Cervical pneumatocele: A case report and review of the literature.

A thyroidectomy is a safe and low-risk procedure done for a wide variety of thyroid disorders. Complications of a thyroidectomy are commonly due to damage of structures adjacent to the thyroid gland. In this case report, we present the case of a 39-year-old patient with a cervical pneumatocele a month after thyroidectomy for thyroid papillary carcinoma. The symptoms included neck swelling when speaking that resolved with rest. A follow-up neck CT scan found a collection of air anterior to the trachea most compatible with cervical pneumatocele. Exploratory surgery ensued and a pneumatocele arising from a tracheal subcutaneous fistula was cauterized. On follow-up laryngoscopy a month later, no further complications were found, and the patient reported resolution of symptoms. Tracheal injury following thyroidectomy is a rare complication and CT imaging can be helpful in diagnosing these complications and expediting management.

Assessment of the pre-emptive effect of photobiomodulation in the postoperative period of impacted lower third molar extractions: A randomized, controlled, double-blind study protocol.

Photobiomodulation is a safe option for controlling pain, edema, and trismus when applied postoperatively in third molar surgery. However, administration prior to surgery has been under-explored. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of pre-emptive photobiomodulation in reducing postoperative edema in impacted lower third molar extractions. Two groups of healthy individuals undergoing tooth extraction will be randomly assigned: Control group receiving pre-emptive corticosteroid and simulated photobiomodulation, and Photobiomodulation Group receiving intraoral low-intensity laser and extraoral LED cluster application. The primary outcome will be postoperative edema after 48 h. The secondary outcomes will be pain, trismus dysphagia, and analgesic intake (paracetamol). These outcomes will be assessed at baseline as well as two and seven days after surgery. Adverse effects will be recorded. Data will be presented as means ± SD and a p-value < 0.05 will be indicative of statistical significance.

Relationship between technology acceptance model, self-regulation strategies, and academic self-efficacy with academic performance and perceived learning among college students during remote education.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the technology acceptance model, self-regulation strategies, and academic self-efficacy with academic performance and perceived learning among college students during remote education. Methods: The participants were 301 university students from Lima. Structural equation model was used to test the proposed theoretical relationships between the variables. On the one hand, the study sought to explore the relationship between academic self-efficacy and self-regulation strategies with the technology acceptance model. On the other hand, it sought to determine whether the three dimensions of the technology acceptance model are positively related to perceived learning and academic performance. Results: The results suggest the importance of improving psychological variables such as self-efficacy and self-regulation strategies to improve the acceptance of technology, which would also improve the academic performance and perceived learning of students in a virtual environment. Discussion: The discussion highlights the significance of self-efficacy and metacognitive strategies in influencing technology perception and attitudes, ultimately impacting perceived learning and academic performance in virtual education.

Root Resorption of the Permanent Central Incisor through Ectopic Eruption of the Maxillary Canine.

Although ectopic eruption of the maxillary canine has a low prevalence, a late diagnosis can have serious consequences. A careful clinical examination, assisted with radiographic examination, ensures early diagnosis, facilitates planning, and minimizes possible adverse consequences. This study reports a case of ectopic eruption of the permanent maxillary canine, with complete root resorption of the central permanent incisor, the consequences of which caused functional, aesthetic, and psychological harms to the patient. The procedures used included canine ectopic remodeling of the ectopic canine in the central incisor and orthodontic correction, which treated the anomaly and rebuilt the patient's self-esteem.

Active identification of vertebral fracture in the FLS model of care.

