Hepatocyte ballooning and steatosis in early and late gestation without liver malfunction: Effects of low protein/high carbohydrate diet.

Pregnancy is a challenging metabolic and physiological condition. The aim of this study was to include a second demanding situation as a low protein/high carbohydrate diet (LPHCD) to characterize the histological and functional responses of the maternal liver. It is unknown how the maternal liver responds during early and late pregnancy to LPHCD intake. We explored early pregnancy (3 and 8 gestational age, G) and late pregnancy (15 and 20 G). The results indicated that pregnant rats under control diet showed an evident presence of ballooned hepatocytes, lipid vesicles and edema at late pregnancy (15G); in contrast, pregnant rats under LPHCD showed similar pattern of histological modification but at early pregnancy (3G). Unexpectedly, the serum biomarkers didn't display functional alterations in either group, despite of the evident histological changes no liver malfunction was detected. We conclude that pregnant rats fed with control diet and experimental LPHCD, are subjected to metabolic and physiological conditions that impact the histopathological condition of the maternal liver. Control diet promoted the histological modifications during late pregnancy whereas LPCHCD advanced the onset of these changes. Further experiments are needed to explore the biochemical mechanisms that underlie these histological modifications. Our results are also an example of the resilience associated with the pregnancy: since no functional hepatic alterations accompanied the histopathological changes, another conclusion is that no evident pathological condition was detected in this nutritional protocol.

Leukocyte Telomere Length Predicts Severe Disability in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis and Correlates with Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that affects the nervous system. Peripheral blood leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) are potential biomarkers of neurological disability and neural damage. Our objective was to assess the LTL and mtDNA-CN in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). We included 10 healthy controls, 75 patients with RRMS, 50 of whom had an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) from 0 to 3 (mild to moderate disability), and 25 had an EDSS of 3.5 to 7 (severe disability). We use the Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) technique to quantify absolute LTL and absolute mtDNA-CN. ANOVA test show differences between healthy control vs. severe disability RRMS and mild-moderate RRMS vs. severe disability RRMS (p = 0.0130). LTL and mtDNA-CN showed a linear correlation in mild-moderate disability RRMS (r = 0.378, p = 0.007). Furthermore, we analyzed LTL between RRMS groups with a ROC curve, and LTL can predict severe disability (AUC = 0.702, p = 0.0018, cut-off < 3.0875 Kb, sensitivity = 75%, specificity = 62%), whereas the prediction is improved with a logistic regression model including LTL plus age (AUC = 0.762, p = 0.0001, sensitivity = 79.17%, specificity = 80%). These results show that LTL is a biomarker of disability in RRMS and is correlated with mtDNA-CN in mild-moderate RRMS patients.

Lieber-DeCarli Diet Promotes Different Hepatic Histological Changes During Early and Late Pregnancy: An Example of Maternal Resilience.

BACKGROUND/AIM: During pregnancy, maternal liver can be affected by ethanol (ETOH) intake, whose effects depend on concentration levels ingested. This study aims to describe histological and serum marker characteristics of maternal liver during two metabolic conditions: gestation (G), and sustained ETOH intake, in early and late pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wistar rats were fed with Lieber-DeCarli diet during pregnancy, following an experimental protocol that allows a semi-chronic intake of ETOH (5%). Liver and serum samples were processed for histological characterization and biochemical profiling. Hematoxylin/eosin and Schiff's Periodic Acid staining were used. RESULTS: During pregnancy, a significant elevation in ballooned and edamatous hepatocytes, and a significant increase in micro and macrovesicular deposits were observed in rats fed with the ETOH diet at gestation days 3G, 8G and 15G. These changes were reverted by 20G. Liver glycogen content increased significantly at 15G. Serum metabolites in pregnant rats fed with the ETOH diet showed a significant reduction in urea (from 3G to 15G), an increase in albumin and uric acid at 20G, and a reduction in creatinine. Number of offsprings and weight of male newborns were reduced by 20% and 14%, respectively. Liver function markers in serum showed no significant changes. CONCLUSION: ETOH diet intake promotes hepatic histological changes and histological modifications during pregnancy. These results support the assumption that pregnancy is an adaptive procedure that is associated with nutritional conditions and has a strong influence on hepatic histology. They suggest that pregnancy promotes a state of resilience to the liver function during the sustained intake of 5% ETOH.

Effects of Low Protein-High Carbohydrate Diet during Early and Late Pregnancy on Respiratory Quotient and Visceral Adiposity.

