Economic burden of primary compared with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated the additional healthcare costs of recurrent C. difficile infection (CDI). AIM: To quantify inpatient treatment costs for CDI and length of stay among hospitalized patients with primary CDI only, compared with CDI patients who experienced recurrent CDI. METHODS: This was a prospective, observational cohort study of hospitalized adult patients with primary CDI followed for three months to assess for recurrent CDI episodes. Total and CDI-attributable hospital length of stay (LOS) and hospitalization costs were compared among patients who did or did not experience at least one recurrent CDI episode. FINDINGS: In all, 540 hospitalized patients aged 62±17 years (42% males) with primary CDI were enrolled, of whom 95 patients (18%) experienced 101 recurrent CDI episodes. CDI-attributable median (interquartile range) LOS and costs (in US$) increased from 7 (4-13) days and $13,168 (7,525-24,456) for patients with primary CDI only versus 15 (8-25) days and $28,218 (15,050-47,030) for patients with recurrent CDI (P<0.0001, each). Total hospital median LOS and costs increased from 11 (6-22) days and $20,693 (11,287-41,386) for patients with primary CDI only versus 24 (11-48) days and $45,148 (20,693-82,772) for patients with recurrent CDI (P<0.0001, each). The median cost of pharmacological treatment while hospitalized was $60 (23-200) for patients with primary CDI only (N=445) and $140 (30-260) for patients with recurrent CDI (P=0.0013). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that patients with CDI experience a significant healthcare economic burden attributed to CDI. Economic costs and healthcare burden increased significantly for patients with recurrent CDI.

Corpora amylacea in the neocortex in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and focal cortical dysplasia.

INTRODUCTION: Corpora amylacea (CoA) are present in about 60% of atrophic hippocampi resected from patients with drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (DRTLE). They have also been described in the lateral temporal neocortex, although less frequently. OBJECTIVE: The objective is to measure the presence, distribution and density of CoA in the lateral temporal lobes of patients with DRTLE and focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), also examining how CoA density may be linked to demographic and clinical traits. METHODS: Resected tissue from 35 patients was analysed. CoA density was assessed with a semi-quantitative scale according to the criteria established by Cherian et al. RESULTS: Presence of CoA in the neocortex of 9 patients was associated with hippocampal sclerosis (FCD type iiia, 7 cases), disembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour (FCD type iiib, 1 case), and cavernous angioma (FCD type iiic, 1 case). The meningeal surface (MS) was involved in all cases, and 8 cases displayed CoA in the cerebral parenchyma (white matter) and around blood vessels. CoA density on the MS showed a negative correlation with age at seizure onset (r = -0.828, P<.05) and a positive correlation with disease duration (r = 0.678, P<.05) but not with postoperative clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with DRTLE and a primary lesion (hippocampal sclerosis, tumour, vascular malformation) associated with mild FCD were shown to have CoA deposits in the neocortex. No association was found between presence of CoA and clinical outcome one year after surgery.

Lycopene supplementation reduces TNF-α via RAGE in the kidney of obese rats.

BACKGROUND: The kidney is a target organ for injuries caused by advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in obesity. The receptor of AGEs (RAGE) is proinflammatory and appears to have a role in the pathogenesis of renal disease due to obesity. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to verify the effect of obesity on renal damage and the effect of lycopene on these complicationsDesign and Methods:Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive a control diet (C, n=7) or a high-fat diet plus sucrose (HD+S, n=14) for 6 weeks. After this period, the HD+S animals were randomized into two groups: HD+S (n=7) and HD+S supplemented with lycopene (HD+S+L, n=7). The animals received maize oil (C and HD+S) or lycopene (HD+S+L) for a 6-week period. RESULTS: The HD+S and HD+S+L animals demonstrated insulin resistance (OGTT glucose after 150 min; C: 117.6±3.9

Cannabis use and age at onset of psychosis: further evidence of interaction with COMT Val158Met polymorphism.

