Biomedical Microscopic Imaging in Computational Intelligence Using Deep Learning Ensemble Convolution Learning-Based Feature Extraction and Classification.

Microscopy image analysis gives quantitative support for enhancing the characterizations of various diseases, including breast cancer, lung cancer, and brain tumors. As a result, it is crucial in computer-assisted diagnosis and prognosis. Understanding the biological principles underlying these dynamic image sequences often necessitates precise analysis and statistical quantification, a major discipline issue. Deep learning methods are increasingly used in bioimage processing as they grow rapidly. This research proposes novel biomedical microscopic image analysis techniques using deep learning architectures based on feature extraction and classification. Here, the input image has been taken as microscopic image, and it has been processed and analyzed for noise removal, edge smoothening, and normalization. The processed image has been extracted based on their features in microscopic image analysis using ConVol_NN architecture with AlexNet model. Then, the features have been classified using ensemble of Inception-ResNet and VGG-16 (EN_InResNet_VGG-16) architectures. The experimental results show various dataset analyses in terms of accuracy of 98%, precision of 90%, computational time of 79%, SNR of 89%, and MSE of 62%.

Proximal Femur Histo-Morphological Changes Among Hip Fracture In Elderly Patients.

BACKGROUND: Hip fracture causes high morbidity in elderly. Decreased bone mineral density is associated with hip fracture risks. The study is conducted to identify relationship of histomorphological changes in proximal femur in the cases of hip fractures in elderly with histomorphological changes in proximal femur. METHODS: A total of 30 elderly patients with hip fracture were studied in this case series. The study was carried out in Orthopaedic and Pathology departments at Mardan Medical Complex from May 2014 to October 2014. Specimen during surgery, were collected for histopathological study. RESULTS: Bone biopsy of hip fracture cases revealed cortical thinning, reduced number of osteocytes, thinning and fragmentation of trabeculae. CONCLUSIONS: This study concluded that bone micro architectural changes seems to be associated with the risk of hip fracture.

Arsenite oxidizing multiple metal resistant bacteria isolated from industrial effluent: their potential use in wastewater treatment.

Arsenite oxidizing bacteria, isolated from industrial wastewater, showed high resistance against arsenite (40 mM) and other heavy metals (10 mM Pb; 8 mM Cd; 6 mM Cr; 10 mM Cu and 26.6 mM As(5+)). Bacterial isolates were characterized, on the basis of morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA ribotyping, as Bacillus cereus (1.1S) and Acinetobacter junii (1.3S). The optimum temperature and pH for the growth of both strains were found to be 37 °C and 7. Both the strains showed maximum growth after 24 h of incubation. The predominant form of arsenite oxidase was extracellular in B. cereus while in A. junii both types of activities, intracellular and extracellular, were found. The extracellular aresenite oxidase activity was found to be 730 and 750 µM/m for B. cereus and A. junii, respectively. The arsenite oxidase from both bacterial strains showed maximum activity at 37 °C, pH 7 and enhanced in the presence of Zn(2+). The presence of two protein bands with molecular weight of approximately 70 and 14 kDa in the presence of arsenic points out a possible role in arsenite oxidation. Arsenite oxidation potential of B. cereus and A. junii was determined up to 92 and 88 % in industrial wastewater after 6 days of incubation. The bacterial treated wastewater improved the growth of Vigna radiata as compared to the untreated wastewater. It indicates that these bacterial strains may find some potential applications in wastewater treatment systems to transform toxic arsenite into less toxic form, arsenate.

Role of nitric oxide in the effect of nebivolol on isolated tracheal muscle of guinea pig.

BACKGROUND: The use of beta blockers is limited by their ability to produce bronchospasm in asthmatics. Third generation beta-blockers like Nebivolol may show better tolerability because they may augment the release of nitric oxide (NO) from endothelial cells. However the involvement of NO in the respiratory effect of Nebivolol remains controversial. The present study, carried out on isolated tracheal muscle strips of guinea pigs, was designed to explore this controversy. METHOD: Varying concentration of histamine ranging from 10(-7) M to 10(-3) M were used to plot a concentration response curve on the isolated tracheal muscle strips of guinea pig and was used as a control. The same concentration response curve was plotted in presence of a fixed concentration of Nebivolol 10(-6) M and then again in presence of a fixed concentration of L-Nitro Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) 10(-4) M and Nebivolol 10(-6) M together in a series of experiments using six sets of isolated tracheal muscle strips in each case. RESULTS: Nebivolol did not produce any significant shift in the concentration response curve while in the presence of L-NAME, Nebivolol shifted the histamine concentration response curve upwards and to the left. CONCLUSION: Nebivolol does not augment the histamine induced contraction of respiratory smooth muscle of guinea pig but in the presence of Nitric Oxide inhibitor L-NAME a significant augmentation of the same curve occurs, indicating a role of NO in the sparing of respiratory smooth muscle by Nebivolol.

