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1.
Pest Manag Sci ; 76(6): 2144-2157, 2020 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31957156

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The re-emergence of worldwide concern with arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) draws increasing attention to their mosquito vectors, particularly Aedes aegypti, whose control heavily rely on insecticide use. As a consequence, insecticide resistance is frequent, but the general patterns of occurrence, cross-resistance and prevailing mechanisms remain unrecognized in some areas such as the Neotropical region. Thus, we sought here to recognize the general trends and patterns of insecticide resistance in Latin America and the Caribbean. A systematic literature review (2008-2018) aimed the data-gathering for the region and meta-analyses to address the stated knowledge gap. RESULTS: A high incidence of insecticide resistance prevails in the mosquito populations of the region. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), temephos and deltamethrin were the main insecticides evaluated and the meta-analyses indicate a high frequency of DDT-resistant populations (86.7 ± 0.1%), followed by temephos (75.7 ± 0.1%) and deltamethrin (33.0 ± 0.1%). No evidence of cross-resistance was detected among these three insecticides, and the V1016I knockdown (KDR) site mutation does not explain the patterns of deltamethrin resistance in the region. CONCLUSION: Resistance to DDT, temephos and deltamethrin is serious and widespread, and there is no cross-resistance among them. Altered target site sensitivity is not the main pyrethroid resistance mechanism, which is likely due to a mix of mechanisms. Therefore, the replacement of deltamethrin and particularly temephos in the region by alternative insecticides is an important resistance management recommendation, but should be done with compounds out of the cross-resistance spectrum for these populations and insecticides. Nonetheless, the non-recognition of the prevalent resistance mechanisms in the region makes this suggestion more difficult to apply and invites more broad-scale studies of resistance mechanisms to fill this knowledge gap and improve the resistance management recommendations. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.


Assuntos
Aedes , Animais , Região do Caribe , Resistência a Inseticidas , América Latina , Piretrinas , Inquéritos e Questionários
2.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 32(4): 527-535, oct.-dic. 2012. mapas, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-669100

RESUMO

Introducción. La determinación de la eficacia de la cloroquina contra Plasmodium vivax permite mejorar la capacidad de vigilancia de la resistencia a los antipalúdicos. Objetivo. Evaluar la eficacia terapéutica de la cloroquina como tratamiento de malaria no complicadapor P. vivax en Riberalta, Guayaramerín y Yacuiba, Bolivia. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de la eficacia in vivo en pacientes mayores de cinco años; se suministró cloroquina (25 mg/kg en tres días) y se hizo seguimiento por 28 días, midiendo los niveles de cloroquina en sangre y desetilcloroquina, el día dos y el día de registro de reaparición de parasitemia. Para la evaluación de la incidencia acumulada de falla del tratamiento, se usó el análisis de supervivencia de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados. Se estudiaron 223 pacientes (Riberalta, 84; Guayaramerín, 80; Yacuiba, 59). Las medias de densidad parasitaria (formas asexuadas) del día 0 en Riberalta fueron de 6.147, en Guayaramerín, 4.251, y en Yacuiba, 5.214 parásitos/μl de sangre. En el mismo orden, los promedios de concentraciones sanguíneas de cloroquina-desetilcloroquina del día 2 fueron de 783, 817 y 815 ng/ml. Mientras en Yacuiba no se presentaron fracasos terapéuticos, en Riberalta ocurrieron con frecuencia de 6,2 % y en Guayaramerín de 10 %. Los valores de cloroquina y desetilcloroquina en sangre de pacientes con fracaso terapéutico fueron menores de 70 ng/ml en el día de reaparición de parasitemia. Conclusión. No se evidenció resistencia de P. vivax a la cloroquina en las tres regiones de evaluación en Bolivia. Se requieren mayores estudios de la concentración de la cloroquina en sangre.


Introduction. Knowledge of the therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine for Plasmodium vivax infections improves the capacity for surveillance of anti-malarial drug resistance. Objective. The therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine as treatment was evaluated for uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria in Bolivia. Materials and methods. An in vivo efficacy study of chloroquine was undertaken in three regions of Bolivia--Riberalta, Guayaramerín and Yacuiba. Two hundred and twenty-three patients (84, 80, and 59 in the three regions, respectively) aged over 5 years old were administered with chloroquine (25 mg/kg/three days) and followed for 28 days. Blood levels of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine were measured on day 2 and on the day of reappearance of parasitemia. The cumulative incidence of treatment failure was calculated using the Kaplan and Meier survival analysis. Results. The mean parasitemias (asexual) on day 0 were 6,147 parasites/μl of blood in the Riberalta population, 4,251 in Guayaramerín and 5,214 in Yacuiba. The average blood concentrations of chloroquine-desethylchloroquine during day 2 were 783, 817, and 815 ng/ml, respectively. No treatment failures were observed in Yacuiba, whereas in Riberalta and Guayaramerín, the frequencies of treatment failures were 6.2% and 10%. Blood levels of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine in patients with treatment failure showed values below 70 ng/ml on the day of reappearance of parasitemia. Conclusion. Resistance of Plasmodium vivax to chloroquine was not demonstrated in three regions of Bolivia.


Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Adulto Jovem , Antimaláricos/uso terapêutico , Cloroquina/uso terapêutico , Malária Vivax/tratamento farmacológico , Parasitemia/tratamento farmacológico , Plasmodium vivax/efeitos dos fármacos , Antimaláricos/sangue , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Cloroquina/análogos & derivados , Cloroquina/sangue , Resistência a Medicamentos , Malária Vivax/epidemiologia , Malária Vivax/parasitologia , Carga Parasitária , Parasitemia/epidemiologia , Parasitemia/parasitologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/parasitologia , População Rural
3.
Biomedica ; 32(4): 527-35, 2012.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23715228

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Knowledge of the therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine for Plasmodium vivax infections improves the capacity for surveillance of anti-malarial drug resistance. OBJECTIVE: The therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine as treatment was evaluated for uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria in Bolivia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An in vivo efficacy study of chloroquine was undertaken in three regions of Bolivia--Riberalta, Guayaramerín and Yacuiba. Two hundred and twenty-three patients (84, 80, and 59 in the three regions, respectively) aged over 5 years old were administered with chloroquine (25 mg/kg/three days) and followed for 28 days. Blood levels of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine were measured on day 2 and on the day of reappearance of parasitemia. The cumulative incidence of treatment failure was calculated using the Kaplan and Meier survival analysis. RESULTS: The mean parasitemias (asexual) on day 0 were 6,147 parasites/µl of blood in the Riberalta population, 4,251 in Guayaramerín and 5,214 in Yacuiba. The average blood concentrations of chloroquine-desethylchloroquine during day 2 were 783, 817, and 815 ng/ml, respectively. No treatment failures were observed in Yacuiba, whereas in Riberalta and Guayaramerín, the frequencies of treatment failures were 6.2% and 10%. Blood levels of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine in patients with treatment failure showed values below 70 ng/ml on the day of reappearance of parasitemia. CONCLUSION: Resistance of Plasmodium vivax to chloroquine was not demonstrated in three regions of Bolivia.


Assuntos
Antimaláricos/uso terapêutico , Cloroquina/uso terapêutico , Malária Vivax/tratamento farmacológico , Parasitemia/tratamento farmacológico , Plasmodium vivax/efeitos dos fármacos , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Antimaláricos/sangue , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cloroquina/análogos & derivados , Cloroquina/sangue , Resistência a Medicamentos , Feminino , Humanos , Malária Vivax/epidemiologia , Malária Vivax/parasitologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Carga Parasitária , Parasitemia/epidemiologia , Parasitemia/parasitologia , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/parasitologia , População Rural , Adulto Jovem
4.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2010. x,85 p. mapas, graf.
Tese em Português | LILACS | ID: lil-566914

RESUMO

Actualmente la malaria es un problema de salud pública en Bolivia, donde está presente en ocho de los nueve departamentos que la componen. Es así que con la finalidad de describir el contexto y los aspectos epidemiológicos a través de los cuales, tanto la transmisión como las medidas decontrol de la malaria en Bolivia se fueron demarcando, primero se realiza una revisión bibliográfica a través de bases de datos de indexación y búsqueda en bibliotecas institucionales de Bolivia y Brasil, para consolidar información referente al proceso de evolución y desarrollo de todos losaspectos históricos concernientes a la malaria en Bolivia. También se describen la evolución y desarrollo de las estrategias de control y diagnóstico de la malaria a través del tiempo, partiendo desde los inicios de la República de Bolivia hasta la actualidad, habiéndose identificado también,factores y determinantes que dieron lugar que Bolivia alcance el mayor número de casos de su historia en 1998 (74.350 casos). De la misma forma se detallan aquellos determinantes quepermitieron que después de 1998 se produjera una disminución importante de las infecciones hasta el 2008. Posteriormente se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los datos secundarios de morbilidad de malaria desde el año 1991 al 2008, con la finalidad de analizar la evolución de la transmisión demalaria en Bolivia a nivel de Departamentos y oficinas del Programa Nacional de Malaria. Las unidades de análisis fueron estratificadas según el nivel de riesgo de contraer malaria, por medio de la visualización del Índice Parasitario Anual agregado a los mapas correspondientes. De esa forma se evidenció que la malaria encuentra las áreas de mayor riesgo en el Departamento de Pando y enlas unidades del Programa Nacional de Malaria correspondientes a Riberalta y Guayaramerín. Para poder determinar por completo el carácter focal de la transmisión de la malaria en Bolivia, finalmente se realiza la comparación de la metodología anterior que es usada actualmente por el Programa Nacional de Malaria de Bolivia, con la metodología pautada en el análisis espacial basado en el cálculo de los índices de Moran Local y Global (LISA). El análisis se realizó a nivel de los municipios de Bolivia durante el periodo de 2004 a 2009, y en base al Índice Parasitario Anual de los municipios, se identificaron a través de los Box Map y Moran Map, a las zonas críticas de Alto Riesgo de transmisión, con autocorrelación estadísticamente significante. Las mismas están quelocalizadas en 8 de los municipios de Pando, y Riberalta y Guayaramerín al norte de Bolivia. Con los resultados se verificó la utilidad de la metodología usada para la identificación de áreas deriesgo con asociación espacial, lo que ayuda a la mejor comprensión de la dinámica espacial de los datos, considerando el riesgo de ocurrencia de la malaria en los municipios vecinos.


