Hallazgo renal infrecuente en una paciente con anemia y pérdida de peso / Unexpected kidney finding in a patient with anemia and weight loss

Mujer de 57 años con trastorno del espectro autista y crisis epilépticas secundarias que consulta por clínica debida a anemia y pérdida de peso. Como antecedentes más relevantes destaca un ingreso hospitalario por sepsis urinaria, donde se evidenció Morganella morganii y una bacteriemia con aislamiento de Staphylococcus epidermidis. La paciente no refería en el momento de la consulta clínica urinaria.Se realizó un TC de abdomen donde se observa un aumento de tamaño del riñón derecho, con pérdida de la diferenciación córtico-medular y sustitución del parénquima renal normal por masas de baja atenuación en el espesor de un parénquima renal destruido que se corresponden con los cálices dilatados. Todo ello asociado a un cálculo coraliforme con afectación de la grasa peripélvica.(AU)

57-year-old woman with autism spectrum disorder and secondary epileptic seizures. A CT of abdomen is requested due to anemia and weight loss. The patient did not refer urinary symptoms. She was admitted four months to Internal Medicine Service, due to urinary sepsis, where Morganela morgani was isolated, and bacteremia, with Staphylococcus epidermidis isolation.In the CT performed, we found an increase in the size of the right kidney, with loss of corticomedullary differentiation and replacement of a destroyed renal parenchyma by low-attenuation masses that corresponds to the dilated calyces. A staghorn stone with involvement of the peripelvic fat was also described.(AU)

Un hallazgo inesperado en hipocondrio derecho / An unexcepted finding in the right hypocondrium

A 90-years-old man comes to the emergency department with diffuse abdominal pain and fever three days. On physical examination, the abdomen is soft and depressible with air-fluid sound present and bilateral reductible inguinal hernias. A mass is palpated at the level of the roght hypochondrium with a positive Murphy´s sign whitout signs of peritoneal irritation. An abdominal CT with intravenous contrast is requested due to the suspicion of acute abdominal pathology, observing cholelithiasis and a markedly distended gallbladder with torsion. (AU)

Quiste complejo de mama / Complex cyst of the breast

83-year-old woman with palpable lesion on the left breast. Mammography shows a single nodule with well-defined borders, and ultrasound a complex cyst with solid areas that biopsy resulted in an encapsulated papillary breast carcinoma. Two axillary lymph nodes were affected. (AU)

Bulto y molestias en región inguinal en gestante de 16 semanas / Lump and discomfort in the groin region in a 16-week pregnant woman 16 weeks

34-year-old woman, 16 weeks pregnant, with a personal history of cervical conization and previous cesarean section.Consultation for discomfort in the right groin region and signs of inflammation in the area, without a clear tumor. She refers that inthe first pregnancy she presented the same symptoms. In the intergestational period she has not noticed these symptoms. On physicalexamination, the 16-week pregnant abdomen did not reveal clear signs of hernia, although there was slight pain on palpation. It wasdecided to request a pelvic ultrasound to rule out the presence of hernia or other soft tissue lesions in the groin region. (AU)

Mujer de 34 años, gestante de 16 semanas, con antecedentes personales de conización cervical y cesárea anterior. Consultapor molestias en región inguinal derecha y signos de inflamación en la zona, sin clara tumoración. Refiere que en el primerembarazo presentaba la misma sintomatología. En el período intergestacional no ha notado estos síntomas. A la exploraciónfísica se palpa útero, con altura correspondiente a unas 16 semanas de gestación, no se demuestran signos evidentes de hernia,aunque si leve dolor a la palpación. Se decide solicitar ecografía pélvica para descartar la presencia de hernia u otras lesiones de partes blandas en región inguinal. (AU)

Proctitis estercorácea. Una entidad potencialmente mortal / Stercoraceus proctitis. A potentially deadly entity

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77 years old man with abdominal pain, vomiting, and oral intolerance. History of chronic constipation. Abdominal CT shows dilatation and wall thickening of sigmoid and rectum . Stercoraceus colitis is a rare but serious disease and can cause death

Histopathology of lesions caused by Pseudocorynosoma constrictum (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) in the ileum of blue-winged teal.

