La salud comunitaria en los equipos de atención primaria: objetivo de dirección / Community health in primary health care teams: a management objective

OBJETIVO: Describir el proceso de desarrollo de la salud comunitaria (SC) en un territorio en que la dirección territorial de Atención Primaria decidió incluirla como línea estratégica en su hoja de ruta. DISEÑO: Investigación evaluativa mediante técnicas cualitativas, incluyendo análisis DAFO en SC, en 2 etapas (estudio bietápico). EMPLAZAMIENTO: Equipos de Atención Primaria del Instituto Catalán de la Salud en Barcelona. PARTICIPANTES Y CONTEXTO: El ámbito de estudio son los 24 EAP del Servicio de Atención Primaria Muntanya-Dreta de la ciudad de Barcelona, referentes de un total de 557.430 habitantes, con un total de 904 profesionales. MÉTODO: 1. a fase: constitución de un grupo de trabajo en SC; identificación de los proyectos comunitarios en el territorio con cuestionario ad hoc; análisis DAFO.2. a fase: a partir de las necesidades detectadas en la fase anterior se elaboró un plan de actividades formativas en SC: taller básico, taller avanzado y jornada de intercambio de experiencias en salud comunitaria. RESULTADOS: Ochenta profesionales de los equipos recibieron formación específica en los 4 talleres realizados, uno de ellos de nivel avanzado; se realizaron 2 jornadas de intercambio de experiencias en las que participaron 165 profesionales de los equipos del territorio y en las que se presentaron 22 experiencias locales. De los 24 EAP, 6 han efectuado diagnóstico comunitario en 2013. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque la SC está ciertamente desarrollada en determinadas áreas, dista todavía de tener un papel relevante en el modelo de atención. Su expansión va a depender del soporte directivo, la impronta comunitaria local y el propio EAP

OBJECTIVE: To describe the process of development of community health in a territory where the Primary Health Care board decided to include it in its roadmap as a strategic line. DESIGN: Evaluative research using qualitative techniques, including SWOT analysis on community health. Two-steps study. LOCATION: Primary care teams (PCT) of the Catalan Health Institute in Barcelona city. PARTICIPANTS AND/OR CONTEXT: The 24 PCT belonging to the Muntanya-Dreta Primary Care Service in Barcelona city, with 904 professionals serving 557,430 inhabitants. METHOD: Application of qualitative methodology using SWOT analysis in two steps (two-step study). Step 1: Setting up a core group consisting of local PCT professionals; collecting the community projects across the territory; SWOT analysis. Step 2: From the needs identified in the previous phase, a plan was developed, including a set of training activities in community health: basic, advanced, and a workshop to exchange experiences from the PCTs. RESULTS: A total of 80 team professionals received specific training in the 4 workshops held, one of them an advanced level. Two workshops were held to exchange experiences with 165 representatives from the local teams, and 22 PCTs presenting their practices. In 2013, 6 out of 24 PCTs have had a community diagnosis performed. CONCLUSIONS: Community health has achieved a good level of development in some areas, but this is not the general situation in the health care system. Its progression depends on the management support they have, the local community dynamics, and the scope of the Primary Health Care

[Community health in primary health care teams: a management objective]. / La salud comunitaria en los equipos de atención primaria: objetivo de dirección.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the process of development of community health in a territory where the Primary Health Care board decided to include it in its roadmap as a strategic line. DESIGN: Evaluative research using qualitative techniques, including SWOT analysis on community health. Two-steps study. LOCATION: Primary care teams (PCT) of the Catalan Health Institute in Barcelona city. PARTICIPANTS AND/OR CONTEXT: The 24 PCT belonging to the Muntanya-Dreta Primary Care Service in Barcelona city, with 904 professionals serving 557,430 inhabitants. METHOD: Application of qualitative methodology using SWOT analysis in two steps (two-step study). Step 1: Setting up a core group consisting of local PCT professionals; collecting the community projects across the territory; SWOT analysis. Step 2: From the needs identified in the previous phase, a plan was developed, including a set of training activities in community health: basic, advanced, and a workshop to exchange experiences from the PCTs. RESULTS: A total of 80 team professionals received specific training in the 4 workshops held, one of them an advanced level. Two workshops were held to exchange experiences with 165 representatives from the local teams, and 22 PCTs presenting their practices. In 2013, 6 out of 24 PCTs have had a community diagnosis performed. CONCLUSIONS: Community health has achieved a good level of development in some areas, but this is not the general situation in the health care system. Its progression depends on the management support they have, the local community dynamics, and the scope of the Primary Health Care.