The identification of vertebral fracture is a key point in an FLS. We have analyzed the characteristics of 570 patients according to the route of identification (referral by other doctors, emergency registry or through VFA), concluding that promoting referral by other doctors with a training campaign is effective. PURPOSE: Vertebral fractures (VF) are associated with increased risk of further VFs. Our objective was to analyze the characteristics of patients with VF seen in a Fracture Liaison Service (FLS). METHODS: An observational study was carried out on patients with VF referred to the outpatient metabolic clinic (OMC) after a training campaign, identified in the emergency registry, and captured by VF assessment with bone densitometry (DXA-VFA) in patients with non-VFs. Patients with traumatic VF or VF > 1 year, infiltrative or neoplastic disease were excluded. The number and severity of VFs (Genant) were analyzed. Treatment initiation in the first 6 months after baseline visit was reviewed. RESULTS: Overall, 570 patients were included, mean age 73. The most common route for identifying VF was through referral to OMC (303 cases), followed by the emergency registry (198) and DXA-VFA (69). Osteoporosis by DXA was found in 312 (58%) patients and 259 (45%) had ≥ 2 VFs. The rate of grade 3 VFs was highest among patients on the emergency registry. Those identified through OMC had a higher number of VFs, a higher rate of osteoporosis, more risk factors and greater treatment initiation. Patients with VFs detected by DXA-VFA were mostly women with a single VF and had a lower rate of osteoporosis by DXA. CONCLUSIONS: We present the distribution of VFs by the route of identification in an FLS. Promoting referral by other doctors with a training campaign may help in the quality improvement of the FLS-based model of care.

UV-C light as an alternative for disinfecting orthodontic pliers / Luz UV-C como alternativa para desinfecção de alicates ortodônticos

Objetivo: Os ortodontistas usam alicates ortodônticos continuamente, e essas ferramentas têm um forte potencial para infecções nosocomiais. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a eficiência de três métodos de desinfecção de alicates ortodônticos. Material e Métodos: As pontas ativas de 26 alicates ortodônticos (cortadores distais e alicates Weingart) foram contaminadas com microrganismos, vírus e esporos S. aureus, E. coli e C. albicans. Os métodos de controle microbiano foram desinfecção com álcool 70%, esterilização com esferas de vidro (250 °C calor seco) e irradiação com luz ultravioleta (250 nm UV-C) por 30 e 60 segundos. O número de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) e unidades formadoras de placas (UFP) foi quantificado e comparado para cada microrganismo após incubação em placas de cultura. Resultados: Todas as pontas do alicate dos grupos que receberam luz ultravioleta ou foram submetidos à esterilização com esferas de vidro apresentaram número significativamente menor de esporos, bactérias e fungos do que suas respectivas amostras controle (p<0,001). A desinfecção física com luz UV-C pode representar uma alternativa confiável em comparação com outros métodos químicos e físicos devido ao aumento de microrganismos resistentes a produtos químicos e à emissão de subprodutos nocivos após o tratamento químico. Conclusão: Os métodos de controle microbiano testados foram eficazes na desinfecção de alicates ortodônticos, tornando a luz ultravioleta-C uma alternativa promissora para eliminar os microrganismos dos alicates (AU)

Objective: Orthodontists use orthodontic pliers continuously, and these tools have a strong potential for nosocomial infections. This study aimed to compare the efficiency of three methods for disinfecting orthodontic pliers. Material and Methods: The active tips of 26 orthodontic pliers (distal end cutters and Weingart pliers) were contaminated with S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans microorganisms, viruses, and spores. The microbial control methods were 70% alcohol disinfection, glass bead sterilization (250 °C dry heat), and ultraviolet light irradiation (250 nm UV-C) for 30 and 60 seconds. The number of colony-forming units (CFU) and plaque-forming units (PFU) was quantified and compared for each microorganism after incubation in culture plates. Results: All tips of the pliers in the groups that received ultraviolet light or were subjected to glass bead sterilization showed a significantly lower number of spores, bacteria, and fungi than their respective control samples (p<0.001). Physical disinfection with UV-C light may represent a reliable alternative compared to other chemical and physical methods due to the increase in microorganisms resistant to chemical products and the emission of harmful by-products after chemical treatment. Conclusion: The tested microbial control methods were effective in the disinfection of orthodontic pliers, making ultraviolet-C light a promising alternative to eliminate microorganisms from pliers (AU)