Background: Low Protein-High Carbohydrate (LPHC) diet during pregnancy is considered a nutritional and health problem related to the development of maternal metabolic alterations, such as fatty liver and obesity in the perinatal and postnatal period. It is known that increase in visceral adiposity tissue (VAT) modulates maternal metabolic rate, with the respiratory quotient (RQ) being a parameter related to that variable; however, it is unknown whether LPHC intake during pregnancy affects the VAT and the RQ. In this study, we examine if consumption of LPHC during pregnancy modifies the VAT and RQ in early and late periods of pregnancy. Methods: This is a longitudinal and cross-sectional study with Wistar rats during gestation (G) (3, 8, 15, and 20) and nonpregnant rats. Rats were fed with a control diet with 63/18% carbohydrate/protein and an experimental diet with 79/6% carbohydrate/protein. We studied water and food consumption and metabolic parameters such as RQ and energy expenditure (EE), calculated by indirect calorimetry. In the cross-sectional study, we determined visceral fat, as well as the concentration of free fatty acids, insulin, glucose, and lipid profile in serum. Results: Nonpregnant rats with LPHC intake decreased significantly in VAT (86%) and the RQ (18%); in pregnant rats in early (8G) and late pregnancy (15G) in LPHC diet, both parameters (VAT and RQ) (25%-92%) increased during light time. When comparing time points during pregnancy in the control and LPHC groups, the RQ increased in 15G during daytime compared to 8G during the night period (17 and 5%, respectively). In late pregnancy, LPHC intake and triacylglyceride levels increased and cholesterol and glucose decreased (45 and 26%, respectively), in comparison to nonpregnant rats. Conclusions: LPHC intake in nonpregnant rats decreases the RQ and VAT. Interestingly, the opposite occurs in early pregnancy: the RQ and VAT increased, and this correlates with free fatty acid (FFA) levels. The increase in RQ and VAT during light time in early pregnancy increased mobilization of carbohydrate and protein metabolism. These results suggest that LPHC intake during pregnancy increases the glucose metabolism as a compensatory mechanism for energy needs in the fetus and the mother in early pregnancy.

IgG Anti-ghrelin Immune Complexes Are Increased in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Under Biologic Therapy and Are Related to Clinical and Metabolic Markers.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic alterations. The mechanisms underlying these alterations remain unclear. Ghrelin is a gastrointestinal hormone with potent effects on food intake, body weight, metabolism, and immune response. Recent studies reported the presence of anti-ghrelin autoantibodies in healthy subjects and the levels and affinity of these autoantibodies were altered in anorectic and obese individuals. In this cross-sectional study we analyzed anti-ghrelin autoantibodies in RA patients and evaluated its relationship with clinical, body-composition and metabolic parameters. Clinical measurements of RA patients included the disease activity score-28 (DAS-28), inflammatory biomarkers, autoantibodies (RF and anti-CCP), body composition, glucose and lipid profile. Serum ghrelin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Free and total anti-ghrelin autoantibodies quantification (IgG and IgA isotypes) was performed by in-house ELISA. RA patients had lower IgG anti-ghrelin autoantibodies levels and higher immune complexes percentage (IgG+ghrelin) compared to the control group, while the IgA anti-ghrelin autoantibodies showed no significant differences. In the bivariate analysis, the percentage of IgG anti-ghrelin immune complexes positively correlated with BMI and ghrelin whereas in the multivariate regression model, the variables associated were DAS-28, body weight, visceral fat, LDL-C and TG (R 2 = 0.72). The percentage of IgA anti-ghrelin immune complexes positively correlated with RF and anti-CCP and the multivariate regression model showed an association with RF and body fat percentage (R 2 = 0.22). Our study shows an increased percentage of IgG anti-ghrelin immune complexes in RA patients despite ghrelin levels were similar in both groups, suggesting an increase in the affinity of these autoantibodies toward ghrelin. The associations found in the multiple regression analysis for anti-ghrelin immune complexes support the previously reported functions of these natural autoantibodies as carriers and modulators of the stability and physiological effect of the hormone. However, in RA both the disease activity and the RF appear to influence the formation of these anti-ghrelin immune complexes.

Changes in amino acid profiles and liver alterations in pregnant rats with a high carbohydrate/low protein diet.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Intake of a high-carbohydrate, low-protein diet (HCD/LPD) during pregnancy promotes metabolic disturbances. It has been suggested that liver function during pregnancy contributes to the synthesis of proteins necessary for fetal development during this stage. The liver is a site of response to the synthesis of macronutrients such as proteins. However, it is unknown how HCD/LPD is associated with modifications to the amino acid profiles and hepatic alterations in the maternal environment during pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A transverse longitudinal study was done in primiparous mothers during gestation (G) (G1 day 1, G5 day 5, G15 day 15, and G20 day 20). Histological analysis was used to assess hepatic alterations, and amino acid profiles in the liver were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Food and water intake was quantified, and peripheral biochemical indicators in serum were measured. RESULTS: Mothers with HCD/LPD had increased micro and macro vesicles of fat, necrosis, and inflammation in the liver on G5. The total concentration of hepatic amino acids increased by 40% on G1, 17% on G5, and 25% on G15; and, there was a 12% decrease on G20. The following increases were observed in the liver on G1: arginine 68%, histidine 75%, alanine 18%, methionine 71%, and phenylalanine 51% (p>0.05); on G5: arginine 12%, methionine 34%, and phenylalanine 83% (p>0.05); on G15: arginine and phenylalanine 66%, tryptophan 81% and histidine 60.4% (p>0.05); and on G20: arginine 32% (p>0.05). No weight loss, changes in food consumption, or hepatomegaly occurred. CONCLUSIONS: HCD/LPD during pregnancy in primiparous mothers may promote development of fat vesicles. Possibly, this condition causes metabolic adaptations and nitrogen management reflected in decreased levels of serum urea and altered amino acid profiles in the liver.

Body mass index is associated with interleukin-1, adiponectin, oxidative stress and ioduria levels in healthy adults.

