The Day After: The Longitudinal Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown on Quality of Life of University Students and the Moderator Role of Mindfulness.

Background: The COVID-19 lockdown has been a major stressor for the general population, posing a considerable threat to quality of life (QoL), particularly among university students. Existing research highlights the protective role of dispositional mindfulness (DM) in mitigating stressors; however, its influence on moderating the impact of COVID-19 on QoL remains unknown. We used a longitudinal design to assess the QoL of undergraduate students before and after the COVID-19 lockdown, while also examining the potential moderating effect of DM on this impact. Methods: One hundred eleven Spanish undergraduate students were recruited in 2019, and 103 were followed-up in 2020. Instruments comprised a demographic questionnaire, the World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) inventory to assess QoL, and the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) to assess DM. Results: Analyses revealed statistically significant differences between the two time points in WHOQOL-BREF: Psychological, Social Relationships, and Environmental. Moderation analyses revealed that the impact of COVID-19 on WHOQOL-BREF Psychological scores was moderated by FFMQ-Observe and FFMQ-Non-judging. Conclusions: The COVID-19 lockdown resulted in a reduction of QoL among undergraduate students, yet this impact was moderated by DM. Specifically, present moment attention to experience (observe) and non-judgmental awareness attenuated the impact of COVID-19 on psychological well-being. Future research should focus on evaluating the protective role of preventive interventions designed to increase DM among undergraduate students.

Mindfulness skills and experiential avoidance as therapeutic mechanisms for treatment-resistant depression through mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and lifestyle modification.

Background/objective: The COVID-19 pandemic and consequent physical distancing has made it difficult to provide care for those with Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD). As a secondary analysis of a clinical trial, the aim of this study was to explore potential mechanisms through which three online-delivered approaches, added to treatment as usual, improve depressive symptoms in TRD patients. Methods: The three approaches included (a) Minimal Lifestyle Intervention (MLI), (b) Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), and (c) Lifestyle Modification Program (LMP). Sixty-six participants with TRD completed assessments pre-post intervention (mindfulness skills [FFMQ]; self-compassion [SCS]; and experiential avoidance [AAQ-II]) and pre-intervention to follow-up (depressive symptoms [BDI-II]). Data were analyzed using within-subjects regression models to test mediation. Results: Mindfulness skills mediated the effect of MBCT on depressive symptoms (ab = -4.69, 95% CI = -12.93 to-0.32), whereas the lack of experiential avoidance mediated the effect of LMP on depressive symptoms (ab = -3.22, 95% CI = -7.03 to-0.14). Conclusion: Strengthening mindfulness skills and decreasing experiential avoidance may promote recovery in patients with TRD, MBCT, and LMP have demonstrated that they may help increase mindfulness skills and decrease experiential avoidance, respectively. Future work will need to unpick the components of these interventions to help isolate active ingredients and increase optimization.

Effectiveness of a lifestyle modification programme in the treatment of depression symptoms in primary care.

Background: Depression symptoms are prevalent in the general population, and their onset and continuation may be related to biological and psychosocial factors, many of which are related to lifestyle aspects. Health promotion and lifestyle modification programmes (LMPs) may be effective on reducing the symptoms. The objective of this study was to analyse the clinical effectiveness of a LMP and a LMP plus Information and Communication Technologies, when compared to Treatment as Usual (TAU) over 6 months. The interventions were offered as an adjuvant treatment delivered in Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) for people with depression symptoms. Methods: We conducted an open-label, multicentre, pragmatic, randomized clinical trial. Participants were recruited from several PHCs. Those participants visiting general practitioner for any reason, who also met the inclusion criteria (scoring 10 to 30 points on the Beck II Self-Applied Depression Inventory) were invited to take part in the study. TAU+LMP consisted of six weekly 90-min group sessions focused on improving lifestyle. TAU+LMP + ICTs replicated the TAU+LMP format, plus the addition of a wearable smartwatch to measure daily minutes walked and sleep patterns. A total of 188 participants consented to participate in the study and were randomized. We used linear mixed models, with a random intercept and an unstructured covariance to evaluate the impact of the interventions compared to TAU. Results: Both interventions showed a statistically significant reduction on depressive symptoms compared to TAU (TAU+LMP vs. TAU slope difference, b = -3.38, 95% CI= [-5.286, -1.474] p = 0.001 and TAU+LMP+ICTs vs. TAU slope difference, b = -4.05, 95% CI = [-5.919, -2.197], p < 0.001). These reductions imply a moderate effect size. In the TAU+LMP+ICTs there was a significant increase regarding minutes walking per week (b = 99.77) and adherence to Mediterranean diet (b = 0.702). In the TAU+LMP there was a significant decrease regarding bad sleep quality (b = -1.24). Conclusion: TAU+LMPs administered in PHCs to people experiencing depression symptoms were effective on reducing these symptoms compared to TAU. They also have a positive impact on changing several lifestyle factors. These findings indicate that these interventions can be promising strategies for PHCs.