Estenosis traqueal posintubación asociada a COVID-19. Estudio prospectivo sobre su tratamiento quirúrgico / COVID-19-Related Post-Intubation Tracheal Stenosis. Prospective Study of its Surgical Treatment

Introducción: La enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 se convirtió en un importante problema de salud pública. El 5 % de los pacientes requirió intubación endotraqueal por insuficiencia respiratoria aguda hipoxémica, y se generó un aumento de consulta por estenosis traqueal. Se realizó el trabajo con el objetivo de expresar los resultados de la cirugía de resección traqueal en pacientes con estenosis post COVID 19. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, observacional, analítico. Se incluyeron 11 pacientes. La evaluación prequirúrgica y postquirúrgica fue la misma en todos los pacientes. Se valoró en el postquirúrgico la ventilación y la fonación hasta los 30 días. Se utilizó la clasificación de Clavien y Dindo para calificar a las complicaciones post-quirúrgicas, con seguimiento hasta los 60 días postquirúrgicos. Análisis estadístico: se aplicó prueba de Wilcoxon para comparar los resultados. Resultados: El 27.2 % de los pacientes tuvieron complicaciones postquirúrgicas. Fue estadísticamente significativa la comparación de la ventilación entre el prequirúrgico y el postquirúrgico (p<0.05) con mejoría en el postquirúrgico. Al comparar la fibrobroncoscopía prequirúrgica con la postquirúrgica (diámetro de la luz traqueal) también el resultado fue estadísticamente significativo (p <0.05). Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos son similares a los expresados en la literatura. La cirugía de resección traqueal es un procedimiento seguro y efectivo y debe ser considerada como tratamiento de primera línea para la estenosis traqueal.

Introduction: The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become a significant public health issue. 5 % of the patients required endotracheal intubation due to acute hypox emic respiratory failure, leading to an increased number of consultations for tracheal stenosis. This work was done with the aim of presenting the results of tracheal resection in patients with post-COVID-19 stenosis. Material and methods: Analytical, prospective, observational study. 11 patients were included. The preoperative and postoperative evaluation was the same for all patients. Post-surgical ventilation and phonation were assessed up to 30 days. The Clavien and Dindo classification was used to grade post-surgical complications, with follow-up extended up to 60 post-surgical days. Statistical analysis: the Wilcoxon test was used to compare the results. Results: 27.2 % of the patients had postoperative complications. The comparison of pre- and postoperative ventilation (p < 0.05) was statistically significant, with improve ment in the postoperative period. When comparing pre- and postoperative fiberoptic bronchoscopy (tracheal lumen diameter), the result was also statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results obtained are similar to those expressed in the literature. Tra cheal resection is a safe and effective procedure and should be considered as first-line treatment for tracheal stenosis.

Comparison of the Effects of High-Power Diode Laser and Electrocautery for Lingual Frenectomy in Infants: A Blinded Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the release of the lingual frenulum through frenectomy in newborns zero to 90 days of age who breastfed and had diagnosis of ankyloglossia with an indication for surgery, comparing two methods: electrocautery and a high-power diode laser. Fifty-seven patients were randomly allocated to two groups (23 submitted to electrocautery and 34 submitted to a high power diode laser). Tongue movements were evaluated based on a clinical assessment and using the Bristol Tongue Assessment Tool (BTAT) before and 15 days after the surgical procedures. The visual analog scale was administered to the mothers on the same occasions for the measurement of pain during breastfeeding. Both groups had an increased BTAT score (favorable outcome) at the post-surgical evaluation, but the anterior third of the tongue was not always free to enable the movements necessary for lingual functions. It is fundamental for surgeons to have skill and in-depth knowledge of the equipment used to avoid accidents and complications in the region of important structures. Both techniques employed in this study were safe and effective, causing little bleeding and few postoperative complications. The group submitted to a high-power diode laser exhibited less post-surgical bleeding compared to the group submitted to electrocautery and no inflammation at the edges of the surgical cut.