[Development of primary health care competencies]. / Desarrollo de competencias en atención primaria de salud.

Given that the lack of qualified human resources devoted to primary health care (PHC) is one of the reasons why Alma Ata goals are as yet unattained, PAHO/WHO sponsored the design and implementation of a virtual course for training health care professionals at this level. The course was designed around competencies identified as being necessary for renewing primary care, founded on the premise that providing quality, sustainable services amenable to the public must emanate from professionals who lead the change process at all levels in the system. In this first phase, instruction is aimed at PHC leaders, managers, and other decision makers. The course is offered through the Virtual Public Health Campus and is 27 weeks long.

Desarrollo de competencias en atención primaria de salud / Development of primary health care competencies

Given that the lack of qualified human resources devoted to primary health care (PHC) is one of the reasons why Alma Ata goals are as yet unattained, PAHO/WHO sponsored the design and implementation of a virtual course for training health care professionals at this level. The course was designed around competencies identified as being necessary for renewing primary care, founded on the premise that providing quality, sustainable services amenable to the public must emanate from professionals who lead the change process at all levels in the system. In this first phase, instruction is aimed at PHC leaders, managers, and other decision makers. The course is offered through the Virtual Public Health Campus and is 27 weeks long.

Estudio de la mortalidad del último brote de fiebre amarilla en la ciudad de Barcelona (España) en 1870 / A mortality study of the last outbreak of yellow fever in Barcelona City (Spain) in 1870

ObjetivoEl último brote de fiebre amarilla en la ciudad de Barcelona, España, se originó a partir de un barco que venía de Cuba. El objetivo de este estudio es describir y analizar esa epidemia ocurrida en 1870, utilizando los datos disponibles de mortalidad.MétodosLa información de las 1235 defunciones identificadas en los registros parroquiales se ha analizado utilizando los procedimientos estadísticos y epidemiológicos para brotes epidémicos.ResultadosLa tasa de mortalidad por fiebre amarilla fue de 549.7 por 100,000 habitantes. La distribución temporal de las muertes tenía dos modas en el final de septiembre y octubre, y los últimos muertos ocurrieron en diciembre de 1870. La distribución de las defunciones según los barrios de la ciudad fue desigual. En La Barceloneta, en particular, hubo mas muertos en las calles adyacentes al puerto que en las más lejanas (r=0,83; p<60;0,0001).ConclusionesEste estudio muestra una distribución bimodal de la mortalidad por fiebre amarilla durante el brote, con un impacto alto en hombres adultos, y en el barrio de La Barceloneta(AU)

Background The last outbreak of yellow fever in the city of Barcelona, Spain, was caused by a ship arriving from Cuba. The objective of this study was to describe and analyze the epidemic of 1870 by using the available mortality data. Methods The information on 1,235 deaths identified in the parochial registries was analyzed, using statistical and epidemiological procedures for epidemic outbreaks. ResultsMortality due to yellow fever was 549.7 per 100,000 inhabitants. The temporal distribution of the deaths showed two peaks at the end of September and October with the last fatalities occurring in December 1870. The distribution of the fatalities in the city's neighborhoods was unequal. In La Barceloneta, in particular, more fatalities were found in the streets adjacent to the port than in the most remote streets (r=0.83; p<60;0.0001). ConclusionsThis study reveals a temporal bimodal mortality distribution for yellow fever during the outbreak, with a high impact in adult men and in the La Barceloneta neighborhood(AU)

A mortality study of the last outbreak of yellow fever in Barcelona City (Spain) in 1870.

BACKGROUND: The last outbreak of yellow fever in the city of Barcelona, Spain, was caused by a ship arriving from Cuba. The objective of this study was to describe and analyze the epidemic of 1870 by using the available mortality data. METHODS: The information on 1,235 deaths identified in the parochial registries was analyzed, using statistical and epidemiological procedures for epidemic outbreaks. RESULTS: Mortality due to yellow fever was 549.7 per 100,000 inhabitants. The temporal distribution of the deaths showed two peaks at the end of September and October with the last fatalities occurring in December 1870. The distribution of the fatalities in the city's neighborhoods was unequal. In La Barceloneta, in particular, more fatalities were found in the streets adjacent to the port than in the most remote streets (r=0.83; p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals a temporal bimodal mortality distribution for yellow fever during the outbreak, with a high impact in adult men and in the La Barceloneta neighborhood.