Programas de intervención con maltratadores en España: la perspectiva de los/as profesionales / Batterer intervention programs in Spain: The professionals’ perspective

La implementación de la Ley Orgánica 1/2004, de 28 de diciembre, de Medidas de Protección Integral contra la Violencia de Género ha tenido, entre otras consecuencias, la generalización de programas de intervención con maltratadores en casos de violencia de género aplicados en España. El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer el punto de vista de profesionales especializados/as sobre estos programas. Para ello, se optó por una metodología cualitativa, realizando entrevistas semiestructuradas a 65 informantes clave, esto es, profesionales con experiencia en implementar y/o gestionar y evaluar este tipo de programas. En general, estos/as profesionales estaban satisfechos/as con los programas en los que habían participado y los valoraban de forma positiva, considerando que determinadas características de los participantes y de los propios programas contribuyen a favorecer o dificultar el éxito de estos y que podrían obtenerse mejores resultados al personalizar las intervenciones. Estos resultados ofrecen información valiosa para comprender las dificultades halladas al implementar estos programas y para mejorarlos

The Organic Law 1/2004 of 28 December on Integrated Protection Measures against Gender Violence has had, among other consequences, the generalization of intervention programs for batterers in cases of gender violence. The objective of this research is to explore the point of view of specialized professionals about these programs. For this purpose a qualitative methodology was used, by applying semi-structured interviews to 65 key informants, i.e. professionals with experience in implementing and/or managing and evaluating such programs. In general, these professionals were satisfied with the programs in which they had participated and they valued them positively. They considered that certain characteristics of participants and of the programs themselves contribute to promoting or hindering their success and also that they could obtain better results by customizing interventions. These results provide valuable information for understanding the difficulties encountered in implementing these programs and to improve them

El acoso sexual en el ámbito universitario: análisis de una escala de medida / Sexual Harassment in the University: Analysis of a Measurement Scale

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las características de la Escala de acoso sexual e interacción social de contenido sexual en el ámbito universitario (EASIS -U). Se diseñó un cuestionario para el estudio de sus componentes que incluye 38 ítems que describen diferentes comportamientos de interacción social de contenido sexual y de acoso sexual. El instrumento fue administrado a 1693 personas (1521 estudiantes y 172 miembros del personal) de una universidad española. Los resultados indican que el cuestionario está constituido por cuatro factores que explican el 61.81 % de la varianza total y evalúan comportamientos de chantaje sexual (Escala 1), acoso sexual de componente verbal (Escala 2) y físico (Escala 3) e interacción social de contenido sexual (Escala 4) en el ámbito académico, con datos de consistencia interna favorables (a entre 0.962 y 0.775). Estos resultados recomiendan el uso de la escala en futuras investigaciones.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of the Scale of sexual harassment and social interaction of sexual content at the University, a questionnaire of 38 items that was administered to 1693 people (1521 students and 172 staff members) of a Spanish university. The results indicate that the questionnaire used consists of four factors explaining 61.81% of the total variance and evaluate sexual blackmail behaviors (Scale 1), sexual harassment verbal component (Scale 2) and physical (Scale 3) and social interaction of sexual content (Scale 4) in academia with a favourable reliability data (a between 0.962 and 0.775). Based on the results is recommended the use of the scale in future research on the subject.