Photobiomodulation Effectiveness in Treating Androgenetic Alopecia.

Background: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a genetically determined condition, which leads to progressive hair loss (HL) of the vertex, affects hair follicles, and promotes partial or total HL. It may be related to important psychological and social distress. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) in patients with AGA. Methods: Twenty-five men 20-54 years of age participated in this study. The irradiations were punctual, in contact mode, with 1 cm between each point covering the entire affected area. A red low-level laser (λ = 660 nm) (Recover®, MMOptics, São Carlos, Brazil) was used with 100 mW, 30 sec, and 3 J per point, twice a week on alternate days for 10 weeks. Evaluations were made by photographic records from the same area before any intervention (T1), after 5 weeks (T2), after 10 weeks (T3). Two blinded evaluators using the ImageJ® software assessed the hair density. Results: The hair density evaluation showed a significant increase in hair count between T1 and T2 (p = 0.0004) and between T1 and T3 (p = 0.0285), however between T2 and T3 no statistical difference was found (p > 0.05). Conclusions: PBM provides a stimulus for hair density in 5 weeks. After this period, we observed that after five extra sessions, it does not increase hair density in the treated region. This study showed that the PBM is effective and promoted safe results with a reduced number of sessions for the AGA treatment.

Protocol for the clinical practice of photodynamic therapy in endodontics: assessment of guideline quality using the AGREE II instrument.

BACKGROUND: The choice of parameters in Photodynamic Therapy for endodontic treatment, such as wavelength, energy, application time, and number of sessions can vary based on the characteristics of the procedure and the patient. Providing information supported by scientific evidence in an accessible way to clinicians who are unfamiliar with the literature is necessary. Thus, this study aimed to synthesize a clinical protocol for the use of photodynamic therapy in endodontics in permanent teeth. METHODS: Protocols with high methodological quality were identified using a literature search and the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation Instrument (AGREE II), a validated tool for assessing quality. The recommendations of these studies were synthesized and submitted to a group of experts for evaluation and adaptation, and consensus was assessed using the Delphi methodology. RESULTS: The analysis of the literature on the application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in endodontics showed that clinical trials with good levels of evidence and clinical recommendations have been reported previously, with two studies identified as having a clinical recommendation level of A1A and an evidence level of A. CONCLUSION: The written protocol was considered to be satisfactory and as having appropriate content validity during the second round of evaluation by the experts. The studies included in this research were predominantly explanatory in nature, highlighting the need for pragmatic designs to increase the degree of clinical applicability.

Bench Press at Full Range of Motion Produces Greater Neuromuscular Adaptations Than Partial Executions After Prolonged Resistance Training.

ABSTRACT: Martínez-Cava, A, Hernández-Belmonte, A, Courel-Ibáñez, J, Morán-Navarro, R, González-Badillo, JJ, and Pallarés, JG. Bench press at full range of motion produces greater neuromuscular adaptations than partial executions after prolonged resistance training. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 10-15, 2022-Training at a particular range of motion (ROM) produces specific neuromuscular adaptations. However, the effects of full and partial ROM in one of the most common upper-limb exercises such as the bench press (BP) remain controversial. In this study, 50 recreationally to highly resistance trained men were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 training groups: full bench press (BPFULL), two-thirds bench press (BP2/3), and one-third bench press (BP1/3) and control (training cessation). Experimental groups completed a 10-week velocity-based resistance training program using the same relative load (linear periodization, 60-80% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]), only differing in the ROM trained. Individual ROM for each BP variation was determined in the familiarization and subsequently replicated in every lift during training and testing sessions. Neuromuscular adaptations were evaluated by 1RM strength and mean propulsive velocity (MPV). The BPFULL group obtained the best results for the 3 BP variations (effect size [ES] = 0.52-1.96); in turn, partial BP produced smaller improvements as the ROM decreased (BP2/3: ES = 0.29-0.78; BP1/3: ES = -0.01 to 0.66). After 10-week of training cessation, the control group declined in all neuromuscular parameters (ES = 0.86-0.92) except in MPV against low loads. Based on these findings, the BPFULL stands as the most effective exercise to maximize neuromuscular improvements in recreational and well-trained athletes compared with partial ROM variations.