Pseudocorynosoma constrictum (Van Cleave, 1918) is a polymorphid acanthocephalan that attaches to the digestive tract of waterfowl to complete its life cycle, causing severe histological damage to its definitive avian hosts. In the present study, we present a histopathological analysis of the lesions that P. constrictum induced in the layers of the ileum of the blue-winged teal Anas discors. The results revealed that worms insert the attachment structures into the inner gut muscular layer, which causes substantial swelling, haemorrhaging and necrosis in the tissue near the parasite's proboscis. We also observed that the number of parasites attached to the tissue can obstruct the intestinal lumen; in the most serious case, we observed more than 30 parasites penetrating completely the walls of the bird intestine.

Enfermedad neurodegenerativa: demencia frontotemporal / Neurodegenerative disease: Frontotemporal dementia

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¿Qué puede producir lesiones pleurales? / What disease can cause pleural lesions?

La presentación clínica del cáncer renal y de su enfermedad metastásica es muy variable. El carcinoma renal metastatiza, por orden de frecuencia, a pulmón, hueso, hígado, suprarrenales y cerebro. Las metástasis son la causa más frecuente de lesiones extrapulmonares. Su diagnóstico se realiza mediante radiografía de tórax, como prueba de imagen inicial, seguido de la TAC, la cual permite determinar con más precisión la localización, origen y extensión de la lesión (para establecer el estadio de estos tumores), y porque además, junto con la ecografía, se utiliza como método guía para la realización de procedimientos intervencionistas

The clinical presentation of renal cancer and its metastatic disease is very variable. Renal carcinoma can metastasize, in order of frequency, to lung, bone, liver, adrenal and brain. Metastases are the most frequent cause of extrapulmonary lesions. The diagnosis is made by chest radiography, as an initial imaging test, followed by CT, which allows to determine more precisely the location, origin and extent of the lesion (to establish the stage of these tumors), and because in addition, with the ultrasound, it is used as a guiding method for performing interventional procedures

Dolor abdominal en paciente con antecedente de diverticulosis colónica / Abdominal pain in a patient with a history of colonic diverticular disease

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Lesión atípica del cuerpo calloso / Atypical lesion of the corpus callosum

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mTORC1 Prevents Epithelial Damage During Inflammation and Inhibits Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer Development.

Epithelial cells lining the intestinal mucosa constitute a selective-semipermeable barrier acting as first line of defense in the organism. The number of those cells remains constant during physiological conditions, but disruption of epithelial cell homeostasis has been observed in several pathologies. During colitis, epithelial cell proliferation decreases and cell death augments. The mechanism responsible for these changes remains unknown. Here, we show that the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFNγ contributes to the inhibition of epithelial cell proliferation in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) by inducing the activation of mTORC1. Activation of mTORC1 in response to IFNγ was detected in IECs present along the crypt axis and in colonic macrophages. mTORC1 inhibition enhances cell proliferation, increases DNA damage in IEC. In macrophages, mTORC1 inhibition strongly reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory markers. As a consequence, mTORC1 inhibition exacerbated disease activity, increased mucosal damage, enhanced ulceration, augmented cell infiltration, decreased survival and stimulated tumor formation in a model of colorectal cancer CRC associated to colitis. Thus, our findings suggest that mTORC1 signaling downstream of IFNγ prevents epithelial DNA damage and cancer development during colitis.