Serum homocysteine as a risk factor for coronary heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Homocysteine (Hcy) is an intermediate formed during the catabolism of sulphur containing essential amino acid, methionine and Less than one percent of tHcy is found as the free form. Development of atherosclerotic changes and thrombo-embolism are common features in patients with homocysteinuria. This study was conducted to assess the relationship of Hcy and coronary heart disease (CHD) in our population. METHODS: The cross-sectional analytical study was carried out at the Department of Biochemistry, Hazara University Mansehra and Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad. A total of 80 subjects were included in this study and were divided into 2 groups. Cases Group consisted of 40 patients who had confirmed Myocardial Infarction (MI) coming for routine follow-up (first re-visit) after the acute attack. Control Group consisted of 40 matching healthy individuals. Demographic data including age, gender, dietary habits, height and weight as documented in preformed proforma. Blood pressure was taken in sitting posture. Serum total Hcy were measured. Data was entered into computer using SPSS 16.0 for analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of the cases was 59.68 +/- 8.06 (30-70) years and that of the controls was 58.93 +/- 6.93 (48-76) years. The average BMI of cases was 27.70 +/- 3.61 Kg/m2 and of the controls was 25.66 +/- 2.98 Kg/m2. This increase of BMI from controls to cases was statistically significant (p < 0.050). The mean systolic BP of the cases was 153.88 +/- 11.90 mmHg in comparison with 142.62 +/- 11.65 mmHg for the controls. This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Mean tHcy level of the cases was 17.15 +/- 4.45 micromol/l while that of controls was 12.20 +/- 2.53 micromol/l. There is a statistically significant difference between cases and controls with respect to Hcy levels (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Plasma tHcy level has a powerful predictor value of CHD and routine screening for elevated Hcy concentrations is advisable especially for individuals who manifest atherothrombotic disease without their traditional risk factors.

Liver function tests in preeclampsia.

BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia is a multisystem disorder that can induce damage to cardiovascular system, kidneys, brain and liver. Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is responsible for significant maternal and perinatal morbidity. This study was conducted to compare the liver function tests in preeclampsia with normal pregnancy. METHODS: This study was carried out on 100 pregnant women after 20 weeks of gestation admitted in Obs/Gyn units of Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad. The subjects were divided into two groups. Group A consisted of 50 cases of preeclampsia having blood pressure > or = 140/90 mmHg, proteinuria in 24 hours > or = 300 mg and oedema; Group B had 50 normal pregnant women after 20 weeks of gestation. The data including BMI, parity, period of gestation, blood pressure and presenting complaints of all subjects were recorded. Serum bilirubin and plasma levels of liver enzymes ALT, AST and ALK were measured. RESULTS: The mean BMI of the cases was 29.04 +/- 3.97 and that of controls was 26.54 +/- 3.11. The mean value of serum bilirubin in cases was 10.78 +/- 3.74 micromol/L and in controls it was 7.92 +/- 2.42 micromol/L (p < 0.001). The mean values of enzyme ALT in cases was 55.81 +/- 31.93 U/L while in the controls it was 15.22 +/- 3.30 U/L (p < 0.001). Mean serum AST in the cases was 41.34 +/- 10.76 U/L and in the controls it was 24 +/- 2.54 U/L (p < 0.001). Mean ALK level of cases before delivery was 454.16 +/- 243.69 U/L, and in controls it was 181.34 +/- 66.76 U/L (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Raised levels of serum bilirubin and liver enzymes ALT, AST and ALK were found in preeclampsia cases.

Soluble transferrin receptor: a differentiating marker between iron deficiency anaemia and anaemia of chronic disorders.

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anaemia and anaemia of chronic disorders are the two major causes of microcytic and hypochromic anaemia. Many times the diagnosis of these conditions becomes difficult through conventional laboratory tests. Determination of soluble transferrin receptors is a helpful laboratory test for the differential diagnosis of these conditions. The study was conducted to evaluate the role of soluble transferrin receptors in the differential diagnosis between iron deficiency anaemia and anaemia of chronic disorders. METHODS: A total of 80 blood samples were evaluated, i.e., 20 samples from normal adult male, 20 samples from normal adult female, 20 samples from iron deficiency anaemia group and 20 samples from patients with anaemia of chronic disorders. Soluble transferrin receptors were determined by ELISA technique using Quantikine IVD kit (R and D Systems). RESULTS: There was significant difference in the levels of sTfR in iron deficiency anaemia and anaemia of chronic disorders. Statistically non-significant difference was observed between the levels of sTfR in patients with anaemia of chronic disorders as compared to normal control group. CONCLUSION: The sTfR determination can be used as a reliable differentiating marker in the diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia and anaemia of chronic disorders.