OBJECTIVE: To examine, in a sample of young psychiatric patients, (n = 157, mean age 17.01 years (SD = 3.6)) whether i) age at first cannabis use and age at emergence of psychiatric disorders are related and ii) such a relationship is modulated by the Val158Met polymorphism in the COMT gene. METHOD: Cannabis use profiles and COMT Val158Met genotypes were obtained from 80 inpatients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and 77 inpatients with other non-psychotic disorders. RESULTS: First, age at first cannabis use correlates with age at onset in both schizophrenia-spectrum and other psychiatric disorder groups: those who started using cannabis earlier had an earlier age at onset of psychiatric disorders. Second, the distribution of the Val158Met genotypes was not different either between diagnosis groups or between cannabis users and non-users. Third, an interaction between Val158Met genotypes and cannabis use was observed specifically on age at emergence of psychotic disorders, with Val/Val genotype carriers showing an earlier age at onset than Met carriers. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest the importance of brain maturation timing in which exposure to cannabis occurs. The COMT Val158Met genotype seems to modulate the association between cannabis and age at onset of psychotic disorders. These results are consistent with previous studies.

New evidences of gene and environment interactions affecting prenatal neurodevelopment in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: a family dermatoglyphic study.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported an increase of dermatoglyphic anomalies in schizophrenic patients compared to controls. However, the recognition of specific dermatoglyphic variables related to this disorder and their genetic and/or environmental component are still controversial. METHOD: We conducted a dermatoglyphic analysis in a new sample of 617 individuals: 205 patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, 224 healthy first degree relatives and 188 healthy controls. The dermatoglyphic variables studied were: the total a-b ridge count (TABRC) and its fluctuating asymmetry (FAABRC), and the presence of ridge dissociations (RD) and abnormal palmar flexion creases (APFC). RESULTS: Patients, relatives and controls did not differ in TABRC. However, within the patients group those with a low birth weight or absence of psychiatric family history showed lower TABRC than the others. The frequency of ectodermic derivates abnormalities (RD and/or APFC) appeared to be higher in patients and relatives than in controls, while first degree relatives did not differ from patients. Males showed an increased rate of ectodermic derivates abnormalities compared to females in all groups and male patients also presented higher FAABRC than female patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest a different relative weight of genetic and environmental factors on each dermatoglyphic variable analyzed: i) TABRC may be a sensitive marker to environmental factors in schizophrenia, ii) ectodermal derivates abnormalities appear to be influenced by genetic risk factors, which could be involved both in the disrupted development of ectodermic derivates like dermatoglyphics and central nervous system and in the vulnerability for schizophrenia.

[Pathological neocortical findings in patients with medication-resistant medial temporal lobe epilepsy submitted to surgery]. / Hallazgos patológicos neocorticales en pacientes con epilepsia del lóbulo temporal medial farmacorresistente sometidos a cirugía.

INTRODUCTION: The dual pathology consisting of hippocampal sclerosis plus focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is often reported in patients with medication-resistant medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). AIMS: To determine the histopathological changes that take place in the neocortex of patients with medication-resistant MTLE submitted to surgery and to evaluate the relation between the histopathological changes, pathological background and the clinical course of patients who had received surgical treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tissue obtained by en bloc resection from the neocortex of 18 patients with MTLE refractory to medical treatment was processed histologically and a tailored temporal lobectomy was performed with electrocorticography. RESULTS: Dual pathology was diagnosed in 13 patients (72.2%). Imaging studies confirmed the existence of mesial sclerosis of the temporal in 100% of cases and there was no evidence of neocortical lesions. Histologically, 46.15% and 38.46% of the patients were diagnosed as belonging to FCD type 1a and FCD type 1b, respectively. Only one patient presented FCD type 2a. A statistically significant relation was found between the presence of dual pathology and the existence of an early precipitating injury (p = 0.04). One year after surgery, 72.7% (8/11) patients with dual pathology were classified as belonging to Engel class I. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with MTLE there are microscopic FCD-type alterations in the neocortex. There is an association between these alterations and the existence of an initial precipitating injury. Complete resection of the epileptogenic area, which is guaranteed by the lobectomy tailored by electrocorticography, allows patients to enjoy a favourable post-surgical progression one year after surgery.

