction in high-risk neuroblastoma.

Successful treatment of trilateral retinoblastoma with conventional and high-dose chemotherapy plus radiotherapy: a case report.

Trilateral retinoblastoma (TRB) is a rare condition characterized by an intracranial neuroblastic tumor associated with bilateral or unilateral retinoblastoma (RB). The outcome is almost always fatal. An 18-month-old patient with familial bilateral RB was referred for a pineal lesion detected on a screening by magnetic resonance imaging. The child, considered inoperable by 2 different neurosurgical teams, was treated with conventional chemotherapy (methotrexate, vincristine, vepeside, cyclophosphamide, and carboplatin) plus tandem transplantation (vepeside/carboplatin and thiotepa/mephalan) followed by local radiotherapy. At 80 months from the diagnosis of TRB, the patient is alive and in complete remission, with no neuropsychologic consequences. An early and aggressive treatment may improve the prognosis of TRB.

Intima-media thickness and liver histology in obese children and adolescents with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between biopsy-proven non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) in children and adolescents. METHODS: A case-control study was performed. Cases were 31 mostly obese children and adolescents, with NAFLD detected at ultrasonography, and confirmed by liver biopsy. Controls were 49 mostly obese children matched for gender, age and BMI without NAFLD at ultrasonography and with normal levels of aminotransferases. Besides standard laboratory measurements, subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test to evaluate glucose tolerance and to estimate whole body insulin sensitivity (ISI). RESULTS: CIMT was similar in cases and controls on the right side but higher in cases on the left side. Although statistically significant, this difference is unlikely to be clinically relevant because of substantial overlap of CIMT values between cases and controls. Moreover, there was no association between CIMT and the severity of steatosis, ballooning, fibrosis, and the non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis score in cases. At multivariable analysis in the pooled sample (n=80), age and the z-score of BMI but not NAFLD, gender, blood pressure and triglycerides, were associated with CIMT. CONCLUSIONS: We found no association between CIMT and NAFLD in children and adolescents. More importantly, there was no association between histological severity and CIMT in children with NAFLD.

Is juvenile liver biopsy unsafe? Putting an end to a common misapprehension.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous needle biopsy of the liver is the most common procedure used in clinical hepatology for histopathological examination and assessment of liver disease, and remains the cornerstone in the evaluation and management of parenchymal liver diseases. Liver biopsy is generally regarded as a safe procedure, but mortality rates up to 1:10,000 have been reported. In 2003, our group showed that routine use of US as a guide to liver biopsy reduces the rate of complications and provides a higher diagnostic yield. OBJECTIVE: To report our experience of US-guided liver biopsy in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all 421 liver biopsies performed in our department from October 2003 to December 2008. All samples had been obtained by the US-guided technique. All patients had a liver US examination performed prior to the procedure by the same radiologist performing the biopsy. RESULTS: US guidance allowed constant visualization of the needle leading to appropriate tissue sampling in all 421 children (including 221 obese children), and in 79% of children with only one pass. Pain in the right upper quadrant after liver biopsy was experienced by 36% of patients. CONCLUSION: US-guided percutaneous biopsy of the liver in children, performed in a specialized tertiary care paediatric centre by experienced and skilled physicians, can be considered safe and effective.

Blind and ultrasound-guided percutaneous liver biopsy in children.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous biopsy of the liver is the most commonly used procedure to obtain tissue for histopathological assessment of liver disease. Although, intuitively, image-guided liver biopsy might be expected to reduce the risk of bleeding, haematoma caused by a penetrating injury of a branch of the hepatic artery or portal vein, and puncture of the gallbladder, no trial has been large enough to show reduced mortality or morbidity with US guidance, and the mechanisms by which the use of US can reduce the risk of bleeding remain speculative. OBJECTIVE: To compare the mortality and morbidity of blind liver biopsy with that of US-guided liver biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of our experience of 140 procedures over a 16-month period. RESULTS: In the blind group, biopsy was unsuccessful in ten children (95% CL 7.3-25.4); no tissue was obtained in eight children and an inadequate sample was obtained in two. Three children (95% CL 9.2-14.7) suffered significant haemorrhage (indicated by a drop in haemoglobin of >20 g/l) with intrahepatic ( n=1) and subcapsular ( n=2) haematomas detectable by US after biopsy. An adequate sample was obtained in all children in the US-guided group. There were no complications requiring treatment in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed a significant difference in the complication rate between liver biopsy undertaken with US guidance and liver biopsy performed blind ( P=0.002).