Is the Functional Threshold Power a Valid Metric to Estimate the Maximal Lactate Steady State in Cyclists?

ABSTRACT: Lillo-Beviá, JR, Courel-Ibáñez, J, Cerezuela-Espejo, V, Morán-Navarro, R, Martínez-Cava, A, and Pallarés, JG. Is the functional threshold power a valid metric to estimate the maximal lactate steady state in cyclists? J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 167-173, 2022-The aims of this study were to determine (a) the repeatability of a 20-minute time-trial (TT20), (b) the location of the TT20 in relation to the main physiological events of the aerobic-anaerobic transition, and (c) the predictive power of a list of correction factors and linear/multiple regression analysis applied to the TT20 result to estimate the individual maximal lactate steady state (MLSS). Under laboratory conditions, 11 trained male cyclists and triathletes (V̇o2max 59.7 ± 3.0 ml·kg-1·min-1) completed a maximal graded exercise test to record the power output associated with the first and second ventilatory thresholds and V̇o2max measured by indirect calorimetry, several 30 minutes constant tests to determine the MLSS, and 2 TT20 tests with a short warm-up. Very high repeatability of TT20 tests was confirmed (standard error of measurement of ±3 W and smallest detectable change of ±9 W). Validity results revealed that MLSS differed substantially from TT20 (bias = 26 ± 7 W). The maximal lactate steady state was then estimated from the traditional 95% factor (bias = 12 ± 7 W) and a novel individual correction factor (ICF% = MLSS/TT20), resulting in 91% (bias = 1 ± 6 W). Complementary linear (MLSS = 0.7488 × TT20 + 43.24; bias = 0 ± 5 W) and multiple regression analysis (bias = 0 ± 4 W) substantially improved the individual MLSS workload estimation. These findings suggest reconsidering the TT20 procedures and calculations to increase the effectiveness of the MLSS prediction.

Evaluation of the effects of high-level laser and electrocautery in lingual frenectomy surgeries in infants: protocol for a blinded randomised controlled clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie) is an anomaly characterised by an abnormally short, thick or small lingual frenulum that restricts tongue movements. This condition is considered one of the factors that can interfere with breast feeding by diminishing the ability of the newborn to latch adequately. According to the Brazilian Health Ministry, the prevalence of this anomaly among newborns is 3%-16%. Frenectomy is the most suitable surgical procedure for the treatment of ankyloglossia. The aim of this study is to compare the performance of electrocautery and high-power diode laser as forms of frenectomy. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The proposed study will be a randomised, controlled, blind clinical trial involving the participation of healthy infants 0-3 months of age with breastfeeding difficulty and a diagnosis of tongue-tie with an indication for lingual frenectomy. The guardians will receive clarifications regarding the procedures and will authorise the participation of the infants by signing a statement of informed consent. A non-blinded researcher will perform the screening and procedures and a blinded researcher will perform the postoperative evaluations. Fifty-six infants will be randomly allocated into two groups (n=28): the electrocautery group or the high-power laser group. The preparation of the patients, asepsis and infection control procedures will rigorously follow biosafety norms. For both groups, patient histories will be taken, clinical evaluations will be performed and a standardised photograph of the lingual frenulum will be taken before surgery. The Bristol Tongue Assessment Tool will be used. We will evaluate pain in the mother during breast feeding before, immediately after, and 15 days after surgery. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This protocol was submitted to the Research Ethics Committee of Nove de Julho University, having been given a favourable opinion (Number: 4387769). Results will be submitted to international peer-reviewed journals and presented at international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04487418.