BACKGROUND: iodine contributes to maintain the balance of the reduced and oxidized species and is also required for thyroid hormones synthesis as triiodothyronine (T3), which regulates energy metabolism in adults. Increased body mass index (BMI) is associated with inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, and abnormalities in adipocytokines secretions that are associated with obesity and chronic disease. OBJECTIVE: the aim of the study is to investigate the association between ioduria, oxidative stress, total antioxidant status, adiponectin and interleukin-1 (IL-1) with BMI in healthy adults. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was performed in 114 healthy adult volunteers, aged 25-44 years, divided according to their BMI in three groups: normal weight (BMI < 25), overweight (BMI ≤ 25 to < 30), obesity (BMI ≥ 30). Adiponectin and IL-1 were measured by immune-enzymatic assays; oxidative stress, by determination of malondialdehyde (MDA); and total antioxidant status (TAS) and ioduria were measured by colorimetric assays. Statistical association was done by Spearman's test. RESULTS: overweight and obese subjects have higher serum levels of MDA, TAS and IL-1 vs normal weight subjects. Moreover, overweight and obese subjects have lower levels of iodine and adiponectin vs normal weight subjects. MDA was positively related only with obese subjects (r = 0.787, p = 0.008) and TAS with overweight (r = 0.398, p = 0.049) and obese subjects (r = 0.448, p = 0.030). In contrast, a reverse correlation with ioduria was found in obese subjects (r = 0.463, p = 0.001). Adiponectin was negatively related only in obese subjects (r = -0.477, p = 0.001), while, IL-1 was positively related with the increase of BMI (overweight r = 0.287, p = 0.050; and obesity r = 0.515, p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: alteration in IL-1, adiponectin and oxidative stress levels were found to be related to overweight and obesity; also, iodine levels decreased when BMI increased, contributing to loss of redox equilibrium. All this data may play an important role in etiopathogenesis of chronic disease related to the increase of BMI.

[Effect of feeding frequency and schedules on diet induced thermogenesis in humans, a systematic review]. / Efecto de la frecuencia y horario de alimentación sobre la termogénesis inducida por la dieta en humanos, una revisión sistemática.

Total energy expenditure (TEE) has three components: basal expenditure, physical activity expenditure, and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). This last component, although represents 10% of TEE, if is altered, could have a long-term effect on body weight. Different factors have been shown to influence DIT, including diet composition. However, other factors such as feeding frequency and schedules have been studied for their role in altering DIT. This systematic review explores the research regarding the frequency and timing of feeding and its effect on DIT in humans. A search was made in the PubMed and Web of Science databases, which gave a total of 542 potential articles; 528 were excluded and 14 articles were used for this systematic review in accordance with the inclusion criteria. Although the results are still incipient, the effect of the circadian rhythms that influence the increase of the DIT in response to the morning meal when comparing it with night, as well as the increase in the DIT after the implementation of regular feeding frequencies and decreased DIT after the variable feeding frequencies, stand out. Finally, a tendency to increase in the DIT when the interprandial periods are equal to or greater than two hours and a decrease when these periods are less than two hours were also observed. These results point to a research field with therapeutic potential in the prevention and control of overweight and obesity.

El gasto energético total (GET) tiene tres componentes: el gasto basal, el gasto por actividad física (GAF) y la termogénesis inducida por la dieta (TID). Este último, aunque representa alrededor del 10% del GET, al ser alterado, podría tener efectos a largo plazo sobre el peso corporal. Diferentes factores han mostrado influir sobre la TID, entre ellos la composición de la dieta. Sin embargo, otros factores como la frecuencia y los horarios de alimentación han sido investigados por su papel en la alteración de la TID. Esta revisión sistemática analiza las investigaciones respecto a la frecuencia y los horarios de alimentación y su efecto sobre la TID en humanos. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed y Web of Science, que dio como resultado un total de 542 artículos potenciales. De ellos, se excluyeron 528 en concordancia con los criterios de inclusión, utilizando 14 artículos para esta revisión sistemática. Aunque los resultados son aún incipientes, destacan el efecto de los ritmos circadianos con un incremento de la TID en respuesta a las ingestas matutinas en comparación con las nocturnas, un incremento en la TID posterior a la implementación de frecuencias regulares de alimentación y disminución de la TID posterior a las frecuencias variables. Por último, se observó una tendencia a incremento en la TID cuando los periodos interprandiales son iguales o mayores a dos horas y a disminución cuando son menores. Estos resultados señalan un área de investigación con potencial terapéutico en la prevención y el control del sobrepeso y la obesidad.

Body mass index is associated with interleukin-1, adiponectin, oxidative stress and ioduria levels in healthy adults / El índice de masa corporal está asociado con los niveles de interleucina-1, adiponectina, estrés oxidativo y yoduria en adultos sanos