Today malaria is a public health problem in Bolivia, where it is present in eight of the nine departments that comprise it. Thus, in order to describe the context and epidemiological aspects through which both the transmission and control measures of malaria in Bolivia have been demarcated, first reviews the literature through databases indexing and searching in institutional libraries Bolivia and Brazil, to consolidate information about the process of evolution and development of all the historical aspects concerning malaria in Bolivia. It also describes the evolution and development of strategies for control and diagnosis of malaria over time, starting from the beginning of the Republic of Bolivia to the present, also been identified, and determining factors that led to the greatest extent Bolivia number of cases in its history in 1998 (74.350 cases). Similarly detailed determinants that allowed those after 1998 there were a significant reduction of infections by 2008. Then performed a descriptive analysis of secondary data on morbidity of malaria from 1991 to 2008, with the aim of analyzing the evolution of malaria transmission in Bolivia at the level of departments and offices of the National Malaria Program. The units of analysis were stratified by level of risk of malaria, through the display of the AnnualParasite Index added to the maps. Thus it was shown that malaria is the highest risk areas in the Department of Pando and the units of the National Program for Malaria and Guayaramerín Riberalta. To completely determine the focal nature of malaria transmission in Bolivia, eventually making the comparison of the above methodology is currently used by the National Malaria Programme in Bolivia, the methodology was based on a spatial analysis based on Index calculation of Local and Global Moran (LISA). The analysis was performed at the level of municipalities of Bolivia during the period 2004-2009, and based on the annual parasite index of municipalities were identified through the Box Map and Moran Map, the critical areas of High Risk transmission, with statistically significant autocorrelation. They are they located in 8 of the municipalities of Pando and, Riberalta and Guayaramerín, in northern Bolivia. With the results showed the usefulness of the methodology used to identify risk areas with spatial association, which helps to better understand the spatial dynamics of the data, considering the risk of occurrence of malaria in the neighboring municipalities.


Assuntos
Humanos , Epidemiologia , Malária/epidemiologia , Características de Residência , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Zona de Risco de Desastre , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Conglomerados Espaço-Temporais
5.
Cuad. Hosp. Clín ; 52(1): 26-34, 2007. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-784043

RESUMO

Pregunta de investigación ¿Como es la disponibilidad y el uso de los antimaláricos en Bolivia? Objetivos. Evaluar la disponibilidad y uso de los medicamentos antimaláricos en zonas endémicas de malaria de acuerdo a las normas nacionales. Métodos. Siguiendo los indicadores pre diseñados del manual de gestión farmaceutica de la malaria del management for Sciencies health (MSH). fue evaluada la disponibilidad de los antimaláricos revisando registros 2004-2005 de 21 establecimientos de salud de nivel I y II además de 4 almacenes regionales de los departamentos de Beni, Pando y Tarija y uno del nivel central (La Paz). Para evaluar el uso de los antimaláricos se utilizó la misma herramienta revisando 780 casos de malaria de los registros de tratamiento de pacientes con malaria no complicada atendidos durante el mismo periodo, tambien se observaron 156 atenciones a pacientes con malaria no complicada, habiendose entrevistado a 146 de ellos (93 por ciento) inmediatamente despues de recibir el tratamiento, asi como tambien se realizaron compras de antimaláricos en 28 farmacias privadas de los mismos departamentos. Resultados. El 76 por ciento (5/21) de los establecimientos evaluados no tienen registro de entrada y salida de medicamentos, la disponibilidad de medicamentos antimaláricos para malaria por P. vivax es del 100 por ciento, malaria no complicada por P.falciparum 53 por ciento, malaria y embarazo por P. falciparum 3 por ciento y malaria grave por P. falciparum 0 por ciento en los establecimientos de salud mientras que en los almacenes evaluados es el 90 por ciento, 25 por ciento, 25 por ciento y 38 por ciento respectivamente. los almacenes con mayor tiempo de desabastecimiento (365 días) fueron el de Riberalta y Guayaramerin para el artesunato,clindamicina y biclorhidrato ...


Research question How is it the availability and the use of antimalarial drugs in Bolivia?Objective Evaluate the availability and the use of antimalarial drugs in endemic areas of malaria according to the national norms.METHODS Following the indicator pre-designed in the manual of pharmaceutical management of the malaria of the Management for Sciences Health, the availability of the antimalarial drugs was evaluated revising the registers 2004-2005 of 21 health’s establishments level I and II and 4 regional depots of the Departments of Beni, Pando y Tarija. To...


Assuntos
Humanos , Antimaláricos/farmacologia , Disponibilidade Biológica , Malária/tratamento farmacológico , Preparações Farmacêuticas/normas , Preparações Farmacêuticas/provisão & distribuição , Bolívia , Conduta do Tratamento Medicamentoso/normas , Malária/complicações
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