Dengue virus induces apoptosis in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells.

INTRODUCTION: Dengue is a human disease caused by a virus with the same name, which is transmitted by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes. The infection has a wide range of clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic to fatal cases, with the pediatric population being the most susceptible. According to the new classification of the disease, the neurological manifestations are considered a criterion for the diagnosis of severe dengue.  OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possible mechanisms involved in the onset of neurological signs in a cell line of human neurons as a model of infection with dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2).  MATERIALS AND METHODS: Susceptibility and permissiveness of the SH-SY5Y line to infection by DENV-2 was analyzed, showing that the proportions of viral infection and production are similar to those of primate cells used as positive control for infection.  RESULTS: Infection induced a cytopathic effect on the neuroblastoma line characterized by apoptotic cell death process, increasing the proportion of annexin V and TUNEL positive cells and an upregulation of TNF-α. Treatment with anti-TNF-α antibody increased slightly cell survival of infected cells. The addition of exogenous TNF-α to the infected cultures enhanced cell death.  CONCLUSION: These results as a whole suggest that the upregulation of TNF-α could be part of the process that induces cell damage and death in cases of dengue encephalitis.

La infección con el virus del dengue induce apoptosis en células del neuroblastoma humano SH-SY5Y / Dengue virus induces apoptosis in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells

Introducción. El dengue es una enfermedad humana producida por el virus del mismo nombre, que se transmite por la picadura de mosquitos del género Aedes . La infección tiene una amplia gama de presentaciones clínicas que van desde la ausencia de síntomas hasta los casos fatales y afecta principalmente a la población pediátrica. Según la nueva clasificación de la enfermedad, las manifestaciones neurológicas se consideran un criterio para el diagnóstico del dengue grave. Objetivo. Evaluar los posibles mecanismos involucrados en la aparición de los signos neurológicos en una línea celular de neuronas humanas, como modelo de infección con el virus del dengue del serotipo 2 (DENV-2). Materiales y métodos. Se evaluó la sensibilidad y la permisividad de la línea celular SH-SY5Y a la infección por el DENV-2; se encontró que la proporción entre infección y producción viral era similar a las de las células de primates usadas como control positivo de la infección. Resultados. La infección indujo un efecto citopático en la línea celular de neuroblastoma caracterizado por un proceso de muerte apoptótica, con aumento en la proporción de células positivas al emplear los métodos de anexina V y TUNEL. Se encontró una regulación positiva del factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-α), y el tratamiento con un anticuerpo anti-TNF-α aumentó ligeramente la supervivencia de las células infectadas. La adición de TNF-α exógeno a los cultivos infectados potenció la muerte celular. Conclusión. Estos resultados sugieren, en su conjunto, que la regulación positiva del TNF-α podría hacer parte del proceso que induce daño y muerte celular durante el desarrollo de la encefalitis por dengue.

Introduction: Dengue is a human disease caused by a virus with the same name, which is transmitted by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes. The infection has a wide range of clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic to fatal cases, with the pediatric population being the most susceptible. According to the new classification of the disease, the neurological manifestations are considered a criterion for the diagnosis of severe dengue. Objective: To evaluate the possible mechanisms involved in the onset of neurological signs in a cell line of human neurons as a model of infection with dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2). Materials and methods: Susceptibility and permissiveness of the SH-SY5Y line to infection by DENV-2 was analyzed, showing that the proportions of viral infection and production are similar to those of primate cells used as positive control for infection. Results: Infection induced a cytopathic effect on the neuroblastoma line characterized by apoptotic cell death process, increasing the proportion of annexin V and TUNEL positive cells and an upregulation of TNF- α . Treatment with anti-TNF- α antibody increased slightly cell survival of infected cells. The addition of exogenous TNF- α to the infected cultures enhanced cell death. Conclusion: These results as a whole suggest that the upregulation of TNF- α could be part of the process that induces cell damage and death in cases of dengue encephalitis.

Highly versatile immunostimulating nanocapsules for specific immune potentiation.

AIM: To develop a new core-shell type (nanocapsules) adjuvant system composed of squalene and polyglucosamine (PG) and to evaluate its immunostimulant capacity. RESULTS: The defined PG nanocapsules exhibited the capacity to efficiently associate the selected antigens (recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen and hemagglutinin of influenza virus) onto their polymeric surface (70-75%), and the immunostimulant imiquimod within the oily core. The resulting nanovaccines, with a particle size of 200-250 nm and a positive zeta-potential (∼+60 mV), were able to significantly potentiate and modulate the immune response to the selected antigens upon intramuscular administration to mice. Their efficacy as novel adjuvants was attributed to their enhanced cell internalization and effective intracellular imiquimod/antigen delivery, together with their prolonged residence time at the injection site. CONCLUSION: The nanocapsules described herein have the capacity to enhance, prolong and modulate the immune response of subunit antigens and, therefore, they could be proposed as a platform for the codelivery of different antigens and immunostimulators.

Anti-tumor efficacy of chitosan-g-poly(ethylene glycol) nanocapsules containing docetaxel: anti-TMEFF-2 functionalized nanocapsules vs. non-functionalized nanocapsules.

The development and evaluation of PEGylated chitosan (CS) nanocapsules (NCs) conjugated to a monoclonal antibody anti-TMEFF-2 (CS-PEG-anti-TMEFF-2 mAb NCs) for targeted delivery of docetaxel (DCX) is presented. CS-PEG-Biotin NCs, displaying biotin tags at their surface, were obtained and efficiently functionalized with an anti-TMEFF-2 mAb through a convenient avidin-biotin approach. Cell cycle analysis after treatment with different DCX-loaded CS-PEG NC formulations indicated that the encapsulated drug remained fully active, showing a similar functional behavior to free DCX. In vivo efficacy studies using a non-small cell lung carcinoma xenograft revealed that CS-PEG-anti-TMEFF-2 NCs resulted as effective as free DCX (Taxotere®). Interestingly, differences on the pharmacodynamic behavior among the different DCX formulations were observed. Thus, while free DCX exhibited a fast and short effect on tumor volume reduction, CS-PEG-anti-TMEFF-2 mAb NCs showed a delayed and prolonged action, with no significant side effects of treatments.

Del código genético al código epigenético: nuevas estrategias terapéuticas / From genetic code to epigenic code: new therapeutic strategies

El papel crítico del remodelamiento de la cromatina en la expresión de los genes se halla bajo la influencia de los cambios epigenéticos que conforman un lenguaje inesperado en el DNA y las histonas. Este trabajo actualiza el conocimiento sobre la metilación del DNA y la acetilación de las histonas, con especial interés en su aplicación clínica. Se ha propuesto, la identificación de los patrones heredables de metilación como herramienta útil en el diagnóstico y pronóstico del cáncer. Los inhibidores de las DNA-metiltransferasas y de las desacetilasas de histonas que actúan como reprogramadores de la expresión génica, han generado una nueva y promisoria aproximación terapéutica