Background: iodine contributes to maintain the balance of the reduced and oxidized species and is also required for thyroid hormones synthesis as triiodothyronine (T3), which regulates energy metabolism in adults. Increased body mass index (BMI) is associated with inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, and abnormalities in adipocytokines secretions that are associated with obesity and chronic disease. Objective: the aim of the study is to investigate the association between ioduria, oxidative stress, total antioxidant status, adiponectin and interleukin-1 (IL-1) with BMI in healthy adults. Methods: a cross-sectional study was performed in 114 healthy adult volunteers, aged 25-44 years, divided according to their BMI in three groups: normal weight (BMI < 25), overweight (BMI ≤ 25 to < 30), obesity (BMI ≥ 30). Adiponectin and IL-1 were measured by immune-enzymatic assays; oxidative stress, by determination of malondialdehyde (MDA); and total antioxidant status (TAS) and ioduria were measured by colorimetric assays. Statistical association was done by Spearman’s test. Results: overweight and obese subjects have higher serum levels of MDA, TAS and IL-1 vs normal weight subjects. Moreover, overweight and obese subjects have lower levels of iodine and adiponectin vs normal weight subjects. MDA was positively related only with obese subjects (r = 0.787, p = 0.008) and TAS with overweight (r = 0.398, p = 0.049) and obese subjects (r = 0.448, p = 0.030). In contrast, a reverse correlation with ioduria was found in obese subjects (r = 0.463, p = 0.001). Adiponectin was negatively related only in obese subjects (r = -0.477, p = 0.001), while, IL-1 was positively related with the increase of BMI (overweight r = 0.287, p = 0.050; and obesity r = 0.515, p = 0.006).Conclusion: alteration in IL-1, adiponectin and oxidative stress levels were found to be related to overweight and obesity; also, iodine levels decreased when BMI increased, contributing to loss of redox equilibrium. All this data may play an important role in etiopathogenesis of chronic disease related to the increase of BMI

Antecedentes: el yodo contribuye a mantener el balance de especies reducidas y oxidadas y también es requerido para la síntesis de hormonas tiroideas como la triyodotironina (T3), que regula el metabolismo energético en el adulto. El incremento en el índice de masa corporal esta asociado con marcadores inflamatorios, estrés oxidativo y anormalidades en la secreción de adipocitocinas que están asociadas con la obesidad y enfermedades crónicas degenerativas. Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio es investigar la asociación entre yodaría, estrés oxidativo, estado antioxidante total, adiponectina, e interleucina 1, con el IMC en adultos saludables. Métodos: se realizo un estudio transversal con 114 adultos, 33 hombres y 81 mujeres, de entre 25 y 44 años, a los cuales se les midieron sus características clínicas, antropométricas y parámetros sociodemográficos. Los niveles de adiponectina e interleucina 1 se midieron por inmunoensayo; el estrés oxidativo, el estado antioxidante total y la yodaría, por métodos colorimétricos. Resultados: los sujetos con sobrepeso y obesidad tienen altos niveles de MDA, FRAP e IL-1 vs. los sujetos con peso normal. Sin embargo, los sujetos con sobrepeso y obesidad tienen bajos niveles de yodo y adiponectina vs. los sujetos con normopeso. El estrés oxidativo (MDA) se relacionó positivamente solo en sujetos obesos (r = 0,787, p = 0,008) y el estado antioxidante (FRAP) con sobrepeso (r = 0,398, p = 0,049) y obesidad (r = 0,448, p = 0,030). En contraste, se encontró una asociación entre yoduria y sujetos obesos (r = 0,463, r = 0,001). Los niveles de adiponectina se relacionaron negativamente solo en sujetos obesos (r = -0,477, p = 0,001), mientras que la IL-1 fue positivamente relacionada con el incremento de BMI (sobrepeso r = 0,287, p = 0,050; y obesidad r = 0,515, p = 0,006). Conclusión: La alteración en los niveles de interleucina-1, adiponectina y estrés oxidativo se relacionaron en sujetos con sobrepeso y obesidad; además, los niveles de yodo disminuyeron con el incremento del IMC, contribuyendo a la pérdida del equilibrio redox. Estos datos juegan un papel importante en la etiopatogenesis relacionada con enfermedades crónicas relacionadas con el incremento del IMC

Efecto de la frecuencia y horario de alimentación sobre la termogénesis inducida por la dieta en humanos, una revisión sistemática / Effect of feeding frequency and schedules on diet induced thermogenesis in humans, a systematic review

El gasto energético total (GET) tiene tres componentes: el gasto basal, el gasto por actividad física (GAF) y la termogénesis inducida por la dieta (TID). Este último, aunque representa alrededor del 10% del GET, al ser alterado, podría tener efectos a largo plazo sobre el peso corporal. Diferentes factores han mostrado influir sobre la TID, entre ellos la composición de la dieta. Sin embargo, otros factores como la frecuencia y los horarios de alimentación han sido investigados por su papel en la alteración de la TID. Esta revisión sistemática analiza las investigaciones respecto a la frecuencia y los horarios de alimentación y su efecto sobre la TID en humanos. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed y Web of Science, que dio como resultado un total de 542 artículos potenciales. De ellos, se excluyeron 528 en concordancia con los criterios de inclusión, utilizando 14 artículos para esta revisión sistemática. Aunque los resultados son aún incipientes, destacan el efecto de los ritmos circadianos con un incremento de la TID en respuesta a las ingestas matutinas en comparación con las nocturnas, un incremento en la TID posterior a la implementación de frecuencias regulares de alimentación y disminución de la TID posterior a las frecuencias variables. Por último, se observó una tendencia a incremento en la TID cuando los periodos interprandiales son iguales o mayores a dos horas y a disminución cuando son menores. Estos resultados señalan un área de investigación con potencial terapéutico en la prevención y el control del sobrepeso y la obesidad

