Hepatitis C virus infection screening reduces mortality and is cost-effective independently of the intervention test

Introduction: chronic infection due to hepatitis C virus (HCV)is frequently asymptomatic even in advanced stages of liverdisease. Implementation of a screening program based ondifferent HCV tests may enable an earlier diagnosis of HCVliver disease and subsequent application of highly effectivetreatment.Patients and methods: a Markov model which comparesthree different screening strategies for hepatitis C versus noscreening in low-risk prevalence (general population) andhigh-risk prevalence population (people who inject drugs orprison population) was designed, taking into account age atthe start of screening and participation. The three strategieswere: a) serological detection of antibodies against the HCV;b) dried blood spot test (DBS) to detect antibodies againstHCV; and c) detection of ribonucleic acid (RNA) from HCV.Quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) were taken as a measurement of effectiveness. The incremental cost-effectivenessratio (ICER) was calculated and a deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed.Results: all three screening strategies were found to becost-effective, with an ICER of €13,633, €12,015 and €12,328/QALY for antiHCV, DBS-antiHCV and DBS-RNA HCV, respectively. There was a decrease in mortality due to liver disease in comparison to no screening for antiHCV (40.7 % and52 %), DBS-antiHCV (45 % and 80 %) and DBS-RNA HCV (45.2 % and 80 %) for low-prevalence and high-prevalencepopulations, respectively.Conclusion: all test interventions for HCV screening arecost-effective for the early detection of HCV infection, alsoachieving a reduction in mortality. Thus, implementationof screening programs for HCV should not be halted by decisions on monetary policy. (AU)

Telemedicine and decentralized hepatitis C treatment as a strategy to enhance retention in care among people attending drug treatment centres.

BACKGROUND: People attending drug treatment centres have a high burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and face barriers to diagnosis and treatment. Dried blood spot (DBS) testing has been proposed to simplify diagnosis, but many patients remain untreated. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the reasons for non-retention in care in an intervention using on-site DBS testing and the effect of telemedicine and decentralized care compared to standard of care among people attending drug treatment centres who were lost to follow-up. METHODS: In a first phase, retention in care, adherence to treatment, and predictive factors in the DBS testing program of patients in drug treatment centres were analyzed and compared to a cohort of patients treated at the hospital outpatient clinic. Subsequently, in a second phase we evaluated in patients lost to follow-up from drug treatment centres the efficacy of one-step testing and telemedicine linked to a decentralized dispensation of HCV treatment or standard of care. RESULTS: Among 512 patients attending drug treatment centres, 467 (91.2%) agreed to be tested and 53.4% (237 patients/444 valid tests) tested positive (46 ± 9 years, 87.3% male) for HCV antibodies. After excluding patients negative for RNA or under surveillance, 178 patients were scheduled to meet with a specialist. Overall, 44 patients did not attend and 25 did not complete the pre-treatment evaluation. The only factor associated with retention in care was patient's knowledge of HCV infection. Treated patients attending drug treatment centres (n = 68) compared to the hospital outpatient clinic cohort (n = 135) had lower rates of treatment adherence. Among the patients who attended drug treatment centres that were lost to follow-up (n = 69), the proportion of patients who completed the program was significantly higher among those assisted by telemedicine than by standard of care (62.5% vs. 24.3%, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Although there was a high participation rate in a DBS testing program in drug treatment centres, non-retention in care is a challenge. Importantly, telemedicine linked to a decentralized dispensation of HCV treatment re-engages patients and may be effective for HCV microelimination.