[A network to promote health systems based on primary health care in the Region of the Americas]. / Una red para promover sistemas de salud basados en la atención primaria de salud en la Región de las Américas.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the relational components of an international network of organizations that provide technical and financial assistance to promote the development of health systems based on primary health care in the countries of the Region of the Americas; to analyze the linkages that would allow the collaborating partners of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) to work together on health issues; and to determine the basic theoretical elements that can help to develop action strategies that support advocacy efforts by a network. METHODS: This was a qualitative and quantitative cross-sectional study based on identifying key informants and on analyzing social networks. Ethnographic and relational information from 46 international organizations was collected through a self-administered semistructured questionnaire. From 46 international health cooperation organizations, 29 decision makers from 29 organizations participated (63.0% response rate). The structure and the strength of the network was evaluated in terms of density, closeness, clustering, and centralization. The statistical analysis was done using computer programs that included UCINET, Pajek, and Microsoft Access. RESULTS: We found a structurally centralized theoretical network, whose nodes were clustered into four central subgroups linked by a shared vision. The leadership, influence, and political interests reflected the formal and technical-cooperation linkages, the formal support for health systems based on primary health care, and the flow of resources being more often technical ones than financial ones. CONCLUSIONS: The interorganizational relational components and the social-action ties that were identified could help in the development and consolidation of a thematic network for advocacy and for the management of technical and financial assistance that supports primary health care in the Americas. The linkages for joint action that were identified could advance international cooperation in developing health systems based on primary health care, once PAHO formulates clear implementation strategies and takes a leadership position in mobilizing financial resources and in creating informal and interpersonal linkages for action.

[Renewing primary health care in the Americas]. / La renovación de la atención primaria de salud en las Américas.

At the 2003 meeting of the Directing Council of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the PAHO Member States issued a mandate to strengthen primary health care (Resolution CD44. R6). The mandate led in 2005 to the document "Renewing Primary Health Care in the Americas. A Position Paper of the Pan American Health Organization/WHO [World Health Organization]," and it culminated in the Declaration of Montevideo, an agreement among the governments of the Region of the Americas to renew their commitment to primary health care (PHC). Scientific data have shown that PHC, regarded as the basis of all the health systems in the Region, is a key component of effective health systems and can be adapted to the range of diverse social, cultural, and economic conditions that exist. The new, global health paradigm has given rise to changes in the population's health care needs. Health services and systems must adapt to address these changes. Building on the legacy of the International Conference on Primary Health Care, held in 1978 in Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), PAHO proposes a group of strategies critical to adopting PHC-based health care systems based on the principles of equity, solidarity, and the right to the highest possible standard of health. The main objective of the strategies is to develop and/or strengthen PHC-based health systems in the entire Region of the Americas. A substantial effort will be required on the part of health professionals, citizens, governments, associations, and agencies. This document explains the strategies that must be employed at the national, subregional, Regional, and global levels.

Una red para promover sistemas de salud basados en la atención primaria de salud en la Región de las Américas / A network to promote health systems based on primary health care in the Region of the Americas

OBJETIVOS: Identificar los componentes relacionales de una red internacional de organizaciones de cooperación técnica y financiera que promueva el desarrollo de sistemas de salud basados en la atención primaria de salud (APS) en los países de la Región; analizar los vínculos de acción social para la cooperación en salud entre los socios colaboradores de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS); y determinar los elementos teóricos básicos que pueden contribuir a desarrollar estrategias de acción que respalden la abogacía en red. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal cualitativo y cuantitativo basado en la identificación de informantes clave y el análisis de redes sociales. Se colectó información etnográfica y relacional de 46 organizaciones internacionales mediante un cuestionario semiestructurado autoaplicado. Participaron 29 tomadores de decisión pertenecientes a 29 organizaciones de cooperación internacional en salud (tasa de respuesta: 63,0 por ciento). La estructura y solidez de la red se evaluó mediante la densidad, la distancia, la transitividad y la centralización de los nodos. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante los programas informáticos UCINET, PAJEK y MS Access, entre otros. RESULTADOS: Se identificó una red teórica estructuralmente centralizada, cuyos nodos aglutinados en cuatro subgrupos centrales se vincularon en una visión compartida. El liderazgo, la influencia y los intereses políticos reflejaron los vínculos cooperativos de tipo formal y técnico y el apoyo formal a favor de la propuesta, con el predominio del flujo de recursos técnicos sobre los financieros. CONCLUSIONES: Los componentes relacionales interorganizacionales y los vínculos de acción social identificados pueden influir positivamente en la conformación y consolidación de una red temática de abogacía y gestión para la cooperación técnica y financiera en apoyo a la APS en la Región de las Américas. Los vínculos de acción identificados pueden favorecer...