Total energy expenditure (TEE) has three components: basal expenditure, physical activity expenditure, and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). This last component, although represents 10% of TEE, if is altered, could have a long-term effect on body weight. Different factors have been shown to influence DIT, including diet composition. However, other factors such as feeding frequency and schedules have been studied for their role in altering DIT. This systematic review explores the research regarding the frequency and timing of feeding and its effect on DIT in humans. A search was made in the PubMed and Web of Science databases, which gave a total of 542 potential articles; 528 were excluded and 14 articles were used for this systematic review in accordance with the inclusion criteria. Although the results are still incipient, the effect of the circadian rhythms that influence the increase of the DIT in response to the morning meal when comparing it with night, as well as the increase in the DIT after the implementation of regular feeding frequencies and decreased DIT after the variable feeding frequencies, stand out. Finally, a tendency to increase in the DIT when the interprandial periods are equal to or greater than two hours and a decrease when these periods are less than two hours were also observed. These results point to a research field with therapeutic potential in the prevention and control of overweight and obesity

Estudio e investigación del comportamiento alimentario: Raíces, desarrollo y retos / Study and research of feeding behavior: Roots, development and challenges

Resumen El presente trabajo expone una revisión de las raíces y el desarrollo del estudio e investigación sobre comportamiento alimentario (CA). Se destacan las aportaciones iniciales y algunas otras que le han venido dotando de identidad a esta área de estudio. Entre ellas, el señalamiento de la conducta como medio indispensable para mantener el estado de equilibrio en los organismos, y el papel del aprendizaje como determinante de la preferencia, la selección y el consumo de alimento. Posteriormente se presentan los argumentos que establecen al CA como elemento integrador del conocimiento que sobre alimentación han generado otras áreas de la ciencia. Finalmente se puntualizan los principales retos a enfrentar por parte de los académicos dedicados al estudio e investigación sobre CA, y se pondera el papel de la educación en alimentación y nutrición como la solución óptima a las problemáticas alimentarias.

Abstract The present work provides a review of the basis and development of the study and research on feeding behavior (FB). Initial contributions and those that gave identity to this field are highlighted. Among them, the behavior is approached as an essential mean to maintain the state of balance in the organisms, as well as the role of learning as a determinant of food preference, selection and consumption. Subsequently, are presented the arguments that establish FB as an element that integrate the knowledge related to feeding generated by other areas of science. Finally, are stated the main challenges for academics dedicated to the study and research of FB and the role of education on food and nutrition as an optimal solution for food problems.

Changes in the expression level of MAPK pathway components induced by monosodium glutamate-administration produce neuronal death in the hippocampus from neonatal rats.

Excessive Glutamate (Glu) release may trigger excitotoxic cellular death by the activation of intracellular signaling pathways that transduce extracellular signals to the cell nucleus, which determines the onset of a death program. One such signaling pathway is the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), which is involved in both survival and cell death. Experimental evidences from the use of specific inhibitors supports the participation of some MAPK pathway components in the excitotoxicity mechanism, but the complete process of this activation, which terminates in cell damage and death, is not clearly understood. The present work, we investigated the changes in the expression level of some MAPK-pathway components in hippocampal excitotoxic cell death in the neonatal rats using an experimental model of subcutaneous monosodium glutamate (MSG) administration on postnatal days (PD) 1, 3, 5 and 7. Data were collected at different ages through PD 14. Cell viability was evaluated using fluorescein diacetate mixed with propidium iodide (FDA-PI), and the Nissl-staining technique was used to evaluate histological damage. Transcriptional changes were also investigated in 98 components of the MAPK pathway that are associated with cell damage. These results are an evidence of that repetitive use of MSG, in neonatal rats, induces cell damage-associated transcriptional changes of MAPK components, that might reflect a differential stage of both biochemical and molecular brain maturation. This work also suggests that some of the proteins evaluated such as phosphorylated retinoblastoma (pRb) protein, which was up-regulated, could regulate the response to excitotoxic through modulation of the process of re-entry into the cell cycle in the hippocampus of rats treated with MSG.

Iodine levels are associated with oxidative stress and antioxidant status in pregnant women with hypertensive disease

BACKGROUND: The antioxidant function of iodine and iodine deficiency as a risk factor of preeclampsia have been previously reported. AIM: To analyze the association between iodine deficiency, oxidative stress and antioxidant status with hypertensive disease of pregnancy (HPD). METHOD: Fifty-seven pregnant women were recruited in the last trimester of pregnancy; 20 were diagnosed with hypertensive disease (HPD) of pregnancy and 37 were normotensive pregnant women. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), TSH, free T4 (fT4), total antioxidant status (FRP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and oxidative stress (TBARS) were evaluated by colorimetric methods. RESULTS: UIC median for all pregnant women was 151.9 µg/l. The UIC for pregnant women with HPD was 50-149 µg/l, compared to 150-249 µg/l in normotensive women. No significant differences in levels of TSH and fT4 in normotensive pregnant compared with HPD women were found. Pregnant women with HPD had significant high levels of TBARS, and significant low levels of FRP, SOD, CAT and UIC compared to normotensive pregnant. In addition, pregnant women with optimal levels of UIC had a higher SOD activity (r = 0.354, p = 0.011), while iodine deficiency was associated with HPD (r = -0,281, p = 0.039). Similarly, pregnant women with HPD had a significant negative association with SOD activity (r = -0.702, p = 0.005), CAT (r = -0.409, p = 0.002), and FRP (r = -0.624, p = 0.003), and a positive association with TBARS (r = 0.744, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Iodine contributes to redox balance during pregnancy; its deficiency is associated with HPD. This study shows the importance of iodine during pregnancy.