Validación de la versión española de la Escala de Trabajo Emocional de Frankfurt / Validation of the Spanish version of the Frankfurt Emotion Work Scales

Este estudio presenta el análisis de validez y fiabilidad del cuestionario Frankfurt Emotion Work Scales (FEWS), que evalúa el trabajo emocional de los empleados del sector servicios. El trabajo emocional es un término acuñado por Hochschild (1983) y se define como la expresión de emociones organizacionalmente deseables para influir en las interacciones con los clientes en el trabajo. Los resultados muestran una estructura final de 6 factores: Expresar emociones (positivas, negativas y neutras), Sensibilidad requerida, Control de la interacción y Disonancia emocional. El análisis de las puntuaciones de las subescalas muestra que las emociones más frecuentemente expresadas son las positivas, mientras que las emociones negativas son las que se expresan con menos frecuencia (AU)

This study presents the validity and reliability analysis of a questionnaire that assesses emotion work in the service sector. Emotion work is a term introduced by Hochschild (1983) and it refers to the expression of organizationally desirable emotions to influence the interactions with clients at work. The results show a 6-factor structure: Requirement to display Positive, Negative and Neutral Emotions, Sensitivity Requirements, Interaction Control and Emotional Dissonance. The analysis of the sub-scale scores reveals that the most frequently expressed emotions are positive, whereas negative emotions are expressed less frequently (AU)

[Validation of the Spanish version of the Frankfurt Emotion Work Scales]. / Validación de la versión española de la Escala de Trabajo Emocional de Frankfurt.

This study presents the validity and reliability analysis of a questionnaire that assesses emotion work in the service sector. Emotion work is a term introduced by Hochschild (1983) and it refers to the expression of organizationally desirable emotions to influence the interactions with clients at work. The results show a 6-factor structure: Requirement to display Positive, Negative and Neutral Emotions, Sensitivity Requirements, Interaction Control and Emotional Dissonance. The analysis of the sub-scale scores reveals that the most frequently expressed emotions are positive, whereas negative emotions are expressed less frequently.

La violencia de género en la formación universitaria: análisis de factores predictores / Gender violence in higher education: predictors factor analysis

La consideración de la violencia contra las mujeres como problema social y su inclusión en la agenda política en España ha tomado una gran fuerza en los últimos años. Entre las actuaciones que se señalan como relevantes en este contexto está incluir esta temática en la formación universitaria de los/as futuros/as profesionales que deberán afrontarla. En el marco de una investigación más amplia, se analizan los factores predictores que diferencian al alumnado universitario que ha cursado asignaturas con estos contenidos de aquel que no las ha cursado en una muestra de 1395 estudiantes universitarios/as a quienes se administró una entrevista ad hoc y el “Inventario de Pensamientos Distorsionados sobre la Mujer y la Violencia”. Los resultados muestran que entre las variables predictoras de esta circunstancia hay tanto variables sociodemográficas, como de educación previa, percepción de la frecuencia y causas del problema y creencias en torno a él. Igualmente, estos resultados muestran que las variables que mejor predicen haber cursado este tipo de materias difieren entre alumnas y alumnos. Se analizan las implicaciones de estos resultados (AU)

The consideration of violence against women as a social problem and its inclusion on political agenda in Spain has taken a great force in ultimate years. Among the actions that are indicated like important in this context is to include this subject in college education of future professionals that should confront it. In the framework of a large investigation, we analyze prediction factors that differentiate between university students that has studied subjects with domestic violence contents of them has not in a sample of 1395 university students. We administered them an ad hoc interview and the "Inventario de Pensamientos Distorsionados sobre la Mujer y la Violencia". The results show that among prediction variables of this circumstance there is so much socio demographic variables, as of prior education, perception of the frequency and causes of the problem and beliefs around him. Likewise, these results show that the variables that better predict to have studied this type of matters they differ between men and women. The implications of these results are analyzed (AU)

El mito romántico de los celos y su aceptación en la sociedad española actual / The romantic myth of the jealousies and his acceptance in the Spanish current company

