Unexpected arrest-related deaths in america: 12 months of open source surveillance.

INTRODUCTION: Sudden, unexpected arrest-related death (ARD) has been associated with drug abuse, extreme delirium or certain police practices. There is insufficient surveillance and causation data available. We report 12 months of surveillance data using a novel data collection methodology. METHODS: We used an open-source, prospective method to collect 12 consecutive months of data, including demographics, behavior, illicit substance use, control methods used, and time of collapse after law enforcement contact. Descriptive analysis and chi-square testing were applied. RESULTS: There were 162 ARD events reported that met inclusion criteria. The majority were male with mean age 36 years, and involved bizarre, agitated behavior and reports of drug abuse just prior to death. Law enforcement control techniques included none (14%); empty-hand techniques (69%); intermediate weapons such as TASER((R)) device, impact weapon or chemical irritant spray (52%); and deadly force (12%). Time from contact to subject collapse included instantaneous (13%), within the first hour (53%) and 1-48 hours (35%). Significant collapse time associations occurred with the use of certain intermediate weapons. CONCLUSION: This surveillance report can be a foundation for discussing ARD. These data support the premise that ARDs primarily occur in persons with a certain demographic and behavior profile that includes middle-aged males exhibiting agitated, bizarre behavior generally following illicit drug abuse. Collapse time associations were demonstrated with the use of TASER devices and impact weapons. We recommend further study in this area to validate our data collection method and findings.

Studies of anticancer and antipyretic activity of Bidens pilosa whole plant.

Screening of different extracts and fractions from the plant Bidens pilosa Linn. var. (Asteraceae) has been conducted using the in-vitro comet assay for anticancer and the antipyretic action, which was done with in-vivo models. The extract from whole plant was extracted with n-hexane, chloroform and methanol extract (E1 - E3). The extracts were fractioned by column chromatography method and fractioned with ethyl acetate, acetone and water (F1 - F3). All the extracts and fractions were tested for anticancer and antipyretic activity. Among extracts E1 shows remarkable anticancer activity and E3 bears maximum antipyretic activity. In the antipyretic activity, paracetamol was used as the standard test drug. The most promising material (LC50 < 1500 microg/ml) was F1 ethyl acetate fractions of methanolic extract and methanolic crude extract of whole plants. However, little correlation was observed in the degree of antipyretic activity between the test drug and standard drug. In conclusion, the extract obtained from the whole plant of Bidens pilosa showed a significant cytotoxic effect to methanolic extract against Hela cells by in vitro method and showed a comparable antipyretic activity effect to paracetamol in rabbit pyrogen test.

The link between the insecticide heptachlor epoxide, estradiol, and breast cancer.

Given the suspected effects of estrogens on breast cancer, xenoestrogenic insecticides may be a risk factor. Studies of the weak xenoestrogen, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE), have failed to demonstrate a causal relationship, though another estrogenic organochlorine insecticide, dieldrin, belonging to the cyclodiene family, has recently been linked to breast cancer. Other cyclodienes such as heptachlor epoxide (HE) and oxychlordane (OC) present in breast tissue have not been evaluated as rigorously, presumably due to their lower concentration and lower recovery using solvent extraction procedures. We used sparging extraction coupled with gas chromatography to determine the levels of HE, OC, and DDE in adipose tissue within breast biopsies in a series of 34 women evaluated for breast abnormality. Of the three insecticides tested, only HE (p=0.007) was positively associated with prevalence of breast cancer in the biopsies. In rapid, non-genomic studies using isolated human leukocytes, flow cytometric methods were used to measure HE-induced oxidants and DNA damage. These studies indicated that HE, at concentrations similar to those in breast biopsies, induced an inverted-U increase in intracellular oxidants and DNA strand breaks [both blocked by specific nitric oxide- (NO-) synthesis blockade withL: -NMMA] in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). HE-treated PMNs also induced damage to surrounding lymphocytes in mixed-leukocyte incubations (also inhibited by NO blockade). The HE-induced changes in NO were inhibited by 17beta-estradiol-(17beta-E2) receptor antagonists and were mimicked by similar concentrations of 17beta-E2. The addition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) increased intracellular oxidants and DNA damage and shifted the responses to lower HE concentrations. This study, along with others, suggests that HE-induced NO production may contribute to initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer.

Studies of anticancer and antipyretic activity of Bidens pilosa check for this species in other resources whole plant

Screening of different extracts and fractions from the plant Bidens pilosa check for this species in other resources Linn. var. (Asteraceae) has been conducted using the in - vitro comet assay for anticancer and the antipyretic action; which was done with in - vivo models.The extract from whole plant was extracted with n - hexane;chloroform and methanol extract (E1 - E3).The extracts were fractioned by column chromatography method and fractioned with ethyl acetate; acetone and water (F1 - F3).All the extracts and fractions were tested for anticancer and antipyretic activity. Among extracts E1 shows remarkable anticancer activity and E3 bears maximum antipyretic activity. In the antipyretic activity; paracetamol was used as the standard test drug.The most promising material (LC50 1500 ?g / ml) was F1 ethyl acetate fractions of methanolic extract and methanolic crude extract of whole plants. However; little correlation was observed in the degree of antipyretic activity between the test drug and standard drug. In conclusion; the extract obtained from the whole plant of Bidens pilosa showed a significant cytotoxic effect to methanolic extract against Hela cells by in vitro method and showed a comparable antipyretic activity effect to paracetamol in rabbit pyrogen test