OBJECTIVES: To identify the relational components of an international network of organizations that provide technical and financial assistance to promote the development of health systems based on primary health care in the countries of the Region of the Americas; to analyze the linkages that would allow the collaborating partners of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) to work together on health issues; and to determine the basic theoretical elements that can help to develop action strategies that support advocacy efforts by a network. METHODS: This was a qualitative and quantitative cross-sectional study based on identifying key informants and on analyzing social networks. Ethnographic and relational information from 46 international organizations was collected through a self-administered semistructured questionnaire. From 46 international health cooperation organizations, 29 decisionmakers from 29 organizations participated (63.0 percent response rate). The structure and the strength of the network was evaluated in terms of density, closeness, clustering, and centralization. The statistical analysis was done using computer programs that included UCINET, Pajek, and Microsoft Access. RESULTS: We found a structurally centralized theoretical network, whose nodes were clustered into four central subgroups linked by a shared vision. The leadership, influence, and political interests reflected the formal and technical-cooperation linkages, the formal support for health systems based on primary health care, and the flow of resources being more often technical ones than financial ones. CONCLUSIONS: The interorganizational relational components and the social-action ties that were identified could help in the development and consolidation of a thematic network for advocacy and for the management of technical and financial assistance that supports primary health care in the Americas. The linkages for joint action that were identified could...

Una red para promover sistemas de salud basados en la atención primaria de salud en la Región de las Américas

Objetivos: Identificar los componentes relacionales de una red internacional de organizaciones de cooperación técnica y financiera que promueva el desarrollo de sistemas de salud basados en la atención primaria de salud (APS) en los países de la región; analizar los vínculos de acción social para la cooperación en salud entre los socios colaboradores de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS); y determinar los elementos teóricos básicos que pueden contribuir a desarrollar estrategias de acción que respalden la abocacía en red. Métodos: Estudio transversal cualitativo y cuantitativo basado en la identificación de informantes clave y el análisis de redes sociales. Se colectó información etnográfica y relacional de 46 organizaciones internacionales mediante un cuestionario semiestructurado autoaplicado. Participaron 29 tomadores de decisión pertenecientes a 29 organizaciónes de cooperación internacional en salud (tasa de respuesta: 63,0 porcento). La estructura y solidez de la red se evaluó mediante la densidad, la distancia, la transitividad y la centralización de los nodos. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante los programas informáticos UCINET, PAJEK y MS Access, entre otros. Resultados: Se indentificó una red teórica estructuralmente centralizada, cuyos nodos aglutinados en cuatro subgrupos centrales se vincularon en una visión compartida. El liderazgo, la influencia y los intereses políticos reflejaron los vínculos cooperativos de tipo formal y técnico y el apoyo formal a favor de la propuesta, con el predominio del flujo de recursos técnicos sobre los financieros.Conclusiones: Los componetes relacionales interorganizacionales y los vínculos de acción social identificados pueden influir positivamente en la conformación y consolidación de una red temática de abocacía y gestión para la cooperación técnica y financiera en apoyo a la APS en la Región de las Américas. Los vínculos de acción identificados pueden favorecer la cooperación internacional en el desarrollo de sistemas de salud basados en la APS, una vez que la OPS formule estrategias de implementación claras y tome el liderazgo para movilizar recursos finacieros y generar vínculos de acción informal y interpersonal(AU)

La renovación de la atención primaria de salud en las Américas / Renewing primary health care in the Americas