En psicología social el estudio de los celos se ha centrado en aspectos como su definición, sus manifestaciones o las perspectivas teóricas para estudiarlos. Este trabajo analiza la presencia y persistencia del mito romántico de los celos en población general i su relación carazterísticas sociodemográficas y de la relación de pareja. La muestra estudiada fue seleccionada de entre la población general mediante un muestreo estratificado por género, y dentro de cada estrato, por cuotas en función de la edad, y estuvo constituida por1351 personas. Para la recogida de datos se empleó un cuestinario diseñado ad hoc. Los resultados obtenidos indican que en torno a un 70% de las personas entrevistadas rechazaron este mito, siendo este rechazo mayoe entre las mujeres, las personas de edad intermedia, con estudios universitarios, que han tenido una pareja con la que han convivido y que en el momento de ser entrevistados/as tenían pareja(AU)

In social psychology the study of the jealousies has focuses on aspects such as its definition, its manifestations and theoretical perspectives to study. This paper examines the presence and persistence of the romantic myth of jealousies in general population and its relationship sociodemographic characteristics and and partner relationships. The studied sample was selected from among the general population by means of a sampling stratified by kind, and inside every stratum, by quotas depending on the age, and was constituted por 1351 persons. For the withdrawal of information there was used a designed ad hoc cuestinario. The results indicate that concerning 70 % of the people interviewed rejected this myth and this rejection was higher among women, the persons of intermediate age, with university studies, which have had a pair with whom they have coexisted and whom in the moment to be Interviewed they had pair (AU)

[The concept of love in a Spanish representative sample]. / El concepto de amor en España.

The model of romantic love and the acceptance of related myths have been granted wide relevance in our context. It has also been suggested that the concept of love can play a role in the origin and maintenance of gender violence. As an initial step towards researching this relationship, the objective of this article is to study the prevailing concept of love in the Spanish population, as well as to analyze any differences that gender and age may introduce in this conception. A reduced version of the Love Attitudes Scale was administered to a representative sample of 1,351 people. Results show that both men and women widely accept the love styles Eros, Agape, Storge and Pragma, reject the Ludus style, and are indifferent to the Mania style. However, the order of preference for love styles is different for men and women and for different age groups. These results are analyzed and discussed.

El concepto de amor en España / The concept of love in a Spanish representative sample

Se ha demostrado la importancia otorgada en nuestro entorno al modelo de amor romántico y la aceptación de los mitos al respecto. En esta misma línea, se ha sugerido que el concepto de amor puede tener un papel en el surgimiento y mantenimiento de violencia de género. Con objeto de iniciar el análisis sobre esta cuestión, se presenta un trabajo cuyo objetivo es profundizar en el estudio del concepto de amor imperante entre la población general española y analizar las diferencias que el género y la edad introducen en dicha concepción. Para ello se administró la versión reducida de la Escala de Actitudes sobre el Amor (LAS) a una muestra representativa de 1.351 personas. Los resultados indican que tanto entre los varones como entre las mujeres los estilos de amor Eros, Ágape, Storge y Pragma son aceptados mayoritariamente, el estilo Ludus es rechazado y se muestra indiferencia hacia el estilo Manía. Al margen de esta coincidencia general, el orden de preferencia varía entre varones y mujeres y para los diferentes grupos de edad. Se analizan y discuten estos resultados

The model of romantic love and the acceptance of related myths have been granted wide relevance in our context. It has also been suggested that the concept of love can play a role in the origin and maintenance of gender violence. As an initial step towards researching this relationship, the objective of this article is to study the prevailing concept of love in the Spanish population, as well as to analyze any differences that gender and age may introduce in this conception. A reduced version of the Love Attitudes Scale was administered to a representative sample of 1,351 people. Results show that both men and women widely accept the love styles Eros, Agape, Storge and Pragma, reject the Ludus style, and are indifferent to the Mania style. However, the order of preference for love styles is different for men and women and for different age groups. These results are analyzed and discussed

Las creencias y actitudes sobre la violencia contra las mujeres en la pareja: determinantes sociodemográficos, familiares y formativos / Beliefs and attitudes on violence against women in partner: socio-demographics, familiar and formative determinants

