Significant Association of Poly-A and Fok1 Polymorphic Alleles of the Vitamin D Receptor with Vitamin D Serum Levels and Incidence of Squamous Cutaneous Neoplasia.

Vitamin D3, a prohormone, is converted to circulating calcidiol and then to calcitriol, the hormone that binds to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) (a nuclear transcription factor). Polymorphic genetic sequence variants of the VDR are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer and melanoma. However, the relationship between VDR allelic variants and the risk of squamous cell carcinoma and actinic keratosis remains unclear. We examined the associations between two VDR polymorphic sites, Fok1 and Poly-A, and serum calcidiol levels, actinic keratosis lesion incidence, and the history of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in 137 serially enrolled patients. By evaluating the Fok1 (F) and (f) alleles and the Poly-A long (L) and short (S) alleles together, a strong association between genotypes FFSS or FfSS and high calcidiol serum levels (50.0 ng/ml) was found; conversely, ffLL patients showed very low calcidiol levels (29.1 ng/ml). Interestingly, the FFSS and FfSS genotypes were also associated with reduced actinic keratosis incidence. For Poly-A, additive modeling showed that Poly-A (L) is a risk allele for squamous cell carcinoma, with an OR of 1.55 per copy of the L allele. We conclude that actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma should be added to the list of squamous neoplasias that are differentially regulated by the VDR Poly-A allele.

Sandpaper curettage: A simple method to improve PDT outcomes for actinic keratosis.

INTRODUCTION: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-scarring, repeatable, and safe treatment for actinic keratosis (AK), but improvements in efficacy are still needed. BACKGROUND: Devices such as steel blades, needle rollers, and lasers are currently used to remove hypertrophic stratum corneum on AKs to improve PDT outcomes. However, curettage with fine sandpaper could be a gentler, effective alternative. METHODS: A retrospective study was designed to compare PDT with or without sandpaper curettage. Patients were selected from a database registry of patients with face and scalp AKs (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03319251). Patients in Group 1 underwent PDT alone (20% ALA, 15 min; blue light 417 nm, 30 min). Patients in Group 2 were pretreated with gentle sandpaper curettage prior to ALA and illumination. The two groups were compared using multivariate matching, normalizing for age, sex, initial AK counts, and time to follow-up. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients were selected for matching analysis (n=38, PDT only; n=28, PDT+curettage). Demographics between the groups were similar (mean ± SD), including age (71.0 ± 8.3 vs. 71.0 ± 8.0 years), baseline AK count (53 ± 39 vs. 44± 32), and time to post-PDT follow-up (111 ± 28 vs. 113 ± 32 days). At follow-up, patients who received curettage showed an overall 55% improvement in scalp AK clearance compared to patients who did not receive curettage, adjusting for sex, age, time to follow-up, and baseline AK count (p = 0.0322, multivariable linear regression). DISCUSSION: Sandpaper curettage before PDT treatment is an easy and inexpensive method to significantly improve AK clearance rates.

Significant improvement of facial actinic keratoses after blue light photodynamic therapy with oral vitamin D pretreatment: An interventional cohort-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: In mouse models of skin cancer, high-dose oral vitamin D3 (VD3; cholecalciferol) combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT) can improve the clearance of squamous precancers (actinic keratoses [AKs]). OBJECTIVE: To determine whether oral VD3 can improve the clinical efficacy of a painless PDT regimen in humans with AK. METHODS: The baseline lesion counts and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels were determined. In group 1, 29 patients underwent gentle debridement and 15-minute aminolevulinic acid preincubation with blue light (30 minutes; 20 J/cm2). In group 2, 29 patients took oral VD3 (10,000 IU daily for 5 or 14 days) prior to debridement and PDT. Lesion clearance was assessed at 3 to 6 months. RESULTS: In group 1, the mean clearance rates of facial AK were lower in patients with VD3 deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D3 level < 31 ng/dL; clearance rate, 40.9% ± 42%) than in patients with normal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels (62.6% ± 14.2%). High-dose VD3 supplementation (group 2) significantly improved the overall AK lesion response (72.5% ± 13.6%) compared with that in group 1 (54.4% ± 22.8%). No differences in side effects were noted. LIMITATIONS: Nonrandomized trial design (interventional cohort matched to registry-based controls). CONCLUSIONS: Oral VD3 pretreatment significantly improves AK clinical responses to PDT. The regimen appears promising and well tolerated.

Elderberry Extract Outpatient Influenza Treatment for Emergency Room Patients Ages 5 and Above: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Black elderberry, used medicinally for centuries, decreased influenza duration by 4 days in three previous peer-reviewed trials. US elderberry sales, possibly related to a "high severity" and "high activity" influenza season from January to March 2018, more than doubled from 2017 to 2018 to > $100 million. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether elderberry extract decreases influenza's duration and severity. DESIGN: FDA-approved, investigator-initiated, Investigational New Drug, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Conducted January 2018-April 2019 in three emergency rooms, two suburban and one urban, in the Midwestern Health System. PATIENTS: Eighty-seven consecutive, consenting patients, over age four, with < 48 h of at least 2 moderate-severity influenza symptoms and positive polymerase chain reaction influenza test. INTERVENTION: Patients from age 5 to 12 years received placebo or 15 ml (5.7 g) elderberry extract orally twice a day for 5 days; those > 12 years received 15 ml 4 times a day for 5 days. Patients were permitted to choose to also receive the standard dosage of oseltamivir. MEASUREMENTS: Primary: days until all symptoms were none or mild for 21.5 h. Secondary: days to complete symptom resolution for 24 h. RESULTS: The 87 participants were randomized to receive placebo (n = 44) or elderberry (n = 43). The average age was 25 ± 20 years, and 56% were male. The average number of days to reach all symptoms none or mild for 21.5 h in the placebo group was 4.9 ± 2.8 days compared to 5.3 ± 3.6 in the elderberry group (p = 0.57). The average number of days to complete resolution was 8.7 ± 3.8 and 8.6 ± 3.9 in the placebo and elderberry group, respectively (p = 0.87). LIMITATIONS: Small sample size, but powered > 0.90 to detect 2-day benefit of elderberry versus placebo. CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence that elderberry benefits the duration or severity of influenza. Post hoc analysis suggested primary outcomes with elderberry taken alone (without oseltamivir) were 2 days worse than with placebo taken alone. Our results contradict previous studies and demonstrate the need for further studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03410862.