El documento "Renewing Primary Health Care in the Americas. A Position Paper of the Pan American Health Organization/WHO" es fruto del mandato de los Estados Miembros de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) para el fortalecimiento de la APS, definido por la resolución CD44.R6 del Consejo Directivo en 2003. Dicho mandato culminó con la Declaración de Montevideo, un compromiso de todos los gobiernos de las Américas para renovar la APS, entendida como la base de los sistemas de salud de la Región. Los resultados científicos demuestran que la APS es un componente clave para alcanzar la efectividad de los sistemas de salud y puede adaptarse a los diversos contextos sociales, culturales y económicos de los diferentes países. El nuevo contexto mundial hace que cambien las necesidades en salud de la población, por lo que es necesario adaptar los servicios y sistemas de salud para que puedan dar una respuesta adecuada a esas nuevas necesidades. Rescatando el legado de la Conferencia Internacional sobre Atención Primaria de Salud, celebrada en Alma-Ata (Kazajstán, antigua Unión Soviética) en 1978, la OPS propone un conjunto de líneas estratégicas esenciales para adoptar sistemas de salud basados en la APS, construidos sobre los valores de la equidad, la solidaridad y el derecho a gozar del grado máximo de salud posible. El objetivo principal de las líneas estratégicas propuestas es desarrollar o fortalecer los sistemas de salud basados en la APS en toda la Región de las Américas. Esto requerirá un esfuerzo considerable de los profesionales de la salud, los ciudadanos, los gobiernos, la sociedad civil y las agencias de cooperación. Se exponen las líneas estratégicas que deben establecerse a nivel nacional, subregional, regional y mundial.

At the 2003 meeting of the Directing Council of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the PAHO Member States issued a mandate to strengthen primary health care (Resolution CD44.R6). The mandate led in 2005 to the document "Renewing Primary Health Care in the Americas. A Position Paper of the Pan American Health Organization/WHO [World Health Organization]," and it culminated in the Declaration of Montevideo, an agreement among the governments of the Region of the Americas to renew their commitment to primary health care (PHC). Scientific data have shown that PHC, regarded as the basis of all the health systems in the Region, is a key component of effective health systems and can be adapted to the range of diverse social, cultural, and economic conditions that exist. The new, global health paradigm has given rise to changes in the population's health care needs. Health services and systems must adapt to address these changes. Building on the legacy of the International Conference on Primary Health Care, held in 1978 in Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), PAHO proposes a group of strategies critical to adopting PHC-based health care systems based on the principles of equity, solidarity, and the right to the highest possible standard of health. The main objective of the strategies is to develop and/or strengthen PHC-based health systems in the entire Region of the Americas. A substantial effort will be required on the part of health professionals, citizens, governments, associations, and agencies. This document explains the strategies that must be employed at the national, subregional, Regional, and global levels.

La renovación de la atención primaria de salud en las Américas / Renewing primary health care in the Americas

El documento "Renewing Primary Health Care in the Americas. A Position Paper of the Pan American Health Organization/WHO" es fruto del mandato de los Estados Miembros de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) para el fortalecimiento de la APS, definido por la resolución CD44.R6 del Consejo Directivo en 2003. Dicho mandato culminó con la Declaración de Montevideo, un compromiso de todos los gobiernos de las Américas para renovar la APS, entendida como la base de los sistemas de salud de la Región. Los resultados científicos demuestran que la APS es un componente clave para alcanzar la efectividad de los sistemas de salud y puede adaptarse a los diversos contextos sociales, culturales y económicos de los diferentes países. El nuevo contexto mundial hace que cambien las necesidades en salud de la población, por lo que es necesario adaptar los servicios y sistemas de salud para que puedan dar una respuesta adecuada a esas nuevas necesidades. Rescatando el legado de la Conferencia Internacional sobre Atención Primaria de Salud, celebrada en Alma-Ata (Kazajstán, antigua Unión Soviética) en 1978, la OPS propone un conjunto de líneas estratégicas esenciales para adoptar sistemas de salud basados en la APS, construidos sobre los valores de la equidad, la solidaridad y el derecho a gozar del grado máximo de salud posible. El objetivo principal de las líneas estratégicas propuestas es desarrollar o fortalecer los sistemas de salud basados en la APS en toda la Región de las Américas. Esto requerirá un esfuerzo considerable de los profesionales de la salud, los ciudadanos, los gobiernos, la sociedad civil y las agencias de cooperación. Se exponen las líneas estratégicas que deben establecerse a nivel nacional, subregional, regional y mundial.(AU)