Differential Diagnosis of Skeletal Class II: Orthodontic-Surgical Approach with Surgery First / Diagnóstico Diferencial da Classe II esquelética: Abordagem Ortodôntico-Cirúrgica com Benefício Antecipado

Abstract Orthodontic-surgical treatment with the "Surgery First Approach" provides immediate facial aesthetic improvements and significantly reduces the patient's orthodontic treatment time, avoiding the transient worsening of the facial profile due to dental decompensation that occurs in surgical cases. Thus, this clinical case describes the retreatment of a 22-year-old female leukoderma patient, whose main complaint was related to the proclination of upper and lower incisors. The patient used a mio-relaxing plate for 30 days, which evidenced the skeletal mandibular deficiency and the ½ bilateral Class II malocclusion. Orthognathic surgery first approach associated with the extraction of the 4 premolars was chosen considering the patient's aesthetic demand. The use of a mio-relaxing plate in the diagnostic stage was essential for the real diagnosis of mandibular deficiency and the technique employed made it possible to conclude the treatment avoiding aesthetic commitment, with excellent results. (AU)

Resumo O tratamento ortodôntico-cirúrgico por meio do benefício antecipado proporciona melhorias estéticas faciais imediatas e reduz de maneira significativa o tempo de tratamento ortodôntico do paciente, evitando a piora transitória do perfil facial devido à descompensação dentária que ocorre em casos cirúrgicos. Assim, este caso clínico descreve o retratamento de uma paciente com 22 anos de idade, leucoderma, sexo feminino, que apresentava queixa principal relacionada à inclinação vestibular dos dentes anteriores. Após uso de placa miorrelaxante por 30 dias, verificou-se a presença de Classe II esquelética com deficiência mandibular e ½ Classe II dentária bilateral. Considerando a demanda estética da paciente, optou-se pela abordagem ortodôntico-cirúrgica com Benefício Antecipado associada à extração de 4 pré-molares para correção da inclinação dentária anterior. O uso da placa miorrelaxante foi fundamental para o diagnóstico real da deficiência mandibular e a técnica empregada possibilitou concluir o tratamento evitando o comprometimento estético pré-cirúrgico, com obtenção de excelentes resultados. (AU)

3-D Evaluation of temporary skeletal anchorage sites in the maxilla.

BACKGROUND: The selection of temporary anchorage device (TAD) site can be a challenging task since one should not only consider the 2-D distances between roots, but also the entire 3-D space. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the posterior maxillary region areas available for the insertion of temporary anchorage devices in reconstructed images from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sample consisted of 72 patients with indication for orthodontic treatment, grouped into three distinct age groups: 11 to 14 years (age group 1), 15 to 19 years (age group 2) and aged 20 years or older (age group 3), which were further subdivided as to the type of malocclusion (Angle Class I, II and III). Orthopantomographic reconstructions and cross sections were obtained with the Dolphin Imaging software. The distance between the roots of maxillary teeth (canines, premolars and first molars) was determined at 5 mm of the cementoenamel junction, as well as the depth of bone availability at different insertion angles (90°, 75°, 60°, 45°). The influence of different angulations, age, and malocclusion on bone availability was evaluated by ANOVA, followed by the Bonferroni post-test. For the evaluation of the interaction of these factors, 2-way ANOVA was used. RESULTS: Bone availability was found to be poor between roots in the molar region. There was a reduction in bone availability with increasing age. With regard to angulations, greater bone availability was found in depth for 45° angulation in the canine and first premolar regions and for angulation of 75° or 90° in the molar region. However, there was no difference between bone availability in the region of the second premolars. CONCLUSIONS: According to applied methodology it can be concluded that the region between canines and premolars accepts better vertical angular variations for TADs insertion. Key words:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures.

Effect of Blue Light on Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic Review.