Hallazgos patológicos neocorticales en pacientes con epilepsia del lóbulo temporal medial farmacorresistente sometidos a cirugía / Pathological neocortical findings in patients with medication-resistant medial temporal lobe epilepsy submitted to surgery

La patología dual compuesta por esclerosis hipocampal y displasia cortical focal (DCF) se describecon frecuencia en pacientes con epilepsia del lóbulo temporal medial (ELTM) farmacorresistente. Objetivos. Determinar los cambios histopatológicos en la neocorteza de pacientes con ELTM farmacorresistente sometidos a cirugía y evaluar la relación entre los cambios histopatológicos, los antecedentes patológicos y la evolución clínica en los pacientes operados. Materialesy métodos. Se procesó histológicamente el tejido resecado en bloque (neocorteza) de 18 pacientes con ELTM refractaria a tratamiento médico, y se les realizó lobectomía temporal ajustada por electrocorticografía. Resultados. Se diagnóstico patología dual en 13 pacientes (72,2%). Los estudios imagenológicos confirmaron en el 100% de los casos la esclerosis mesialdel temporal y no existieron evidencias de lesión neocortical. Histológicamente, el 46,15% y el 38,46% de los pacientes fueron diagnosticados como DCF tipo 1a y DCF tipo 1b, respectivamente. Sólo un paciente presentó DCF tipo 2a. Se demostró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la presencia de patología dual y la existencia de una daño precipitante inicial (p = 0,04). El 72,7% (8/11) de los pacientes con patología dual un año después de la cirugía se clasificó en la clase Ide Engel. Conclusiones. En los pacientes con ELTM existen alteraciones microscópicas en la neocorteza del tipo DCF. Estas alteraciones se asocian a la existencia de un daño precipitante inicial. La resección completa de la zona epileptogénica, garantizadapor la lobectomía ajustada por electrocorticografía, permite una buena evolución posquirúrgica un año después de la cirugía

The dual pathology consisting of hippocampal sclerosis plus focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is oftenreported in patients with medication-resistant medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Aims. To determine the histopathological changes that take place in the neocortex of patients with medication-resistant MTLE submitted to surgery and to evaluate the relation between the histopathological changes, pathological background and the clinical course of patients whohad received surgical treatment. Materials and methods. Tissue obtained by en bloc resection from the neocortex of 18 patients with MTLE refractory to medical treatment was processed histologically and a tailored temporal lobectomy was performed with electrocorticography. Results. Dual pathology was diagnosed in 13 patients (72.2%). Imaging studies confirmed the existenceof mesial sclerosis of the temporal in 100% of cases and there was no evidence of neocortical lesions. Histologically, 46.15% and 38.46% of the patients were diagnosed as belonging to FCD type 1a and FCD type 1b, respectively. Only one patient presented FCD type 2a. A statistically significant relation was found between the presence of dual pathology and the existenceof an early precipitating injury (p = 0.04). One year after surgery, 72.7% (8/11) patients with dual pathology were classified as belonging to Engel class I. Conclusions. In patients with MTLE there are microscopic FCD-type alterations in the neocortex.There is an association between these alterations and the existence of an initial precipitating injury. Complete resection of the epileptogenic area, which is guaranteed by the lobectomy tailored by electrocorticography, allows patients to enjoy a favourable post-surgical progression one year after surgery

Family-based association study of neuregulin-1 gene and psychosis in a Spanish sample.

Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) is one of the most exciting candidate genes for schizophrenia since its first association with the disorder in an Icelandic population. Since then, many studies have analyzed allele and haplotype frequencies in European and Asian populations in cases and controls yielding varying results. We investigated the association of NRG1 with psychosis in a total sample set of 575 individuals from 151 Spanish nuclear families. We tested eight SNPs across 1.2 Mb along NRG1 including regions previously associated to schizophrenia in association studies. After correction for multiple testing, the TDT analysis for each marker did not show a significant over-transmission of alleles from the parents to the affected offspring for any of the markers (P > 0.05). The haplotypic analysis with TRANSMIT and PDT did not show preferential transmission for any of the haplotypes analyzed in our sample. These results do not seem to suggest that the investigated NRG1 markers play a role in schizophrenia in the Spanish population, although the finding of a trend for association with one SNP in the 3'of the gene warrants further investigation.