Effects of green tea and its epigallocatechin (EGCG) content on body weight and fat mass in humans: a systematic review / Efectos del té verde y su contenido de galato de epigalocatequina (EGCG) sobre el peso corporal y la masa grasa en humanos. Una revisión sistemática.

The prevalence and incidence of overweight and obesity worldwide continues to increase, as well as diseases related to these conditions. This is attributed to an increase in energy intake and a decrease in energy expenditure. Consumption of green tea has been linked to a reduction in body fat and body weight. However, research on green tea has been very diverse. This review assesses the investigations that have been made with green tea and its epigallocatechin gallato (EGCG) content, evaluating its effect on body fat and body weight in humans. A search was made in the PubMed and Web of the Science databases that gave a first total result of 424 potential articles; 409 were excluded and 15 articles were used for this systematic review. Research has been very varied, however, daily consumption of green tea with doses of EGCG between 100 and 460 mg/day has shown greater effectiveness on body fat and body weight reduction in intervention periods of 12 weeks or more. In addition, the use of caffeine doses between 80 and 300 mg/day has been shown to be an important factor for this effects, when the participants did not have a high caffeine intake (> 300 mg/day) prior to the intervention.

La prevalencia e incidencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad continúan en aumento a nivel mundial, así como las enfermedades relacionadas con estas condiciones. Ello se atribuye a un incremento en la ingesta de energía y una disminución en el gasto de la misma. El consumo de té verde se ha relacionado con una reducción en la grasa y el peso corporal. Sin embargo, las investigaciones realizadas con el té verde han sido muy diversas. Esta revisión sistemática explora las investigaciones que se han realizado con té verde y su contenido de galato de epigalocatequina (EGCG) evaluando su efecto sobre la grasa y el peso corporal en humanos. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed y Web of Science que dio como primer resultado un total de 424 artículos potenciales. Fueron excluidos 409, por lo que se utilizaron 15 artículos para esta revisión sistemática. Las investigaciones han sido muy diversas; sin embargo, el consumo diario de té verde con dosis de EGCG entre los 100 y los 460 mg/día ha mostrado mayor efectividad sobre la reducción de masa grasa y peso corporal en periodos de intervención de 12 semanas o más. Además, la utilización de dosis de cafeína entre 80 y 300 mg/día ha mostrado ser un factor de importancia para los efectos obtenidos, siempre y cuando los participantes no tuviesen previo a la intervención una ingesta habitual de cafeína alta (> 300 mg/día).

Iodine levels are associated with oxidative stress and antioxidant status in pregnant women with hypertensive disease / Los niveles de yodo están asociados con estrés oxidativo y estado antioxidante en mujeres embarazadas con enfermedad hipertensiva

Background: The antioxidant function of iodine and iodine deficiency as a risk factor of preeclampsia have been previously reported. Aim: To analyze the association between iodine deficiency, oxidative stress and antioxidant status with hypertensive disease of pregnancy (HPD). Method: Fifty-seven pregnant women were recruited in the last trimester of pregnancy; 20 were diagnosed with hypertensive disease (HPD) of pregnancy and 37 were normotensive pregnant women. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), TSH, free T4 (fT4), total antioxidant status (FRP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and oxidative stress (TBARS) were evaluated by colorimetric methods. Results: UIC median for all pregnant women was 151.9 μg/l. The UIC for pregnant women with HPD was 50-149 μg/l, compared to 150-249 μg/l in normotensive women. No significant differences in levels of TSH and fT4 in normotensive pregnant compared with HPD women were found. Pregnant women with HPD had significant high levels of TBARS, and significant low levels of FRP, SOD, CAT and UIC compared to normotensive pregnant. In addition, pregnant women with optimal levels of UIC had a higher SOD activity (r = 0.354, p = 0.011), while iodine deficiency was associated with HPD (r = -0,281, p = 0.039). Similarly, pregnant women with HPD had a significant negative association with SOD activity (r = -0.702, p = 0.005), CAT (r = -0.409, p = 0.002), and FRP (r = -0.624, p = 0.003), and a positive association with TBARS (r = 0.744, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Iodine contributes to redox balance during pregnancy; its deficiency is associated with HPD. This study shows the importance of iodine during pregnancy (AU)