Neumomediastino y neumotórax bilateral en paciente con fibrosis pulmonar idiopática / Pneumomediastinum and Bilateral Pneumothorax in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Los pacientes con fibrosis pulmonar idiopática (FPI) presentan un mayor riesgo de desarrollar complicaciones pulmonares agudas, incluyendo entre ellas el neumotórax y el neumomediastino. Describimos los hallazgos en la radiografía y el TAC de tórax en un paciente con diagnóstico de FPI. El examen radiológico realizado por dos radiólogos especialistas de tórax reveló hallazgos de aire extra alveolar. La disnea, disfagia, afonía y dolor torácico fueron los síntomas más llamativos que presentó el paciente. En la Rx de tórax se apreció neumotórax bilateral y neumomediastino. El paciente falleció a los 22 días de iniciado el deterioro clínico por insuficiencia respiratoria

Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have a higher risk of developing acute pulmonary complications, including pneumothorax and spontaneus pneumomediastinum. We describe the findings in the xray and CT scan of the thorax in a patient diagnosed with IPF. The radiography examination by two thoracic specialist radiologists revealed evidenced extravascular air in the thorax. Disnea, disphagia, aphonia, thoracic pain were the most concerning symptom presented in the patient. The thoracic radiology display air in the pleural cavity along bilateral pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum. The patient died 22 days after the start of clinical deterioration due to respiratory failure

Lesión craneal inespecífica / Non specific cranial lesion

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Unas calificaciones especiales en mamografía / Special calcifications in mammography

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Masa palpable en muslo con antecedente traumático / Palpable mass in thigh with trauma antecedent

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Múltiples imágenes nodulares hipervasculares / Multiple hypervascular nodule images

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Múltiples nódulos hepáticos / Multiple hepatic nodules

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Cortactin deficiency causes increased RhoA/ROCK1-dependent actomyosin contractility, intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction, and disproportionately severe DSS-induced colitis.

The intestinal epithelium constitutes a first line of defense of the innate immune system. Epithelial dysfunction is a hallmark of intestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). The actin cytoskeleton controls epithelial barrier integrity but the function of actin regulators such as cortactin is poorly understood. Given that cortactin controls endothelial permeability, we hypothesized that cortactin is also important for epithelial barrier regulation. We found increased permeability in the colon of cortactin-KO mice that was accompanied by reduced levels of ZO-1, claudin-1, and E-cadherin. By contrast, claudin-2 was upregulated. Cortactin deficiency increased RhoA/ROCK1-dependent actomyosin contractility, and inhibition of ROCK1 rescued the barrier defect. Interestingly, cortactin deficiency caused increased epithelial proliferation without affecting apoptosis. KO mice did not develop spontaneous colitis, but were more susceptible to dextran sulfate sodium colitis and showed severe colon tissue damage and edema formation. KO mice with colitis displayed strong mucus deposition and goblet cell depletion. In healthy human colon tissues, cortactin co-localized with ZO-1 at epithelial cell contacts. In IBDs patients, we observed decreased cortactin levels and loss of co-localization with ZO-1. Thus, cortactin is a master regulator of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in vivo and could serve as a suitable target for pharmacological intervention in IBDs.

Calcificaciones pélvicas en mujer joven / Pelvic calcifications in young women

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pH-Responsive PLGA Nanoparticle for Controlled Payload Delivery of Diclofenac Sodium.

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) based nanoparticles have gained increasing attention in delivery applications due to their capability for controlled drug release characteristics, biocompatibility, and tunable mechanical, as well as degradation, properties. However, thorough study is always required while evaluating potential toxicity of the particles from dose dumping, inconsistent release and drug-polymer interactions. In this research, we developed PLGA nanoparticles modified by chitosan (CS), a cationic and pH responsive polysaccharide that bears repetitive amine groups in its backbone. We used a model drug, diclofenac sodium (DS), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), to study the drug loading and release characteristics. PLGA nanoparticles were synthesized by double-emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The nanoparticles were evaluated based on their particle size, surface charge, entrapment efficacy, and effect of pH in drug release profile. About 390-420 nm of average diameters and uniform morphology of the particles were confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurement. Chitosan coating over PLGA surface was confirmed by FTIR and DLS. Drug entrapment efficacy was up to 52%. Chitosan coated PLGA showed a pH responsive drug release in in vitro. The release was about 45% more at pH 5.5 than at pH 7.4. The results of our study indicated the development of chitosan coating over PLGA nanoparticle for pH dependent controlled release DS drug for therapeutic applications.