Alteraciones inmunológicas en pacientes epilépticos asociadas a la localización del foco epileptogénico. Réplica / Immunological disorders in epileptic patients linked to the localisation of the epileptogenic focus. Reply

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Réplica. Alteraciones inmunológicas en pacientes epilépticos asociadas a la localización del foco epileptogénico / Reply. Immunological disorders in epileptic patients are associated to the epileptogenic focus localization

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[Immunological disorders in epileptic patients are associated to the epileptogenic focus localization]. / Alteraciones inmunológicas en pacientes epilépticos asociadas a la localización del foco epileptogénico.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical and experimental data support the role of immune mechanisms in the pathogeny of epilepsy. The purpose of this work was to study the immunological aspects in 30 epileptic patients with complex partial crisis resistant to antiepileptic drugs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The patients were evaluated by EEG-Video and they were grouped attending to epileptogenic focus localization in: temporals (n = 16), lateralized (n = 6) and extratemporals (n = 4). We also studied a group with psychogenic epilepsy (n = 4), this group was diagnosed after EEG-video evaluation. The following immunological evaluations has been carried out: levels of serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM e IgA) by radial immunodiffusion test and lymphocytic subpopulations using immunocytochemical methods. We measured the percent of T and B lymphocytes (CD3 and CD20), helper/inductor lymphocyte T (CD4), suppressor/cytotoxic (CD8), interleukine-2 receptor (CD25) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA-DR). RESULTS: The results show a significant increase of CD8+ lymphocytes (p < 0.05) and in the activation markers (CD25+ and HLA-DR+ cells). The evaluation of immunological parameters applied to different group of epileptogenic focus localization shown that the increase of CD8+ lymphocytes is limited to temporal and lateralized patients (p < 0.01). The patients with extratemporal localization of focus and the psychogenic cases shown normal values for the evaluated immunological lymphocyte markers. We did not find a deficit in the humoral immunological aspects. CONCLUSIONS: Taking into account that patients diagnosed as psychogenic received an antiepileptic drug treatment identical to that of the other group, the observed immunological changes might be related with the patogeny of certain epilepsy variants associated with the focus localization and not with the medication.

Inflamación bronquial del fumador: al lado de la dificultad puede estar la facilidad / Bronquial inflammation in smokers: clarifying terms

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Características clinico epidemiológicas de un grupo de donantes multiorgánicos utilizados para trasplante de órganos en Cuba / Epidemiological characteristics of a group of multi-organ donors used to transplant organs in Cuba

Introducción. En la trasplantología actual el donante de órganos es un eslabón fundamental. Objetivos. Determinar las características demográficas de los donantes utilizados en el programa de trasplante hepático en Cuba, las principales causas de muerte cerebral, aminas más utilizadas y patrón serológico, así como presentar los trasplantes realizados. Pacientes y métodos. Se revisaron los expedientes clínicos de los donantes reales procesados entre julio de 1999 y julio de 2000. Resultados. En el período de estudio se trabajó con 13 donantes reales de órganos: 9 varones (69,2 por ciento) y 4 mujeres (30,8 por ciento), distribuidos en los siguientes grupos de edades: 15-30 años: 3 casos (23 por ciento), 31-45 años: 4 casos (30,8 por ciento), 46-60 años: 5 casos (38,5 por ciento) y mayores de 60 años: 1 caso (7,7 por ciento). Se realizaron 42 trasplantes: 12 de hígado, incluyendo el primero en nuestro país hepatorrenal, 18 de riñón, 10 de córnea y 1 de corazón. Las causas de muerte fueron: traumatismo craneoencefálico: 10 (76,9 por ciento) y accidente vascular cerebral hemorrágico: 3 (23,1 por ciento). Sólo 3 casos (23,1 por ciento) no requirieron de apoyo con aminas vasoactivas, los otros 10 (76,9 por ciento) sí las utilizaron; las más empleadas fueron la dopamina y la epinefrina en 6 casos, respectivamente (46,1 por ciento). Respecto a los estudios serológicos, las inmunoglobulinas G para citomegalovirus fueron positivas en los 13 casos: Epstein Barr Virus 6 (46,1 por ciento), toxoplasma: 12 (92,3 por ciento), herpes virus I: 13, herpes virus II: 13. Conclusiones. El donante tipo fue un varón de entre 46 y 60 años con muerte cerebral por traumatismo craneoencefálico secundario a accidente de tráfico. En un alto porcentaje de los donantes es necesario el apoyo con aminas para lograr una estabilidad hemodinámica, y existe un alto porcentaje de positividad para los estudios serológicos microbiológicos (AU)

Exposure to arsenic and lead and neuropsychological development in Mexican children.