Antecedentes: previamente se han reportado la función antioxidante del yodo y su deficiencia como un factor de riesgo de preeclampsia. Objetivo: analizar la asociación entre la deficiencia de yodo, el estrés oxidativo y el estado antioxidante con la enfermedad hipertensiva del embarazo (HPD). Métodos: cincuenta y siete mujeres embarazadas se reclutaron en el último trimestre del embarazo, 20 diagnosticadas de enfermedad hipertensiva del embarazo y 37 gestantes normotensas. La concentración urinaria de yodo (UIC), TSH, T4 libre (hT4), estado antioxidante total (FRP), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT), y estrés oxidativo (TBARS) se evaluaron por métodos colorimétricos. Resultados: la mediana de UIC para todas las mujeres embarazadas fue de 151,9 μg/l. La UIC para las mujeres embarazadas con HPD fue de entre 50 y 149 μg/l, comparada con 150-249 μg/l de las gestantes normotensas. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los niveles de TSH y fT4 en embarazadas normotensas y en mujeres con HPD. Las mujeres embarazadas con HPD tuvieron niveles altos de TBARS y niveles bajos de FRP, SOD, CAT y UIC comparadas con las gestantes normotensas. Además, las mujeres gestantes con niveles óptimos de UIC tuvieron la actividad SOD más alta (r = 0,354, p = 0,011), mientras que la deficiencia de yodo se asoció con HPD (r = -0,281, p = 0,039). De manera similar, las gestantes con HPD tuvieron una asociación negativa con la actividad de SOD (r = -0,702, p = 0,005), CAT (r = -0,409, p = 0,002) y FRP (r = -0,624, p = 0,003), y una asociación positiva con TBARS (r = 0,744, p = 0,001). Conclusión: el yodo coadyuva en el balance redox durante la gestación; su deficiencia está asociada con HPD. Este estudio muestra la importancia del yodo durante la gestación (AU)

Efectos del té verde y su contenido de galato de epigalocatequina (EGCG) sobre el peso corporal y la masa grasa en humanos. Una revisión sistemática / Effects of green tea and its epigallocatechin (EGCG) content on body weight and fat mass in humans: a systematic review

La prevalencia e incidencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad continúan en aumento a nivel mundial, así como las enfermedades relacionadas con estas condiciones. Ello se atribuye a un incremento en la ingesta de energía y una disminución en el gasto de la misma. El consumo de té verde se ha relacionado con una reducción en la grasa y el peso corporal. Sin embargo, las investigaciones realizadas con el té verde han sido muy diversas. Esta revisión sistemática explora las investigaciones que se han realizado con té verde y su contenido de galato de epigalocatequina (EGCG) evaluando su efecto sobre la grasa y el peso corporal en humanos. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed y Web of Science que dio como primer resultado un total de 424 artículos potenciales. Fueron excluidos 409, por lo que se utilizaron 15 artículos para esta revisión sistemática. Las investigaciones han sido muy diversas; sin embargo, el consumo diario de té verde con dosis de EGCG entre los 100 y los 460 mg/día ha mostrado mayor efectividad sobre la reducción de masa grasa y peso corporal en periodos de intervención de 12 semanas o más. Además, la utilización de dosis de cafeína entre 80 y 300 mg/día ha mostrado ser un factor de importancia para los efectos obtenidos, siempre y cuando los participantes no tuviesen previo a la intervención una ingesta habitual de cafeína alta (> 300 mg/día) (AU)

The prevalence and incidence of overweight and obesity worldwide continues to increase, as well as diseases related to these conditions. This is attributed to an increase in energy intake and a decrease in energy expenditure. Consumption of green tea has been linked to a reduction in body fat and body weight. However, research on green tea has been very diverse. This review assesses the investigations that have been made with green tea and its epigallocatechin gallato (EGCG) content, evaluating its effect on body fat and body weight in humans. A search was made in the PubMed and Web of the Science databases that gave a first total result of 424 potential articles; 409 were excluded and 15 articles were used for this systematic review. Research has been very varied, however, daily consumption of green tea with doses of EGCG between 100 and 460 mg/day has shown greater effectiveness on body fat and body weight reduction in intervention periods of 12 weeks or more. In addition, the use of caffeine doses between 80 and 300 mg/day has been shown to be an important factor for this effects, when the participants did not have a high caffeine intake (> 300 mg/day) prior to the intervention (AU)

[NUTRITIONAL AND SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE: RURAL VIEW]. / HÁBITOS ALIMENTARIOS Y FACTORES SOCIODEMOGRÁFICOS DE PACIENTES CON ENFERMEDAD DE PARKINSON EN ZONAS RURALES.

Parkinson's disease (PD), its prevalent in population to 65 years of age, nevertheless can occur earlier. Patients with PD exhibit motor and no motor symptoms these may relate with changes in nutritional habits during disease progression. The prevalence of PD and nutritional factor could be different in rural areas compared to urban regions and can be associated with sociocultural and demographic features. It has been suggested a possible association between excessive intake of saturated fats and low consumption of vitamins such as B6 with EP, however, the results are still not conclusive. Some of significant factors could affect nutritional habits and status in PD in rural areas, are: health status, economic availability, environmental and geographical factors, among others. This review presents some eating habits and sociodemographic factors in PD principally in rural areas.

La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) predomina en la población de 65 años de edad o más y se caracteriza tanto por síntomas motores como no motores, los cuales pueden asociarse con cambios en la conducta alimentaria. Los factores nutricionales pueden depender de las características socioculturales y sociodemográficas, y esto a su vez podrían ser diferente en el medio rural en comparación con el medio urbano. Se ha propuesto una posible asociación entre el exceso en la ingesta de grasas saturadas y la baja ingesta de vitaminas como la B6 y los antioxidantes con la EP; sin embargo, los resultados aún no son concluyentes. Entre los factores significativos que podrían afectar a los hábitos nutricionales y condicionar el estado nutricional en la EP en zonas rurales se encuentran: el estado de salud, la disponibilidad económica, los factores ambientales y geográficos, entre otros. La presente revisión analiza algunos de los hábitos alimentarios y los factores sociodemográficos en la EP, principalmente en zonas rurales.