Acne is a dermatosis that affects almost 90% of the adolescent population worldwide and its treatment is performed with retinoids, antimicrobials, acids, and topical or systemic antibiotics. Side effects such as skin irritation in addition to microbial resistance to antibiotics are the main side effects found. Phototherapy with blue light is being used as an alternative treatment. Our objective was to analyze the use of blue light to treat inflammatory acne. We conducted a systematic literature review, following the recommendation PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses), including in the sample randomized clinical trial studies that compared blue light with another intervention as control. The research was carried out in the PUBMED and WEB of SCIENCE databases and the methodological quality of the studies evaluated were made by the Cochrane Collaboration Bias Risk Scale. After the exclusion of duplicates, the titles and abstracts of 81 articles were evaluated, and 50 articles were selected for full reading, including in the review at the end 8 articles. Studies have shown significant improvements in the overall picture of acne. It is concluded that despite the great potential in its use in the treatment of acne, there is a need for more detailed trials on the effect of blue light on the treatment of inflammatory acne.

Previous Intensive Running or Swimming Negatively Affects CPR Effectiveness.

Survival outcomes increase significantly when cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is provided correctly, but rescuers' fatigue can compromise its delivery. We investigated the effect of two exercise modes on CPR effectiveness and physiological outputs. After 4 min baseline conditions, 30 lifeguards randomly performed a 100 m run and a combined water rescue before 4 min CPR (using an adult manikin and a 30:2 compression-ventilation ratio). Physiological variables were continuously measured during baseline and CPR using a portable gas analyzer (K4b2, Cosmed, Rome, Italy) and CPR effectiveness was analyzed using two HD video cameras. Higher oxygen uptake (23.0 ± 9.9 and 20.6 ± 9.1 vs. 13.5 ± 6.2 mL·kg·min-1) and heart rate (137 ± 19 and 133 ± 15 vs. 114 ± 15 bpm), and lower compression efficacy (63.3 ± 29.5 and 62.2 ± 28.3 vs. 69.2 ± 28.0%), were found for CPRrun and CPRswim compared to CPRbase. In addition, ventilation efficacy was higher in the rescues preceded by intense exercise than in CPRbase (49.5 ± 42.3 and 51.9 ± 41.0 vs. 33.5 ± 38.3%), but no differences were detected between CPRrun and CPRswim. In conclusion, CPRrun and CPRswim protocols induced a relevant physiological stress over each min and in the overall CPR compared with CPRbase. The CPRun protocol reduces the compression rate but has a higher effectiveness percentage than the CPRswim protocol, in which there is a considerably higher compression rate but with less efficacy.

A comprehensive analysis of the velocity-based method in the shoulder press exercise: stability of the load-velocity relationship and sticking region parameters.

The purpose of this study was threefold: i) to analyse the load-velocity relationship of the shoulder press (SP) exercise, ii) to investigate the stability (intra-individual variability) of this load-velocity relationship for athletes with different relative strength levels, and after a 10-week velocity-based resistance training (VBT), and iii) to describe the velocity-time pattern of the SP: first peak velocity [Vmax1], minimum velocity [Vmin], and second peak velocity [Vmax2]. This study involves a cross-sectional (T1, n = 48 subjects with low, medium and high strength levels) and longitudinal (T2, n = 24 subjects randomly selected from T1 sample) design. In T1, subjects completed a progressive loading test up to the 1RM in the SP exercise. The barbell mean, peak and mean propulsive velocities (MV, PV and MPV) were monitored. In T2, subjects repeated the loading test after 10 weeks of VBT. There were very close relationships between the %1RM and velocity attained in the three velocity outcomes (T1, R2: MV = 0.970; MPV = 0.969; PV = 0.954), being even stronger at the individual level (T1, R2 = 0.973-0.997). The MPV attained at the 1RM (~0.19 m·s-1) was consistent among different strength levels. Despite the fact that 1RM increased ~17.5% after the VBT programme, average MPV along the load-velocity relationship remained unaltered between T1 and T2 (0.69 ± 0.06 vs. 0.70 ± 0.06 m·s-1). Lastly, the three key parameters of the velocity-time curve were detected from loads > 74.9% 1RM at 14.3% (Vmax1), 46.1% (Vmin), and 88.7% (Vmax2) of the concentric phase. These results may serve as a practical guideline to effectively implement the velocity-based method in the SP exercise.