This cross-sectional study examined the effects of chronic exposure to lead (Pb), arsenic (AS) and undernutrition on the neuropsychological development of children. Two populations chronically exposed to either high (41 children) or low (39 children) levels of As and Pb were analyzed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Revised Version, for México (WISC-RM). Geometric means of urinary arsenic (AsU) and lead in blood (PbB) were 62.9+/-0.03 (microgAs/g creatinine) and 8.9+/-0.03 (microg/dl) for the exposed group and 40.2+/-0.03 (microgAs/g creatinine) and 9.7+/-0.02 (microg/dl) for the reference group. The height for age index (HAI) was used as an indicator of chronic malnutrition and sociodemographic information was obtained with a questionnaire. Lead and arsenic were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Data on full, verbal, and performance intelligence quotients (IQ) scores, long-term memory, linguistic abstraction, attention span, and visuospatial organization were obtained through the WISC-RM. After controlling for significant potential confounders verbal IQ (P<0.01) decreased with increasing concentrations of AsU. The HAI correlated positively with full-scale and performance IQ (P<0.01). Higher levels of AsU were significantly related to poorer performance on WISC-RM factors examining long-term memory and linguistic abstraction, while lower scores in WISC-RM factors measuring attention were obtained at increasing values of PbB. Our results suggest that exposure to As and chronic malnutrition could have an influence on verbal abilities and long-term memory, while Pb exposure could affect the attention process even at low levels.

[Epidemiological characteristics of a group of multi organ donors used to transplant organs in Cuba]. / Características clinicoepidemiológicas de un grupo de donantes multiorgánicos utilizados para trasplante de órganos en Cuba.

INTRODUCTION: For current transplants, the organ donor is a basic factor. OBJECTIVES: To determine the demographic characteristics of the donors used in the Cuban liver transplant programme, the main causes of brain death, most widely used amines and serology pattern. To report the transplants carried out. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the clinical histories of the actual donors processed between July 1999 and July 2000. RESULTS: During the period studied 13 actual donors were used: 9 men (69.2%) and 4 women (30.8%) distributed in the following age groups: 15 30 years: 3 cases (23%); 31 45 years : 4 cases (30.8%); 46 60 years: 5 cases (38.5%), and over 60 years: 1 case (7.7%). We did 42 transplants: 12 liver, including the first hepato renal in Cuba, 18 kidney, 10 cornea, and 1 heart. The causes of death were: head injury: 10 (76.9%), and hemorrhagic cerebral vascular accident: 3 (23.1%). Only 3 cases (23.1%) did not require the use of vasoactive amines. These were used in the other 10 (76.9%). The most commonly used were dopamine and epinephrine, in 6 cases each (46.1%). In the serological studies for immunoglobulin G for cytomegalovirus all 13 were positive, Epstein Barr virus 6 (46.1%), toxoplasma 12 (92.3%), herpes virus 1: 13, herpes virus 11: 13. CONCLUSIONS: The typical donor was a man aged 46 60 years with brain death due to head injury following a road traffic accident. A large proportion of donors required the use of amines to maintain hemodynamic stability. There was a large proportion of patients who were found on microbiological serology studies to test positive.

[Influence of early stimulation in cerebral palsy]. / Influencia de la estimulación temprana en la parálisis cerebral.

