[Influence of the social context on the body image perception of women undergoing breast cancer surgery]. / Influencia del contexto social en la percepción de la imagen corporal de las mujeres intervenidas de cáncer de mama.

UNLABELLED: In Western cultures, female breasts are strongly related to the world of sexuality and physical attractiveness, although this can vary according to the social context. OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of social context on the body image perception of women undergoing breast cancer surgery. MATERIAL AND METHOD: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed. Study settings were the State Oncology Center of the ISSEMyM (Social Security Institute of the State of Mexico and its Municipalities) in Toluca (Mexico) and San Cecilio University Hospital in Granada (Spain). The study sample comprised 72 mastectomized females, 30 from Mexico and 42 from Spain. Data were gathered on their socio-demographic variables, self-reported personal and family clinical histories, and scores on the validated Hopwood Body Image Scale (BIS). RESULTS: In the Spanish group of mastectomized women, 67.7% were in active employment compared with 43.3% of the Mexican group, a significant difference (p < 0.05). Body image perception was superior in women connected to the world of work and with a higher educational level. The women in a more developed social context had a significantly (p < 0.05) better body image perception. CONCLUSIONS: The social context of masectomized women affects their body image perception, which is influenced by their occupation and educational level.

El pecho de la mujer está muy relacionado en la cultura occidental con el mundo de la sexualidad y el atractivo físico, aunque puede variar en función del contexto. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia del contexto social en la percepción de la imagen corporal de las mujeres intervenidas de cáncer de mama. Material y método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Los escenarios del estudio estuvieron constituidos por el Centro Oncológico Estatal del ISSEMyM en la ciudad de Toluca (México), y el Hospital Clínico San Cecilio de la ciudad de Granada (España). La totalidad del universo estuvo formado por 72 mujeres mastectomizadas. De ellas, 30 correspondieron a México y 42 a España. Se recogieron datos de variables sociodemográficas y las mujeres respondieron a preguntas sobre su historia clínica personal y familiar. Se aplicó la Escala validada BIS (Body Image Scale) de Hopwood. Resultados: El 67,7% mujeres mastectomizadas españolas se encuentran activas laboralmente en comparación al 43,3% de las mujeres mexicanas. Diferencia estadísticamente significativas en los dos grupos (p < 0,05). En la medida en que las mujeres se vinculan al mundo laboral e incrementan su nivel de escolaridad, la aceptación de la imagen corporal muestra mejores resultados. Las mujeres que viven en contextos sociales desarrollados tienen una mejor percepción de su imagen corporal. Con una diferencia significativa de (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: El contexto social influye en la percepción de la imagen corporal de las mujeres intervenidas de cáncer de mama. La ocupación laboral y el grado de escolaridad fueron determinantes de la percepción de la misma.

Influencia del contexto social en la percepción de la imagen corporal de las mujeres intervenidas de cáncer de mama / Influence of the social context on the body image perception of women undergoing breast cancer surgery

El pecho de la mujer está muy relacionado en la cultura occidental con el mundo de la sexualidad y el atractivo físico, aunque puede variar en función del contexto. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia del contexto social en la percepción de la imagen corporal de las mujeres intervenidas de cáncer de mama. Material y método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Los escenarios del estudio estuvieron constituidos por el Centro Oncológico Estatal del ISSEMyM en la ciudad de Toluca (México), y el Hospital Clínico San Cecilio de la ciudad de Granada (España). La totalidad del universo estuvo formado por 72 mujeres mastectomizadas. De ellas, 30 correspondieron a México y 42 a España. Se recogieron datos de variables sociodemográficas y las mujeres respondieron a preguntas sobre su historia clínica personal y familiar. Se aplicó la Escala validada BIS (Body Image Scale) de Hopwood. Resultados: El 67,7% mujeres mastectomizadas españolas se encuentran activas laboralmente en comparación al 43,3% de las mujeres mexicanas. Diferencia estadísticamente significativas en los dos grupos (p < 0,05). En la medida en que las mujeres se vinculan al mundo laboral e incrementan su nivel de escolaridad, la aceptación de la imagen corporal muestra mejores resultados. Las mujeres que viven en contextos sociales desarrollados tienen una mejor percepción de su imagen corporal. Con una diferencia significativa de (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: El contexto social influye en la percepción de la imagen corporal de las mujeres intervenidas de cáncer de mama. La ocupación laboral y el grado de escolaridad fueron determinantes de la percepción de la misma (AU)