Hábitos alimentarios y factores sociodemográficos de pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson en zonas rurales / Nutritional and sociodemographic factors in parkinson’s disease: rural view

La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) predomina en la población de 65 años de edad o más y se caracteriza tanto por síntomas motores como no motores, los cuales pueden asociarse con cambios en la conducta alimentaria. Los factores nutricionales pueden depender de las características socioculturales y sociodemográficas, y esto a su vez podrían ser diferente en el medio rural en comparación con el medio urbano. Se ha propuesto una posible asociación entre el exceso en la ingesta de grasas saturadas y la baja ingesta de vitaminas como la B6 y los antioxidantes con la EP; sin embargo, los resultados aún no son concluyentes. Entre los factores significativos que podrían afectar a los hábitos nutricionales y condicionar el estado nutricional en la EP en zonas rurales se encuentran: el estado de salud, la disponibilidad económica, los factores ambientales y geográficos, entre otros. La presente revisión analiza algunos de los hábitos alimentarios y los factores sociodemográficos en la EP, principalmente en zonas rurales (AU)

Parkinson’s disease (PD), its prevalent in population to 65 years of age, nevertheless can occur earlier. Patients with PD exhibit motor and no motor symptoms these may relate with changes in nutritional habits during disease progression. The prevalence of PD and nutritional factor could be different in rural areas compared to urban regions and can be associated with sociocultural and demographic features. It has been suggested a possible association between excessive intake of saturated fats and low consumption of vitamins such as B6 with EP, however, the results are still not conclusive. Some of significant factors could affect nutritional habits and status in PD in rural areas, are: health status, economic availability, environmental and geographical factors, among others. This review presents some eating habits and sociodemographic factors in PD principally in rural areas (AU)

Indicadores de estrés oxidativo en suero y comportamiento alimentario en adultos de una zona rural de Jalisco, México / Levels of oxidative striess in serum and dietary behavior in adults in a ruralarea of Jalisco, Mexico

Introducción: El comportamiento alimentario establece la relación del ser humano con la alimentación, comprende hábitos alimentarios que podrían intervenir en el desarrollo del estrés oxidativo. Objetivos: Evaluar la relación de indicadores de estrés oxidativo (lipoperóxidos) y capacidad antioxidante (ácido ascórbico, catalasa, superóxido dismutasa) con el comportamiento alimentario en adultos que residen en Teocuitatlán de Corona, Jalisco, México. Método: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, comparativo de 44 adultos de 43 a 88 años de edad. Se aplicó un instrumento de comportamiento alimentario. Los resultados del cuestionario se relacionaron con los indicadores de estrés oxidativo. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, distribución de frecuencias y análisis de co-varianza con ajuste de variables, se consideró una significancia de p <0.05. Resultados: Los valores de lipoperóxidos en suero se relacionaron a las siguientes conductas: considerar el contenido nutrimental como factor más importante al elegir el alimento (p=0.042), desagrado por lácteos (p=0.027), ingesta de dulces entre las comidas (p=0.001), inclusión habitual de verduras y ensaladas en la comida principal (p=0.018). No se encontró relación significativa de los valores de cantidad total de ácido ascórbico, colesterol en lipoproteínas de baja densidad y actividades enzimáticas de catalasa y superóxido dismutasa con las conductas alimentarios analizados. Discusión: Los hábitos y conductas de alimentación analizados pueden intervenir en el desarrollo del estrés oxidativo y presentar un efecto protector o perjudicial hacia las complicaciones de enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles y el envejecimiento de esta población. Se sugiere profundizar en aspectos sociodemográficos y socioculturales de la región, además de integrar un análisis de consumo de alimentos y de marcadores metabólicos relacionados con la alimentación (AU)

Introduction: The feeding behavior establishes a relation of humans with food, includes food habits that could be involved with oxidative stress. Objective: To evaluate the relation of indicators of oxidative stress (lipid peroxides) and antioxidant (ascorbic acid, catalase, superoxide dismutase) with feeding behavior in adults of Teocuhitatlan Corona, Jalisco, Mexico. Method: Study observational, descriptive, cross-sectional of 44 adults with 43 to 88 years, was used a instrument of feeding behavior. The questionnaire were related to indicators of oxidative stress. Were used descriptive statistics, frequency distribution and analysis of covariance with adjustment variables, was considered significant p <0.05. Results: The values of serum lipid peroxides were related to behaviors: consider the nutritional content as most important when choosing food (p = 0.042), dislike milk (p = 0.027), intake of sweets between meals (p = 0.001), habitual inclusion of vegetables and salads in main meal (p = 0.018). We do not found association in to values of ascorbic acid, cholesterol in low density lipoproteins and enzymatic activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase with food behaviors. Discussion: The feeding behaviors analyzed in this study may be involved with development of oxidative stress and could be have protective or harmful effect in development to complications of chronic non-communicable diseases and aging in this population. This suggests to analyze demographic and socio-cultural aspects of region and besides analyzing the consumption and metabolic markers related to food (AU)