INTRODUCTION: Early stimulation is known to be useful, necessary treatment aimed at developing as much as possible the social psychophysical potential of any child at high environmental and/or biological risk. This group includes children with cerebral palsy, a disorder of the nervous system which may cause retardation in the processes of maturation of the central nervous system and be expressed from the earliest months of the child's life as retardation of psychomotor development. OBJECTIVE: To show the efficiency of early stimulation in children diagnosed as having cerebral palsy and retardation of psychomotor development. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was made of 20 children aged between 9 and 41 months with this diagnosis, in the hospital of CIREN (Cuba). They were treated for a period of 1 to 3 months by a multi-disciplinary team and participated in the programme for Early Stimulation. Assessment was made by the Neuropsychology Department at the start and end of the treatment period, using the first part of the Brunet-Lezine scale for the measurement of psychomotor development in early childhood. RESULTS: In all patients there was a favorable course and new abilities were acquired. There was better performance than before the treatment was started and accelerated rate of development during the period of treatment. CONCLUSION: Patients with cerebral palsy and psychomotor retardation benefit from application of a programme of Early Stimulation.

[Multiple nodular pulmonary AA amyloidosis. A case report]. / Amiloidosis nodular pulmonar múltiple de tipo AA. Presentación de un caso.

Amyloidosis is a uncommon disease which affect respiratory system with well defined patterns. We describe a case of multiple nodular pulmonary amyloidosis in a 81 year old man mimicking other entities: metastatic disease, tuberculosis and other granulomatose diseases. In our patient amyloide substance was type AA, being type AL the most frequent one in nodular pulmonary amyloidosis.

[Epidemiology of tuberculosis in Galicia]. / Epidemiología de la tuberculosis en Galicia.

BACKGROUND: To know the real incidence of tuberculosis in Galicia and its epidemiological characteristics. METHODS: Study of data recorded in the "Galician Programme for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention", where an active epidemiological survey of every diagnosis of tuberculosis is carried out in every part of Galicia. RESULTS: 1995 cases were included in this study, with an incidence of 72.7/100,000 inhabitants. 58% of the cases were detected by the epidemiological survey. 92% of the cases were newly diagnosed cases, being the remain relapses. The highest incidence were localized in the areas of A Coruña and Vigo. The mean age was 40.5 years with 57% being between 15 and 44 years. Male incidence was 92.8/100,000 and female incidence was 54.0/100,000 (RR = 1.72; CI 95%: 1.57-1.88). 18.1% of the patients had at least one of the following risk factors associated: HIV infection (9.1%), alcoholism (8.4%) or injecting drug use (7.3%). Other risk factors for tuberculosis were very unusual. Pulmonary localization was the most frequent form with 1389 cases (incidence: 50.6/100,000). 742 patients were considered to be bacilliferous (incidence: 27/100,000). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of tuberculosis in Galicia is high. Its epidemiological characteristics suggest a historical lack of measures of tuberculosis control.

Epidemiología de la tuberculosis en Galicia / Epidemiology of tuberculosis in Galicia

Objetivo: Conocer la incidencia real de la tuberculosis en Galicia y sus características epidemiológicas. Método: Estudio de los datos recogidos durante 1996 en el "Programa Gallego de Prevención y Control de la Tuberculosis" en el cual se realiza un sistema de vigilancia activa epidemiológica de los casos de tuberculosis diagnosticados en la totalidad de la comunidad autónoma de Galicia. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio 1995 casos de tuberculosis que suponen una incidencia de 72,7 por cien mil habitantes. Un 58% de los casos fueron detectados mediante el sistema de vigilancia activa epidemiológica. El 92%de los casos fueron iniciales, siendo el resto recidivas. Las mayores tasas de incidencia se dieron en las áreas de influencia de A Coruña y de Vigo. La edad media fue de 40,5 años, con el 57% de los pacientes entre los 15 y 44 años. La incidencia específica en varones fue de 92,8 por cien mil y en mujeres de 54,0 por cien mil (RR=1,72; IC95%: 1,57-1,88). Un 18,1% de los pacientes presentaron al menos uno de los siguientes factores de riesgo: anticuerpos frente al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (9,1%), alcoholismo (8,4%) o adicción a drogas por vía parenteral (7,3%). La presencia de otros factores de riesgo fue muy escasa. La localización pulmonar fue la forma más frecuente con 1389 casos (incidencia: 50,6 por cien mil); con 742 pacientes bacilíferos (incidencia: 27,0 por cien mil). Conclusiones: Galicia presenta una elevada incidencia de tuberculosis con unas características epidemiológicas que sugieren un déficit histórico en las medidas de control de la enfermedad (AU)