Actualmente la violencia contra las mujeres en la pareja se considera un problema social de primera magnitud y se analiza desde una perspectiva multicausal. Pero, incluso desde este punto de vista, se considera que en la base de esta pirámide causal habría una concepción sexista de los agresores, estrechamente ligada a la exacerbación del modelo masculino tradicional (Corsi, 1995; Heise, 1997). Dado este supuesto, analizar los determinantes de estas creencias y actitudes puede suponer una contribución relevante para desarrollar programas de prevención temprana contra esta forma de violencia que sean más efectivos. Este trabajo analiza el papel de los factores sociodemográficos, familiares y formativos como determinantes de las creencias y actitudes sexistas y tolerantes hacia la violencia contra las mujeres en la pareja en una muestra de 1395 estudiantes universitarios. Los resultados obtenidos indican que los factores estudiados explican un pequeño porcentaje de estas creencias y actitudes (entre el 5% y el 13% según los casos). Se describen y analizan estos resultados y sus posibles implicaciones en el diseño de programas y actuaciones preventivas

At present domestic violence is considered a social problem of first magnitude and is analyzed since a perspective multicausal. But, even since this point of view, is considered that in the base of this causal pyramid there would be a sexist conception of the aggressors, narrowly con-nected with the exacerbation of traditional male model (Corsi, 1995; Heise, 1997). It given this supposed one, to analyze the determinants of these beliefs and attitudes can suppose a prominent contribution to develop programs of early prevention against this form of violence that be more troops. This work analyzes the role of the formative, family, and sociodemographic factors as determinants of beliefs and attitudes sexists and tolerant toward violence against women in a sample of 1395 university students. Results obtained indicate that the factors studied explain a small percentage of these beliefs and attitudes (between 5% and 13% according to the cases). We described and analyze these results and their possible implications in the design of programs and preventive actions

La violencia contra las mujeres en la pareja: creencias y actitudes en estudiantes universitarios/as / Domestic violence: beliefs and attitudes in university students

Las creencias y actitudes más tolerantes hacia la violencia contra las mujeres en la pareja constituyen uno de los factores de riesgo para su ocurrencia. Entre sus predictores más estudiados se hallan el género, las actitudes de rol de género o el nivel educativo. Se analizan las creencias y actitudes hacia esta forma de violencia en 1.395 estudiantes universitarios/as a quienes se administró el «Inventario de Pensamientos Distorsionados sobre la Mujer y la Violencia» (Echeburúa y Fernández-Montalvo, 1997) y el «Inventario de Deseabilidad Social» de Crowne y Marlowe (Forma C, Reynolds, 1982). Los resultados indican que los chicos y el alumnado sin formación específica sobre el tema muestran creencias y actitudes menos críticas hacia esta forma de violencia. Aunque la deseabilidad social introduce algunas limitaciones, estos resultados sugieren la importancia de incorporar materias sobre esta temática en el currículum del alumnado universitario en general y, especialmente, en el de los/as futuros/as profesionales que trabajarán con estos colectivos

Beliefs and attitudes positives toward domestic violence are one of the risks factors for his occurrence. Among his most studied predictors are gender, gender role attitudes or educational level. In this paper, domestic violence beliefs and attitudes are analysed in 1395 university students. «Inventory of Thoughts Distorted on the Woman and the Violence» (Echeburúa and Fernández-Montalvo, 1997) and «Inventory of Social Desirability» by Crowne and Marlowe (Form C, Reynolds, 1982) were administrated. Boys and students without specific formation about this subject show more positive beliefs and attitudes toward domestic violence. Though social desirability introduces some limitations, these results suggest the importance of incorporating matters on this subject in the curriculum of university students in general and, especially, in future professional that will work with these groups

[Women abuse: beliefs and attitudes in university students]. / La violencia contra las mujeres en la pareja: creencias y actitudes en estudiantes universitarios/as.

Beliefs and attitudes positives toward domestic violence are one of the risks factors for his occurrence. Among his most studied predictors are gender, gender role attitudes or educational level. In this paper, domestic violence beliefs and attitudes are analysed in 1395 university students. "Inventory of Thoughts Distorted on the Woman and the Violence" (Echeburúa and Fernández-Montalvo, 1997) and "Inventory of Social Desirability" by Crowne and Marlowe (Form C, Reynolds, 1982) were administrated. Boys and students without specific formation about this subject show more positive beliefs and attitudes toward domestic violence. Though social desirability introduces some limitations, these results suggest the importance of incorporating matters on this subject in the curriculum of university students in general and, especially, in future professional that will work with these groups.