Effect of Pause Versus Rebound Techniques on Neuromuscular and Functional Performance After a Prolonged Velocity-Based Training.

PURPOSE: A variation of the traditional squat (SQ) rebound technique (REBOUND) including a momentary pause ∼2 seconds (PAUSE) between eccentric and concentric phases has been proposed. Although there is a consensus about the lower acute effects on performance of this PAUSE variant compared with traditional REBOUND technique, no information exists about the differences in longitudinal adaptations of these SQ executions. METHODS: A total of 26 men were randomly assigned into the PAUSE (n = 13) or REBOUND (n = 13) groups and completed a 10-week velocity-based training using the SQ exercise, only differing in the technique. Neuromuscular adaptations were assessed by the changes in the 1-repetition maximum strength and mean propulsive velocity achieved against the absolute loads (in kilograms) common to pretest and posttest. Functional performance was evaluated by the following tests: countermovement jump, Wingate, and sprint time at 0 to 10, 10 to 20, and 0 to 20 m. RESULTS: Whereas both groups showed significant increases in most of the neuromuscular tests (P < .05), the PAUSE (effect size [ES] = 0.76-1.12) presented greater enhancements than REBOUND (ES = 0.45-0.92). Although not significant, improvements in Wingate and sprint time at 0 to 10 and 0 to 20 m were higher for PAUSE (ES = 0.31-0.46) compared with REBOUND (ES = 0.10-0.29). Conversely, changes on countermovement jump and sprint time at 10 to 20 m were superior for REBOUND (ES = 0.17-0.88) than for PAUSE (ES = 0.09-0.75). CONCLUSION: Imposing a pause between eccentric and concentric phases in the SQ exercise could be an interesting strategy to increase neuromuscular and functional adaptations in sport actions that mainly depend on concentric contractions. Moreover, sport abilities highly dependent on the stretch-shortening cycle could benefit from the REBOUND or a combination of the 2 techniques.

Linear programming produces greater, earlier and uninterrupted neuromuscular and functional adaptations than daily-undulating programming after velocity-based resistance training.

This study aimed to compare the effect of linear (LP) and daily-undulating (DUP) programming models on neuromuscular and functional performance using the velocity-based resistance training (VBRT) approach. Thirty-two resistance trained men were randomly assigned into 2 groups: LP (n = 16) or DUP (n = 16). Both training groups completed an 8-week VBRT intervention using the full squat exercise, only differing in the relative intensity (% 1RM) distribution during the training program. Changes produced by each periodization model were evaluated using the following variables: estimated 1RM; average mean propulsive velocity (MPV) attained for all absolute loads common to Pre-test and Post-test; average MPV attained against absolute loads lifted faster than 1 m•s-1; average MPV attained against absolute loads lifted slower than 1 m•s - 1; countermovement jump (CMJ) and fatigue test. Moreover, CMJ and 1RM parameters were evaluated weekly to analyze their evolution along the training program. LP and DUP strategies significantly improved all performance variables analyzed (p<0.001), except the fatigue test in the DUP group. Significant "time x group" interactions were observed in all strength variables and fatigue test in favour of the LP group. In addition, pre-post effect size (ES), percentages of change and weekly comparisons showed higher improvements in the LP group (ES=0.54-2.49, ∆=9.5-60.4%) compared to DUP (ES=0.40-1.65, ∆=5.5-27.2%). Based on these findings, the LP appears to stand as a more effective strategy than DUP to achieve greater, earlier and uninterrupted neuromuscular and functional adaptations in VBRT interventions.