In Western cultures, female breasts are strongly related to the world of sexuality and physical attractiveness, although this can vary according to the social context. Objective: To determine the influence of social context on the body image perception of women undergoing breast cancer surgery. Material and method: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed. Study settings were the State Oncology Center of the ISSEMyM (Social Security Institute of the State of Mexico and its Municipalities) in Toluca (Mexico) and San Cecilio University Hospital in Granada (Spain). The study sample comprised 72 mastectomized females, 30 from Mexico and 42 from Spain. Data were gathered on their sociodemographic variables, self-reported personal and family clinical histories, and scores on the validated Hopwood Body Image Scale (BIS). Results: In the Spanish group of mastectomized women, 67.7% were in active employment compared with 43.3% of the Mexican group, a significant difference (p < 0.05). Body image perception was superior in women connected to the world of work and with a higher educational level. The women in a more developed social context had a significantly (p < 0.05) better body image perception. Conclusions: The social context of masectomized women affects their body image perception, which is influenced by their occupation and educational level (AU)

Factores de riesgo como pronóstico de padecer cáncer de mama en un estado de México / Risk factors in the development of breast cancer, state of Mexico

Introducción: El cáncer de mama es una de las patología más frecuentes de la mujer y con gran impacto en la sociedad. Los factores de riesgo más estudiados han sido los hormonales, los genéticos y los ambientales, aunque también los hábitos tóxicos, el sobrepeso y la obesidad; como factores protectores, por el contrario, la lactancia materna y la actividad física. Objetivo: Conocer los factores de riesgo de las mujeres con cáncer de mama en nuestro grupo de estudio. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles en 115 mujeres diagnosticadas con cáncer de mama y en 115 mujeres sanas que acudieron al centro Oncológico de ISSEMyM en el periodo enero-diciembre del año 2011. Se recogieron datos sobre la historia familiar de cáncer, de los antecedentes personales, así como de los estilos de vida y de la determinación del Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC). El riesgo fue estimado con modelos multivariados de regresión logística y chi cuadrada. Resultados: Se encontró un riesgo mayor de padecer cáncer de mama a las mujeres con sobrepeso y obesidad, que no desarrollaban ejercicio alguno y con un menor índice de lactancia materna. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el cáncer de mama y los hábitos tóxicos. Conclusiones: En nuestro estudio, el cáncer de mama se relaciona con el sobrepeso, la obesidad y la inactividad física. La lactancia materna, practicada durante los primeros meses de vida del bebé, se manifestó como un factor protector de padecer esta enfermedad (AU)

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most frequent diseases in women today, and its social impact is devastating. The risk factors focused on in recent research are mainly hormonal, genetic, and environmental though toxic habits, overweight, and obesity have also been studied. In contrast, protective factors against breast cancer include breastfeeding and daily exercise. Objective: To ascertain the risk factors for the women with breast cancer in our study sample. Material and methods: A study of cases and controls was performed on 115 women diagnosed with breast cancer and on 115 healthy women, who had been patients at the National Cancer Institute ISSEMYM in Mexico from January to December 2011. Information was collected from the women in the sample pertaining to their family history of cancer, personal background, life style, and body mass index (BMI). Breast cancer risk was estimated with multivariate logistic regression models and the chi-square test. Results: It was found that there was a greater risk of breast cancer in overweight or obese women who did not do any physical exercise and either who had breastfed their children for a very short time or who had not breastfed them at all. No significant differences were found between breast cancer and toxic habits. Conclusions: The results of our study found a direct relation between breast cancer and overweight, obesity, and physical inactivity. Breastfeeding during the first months of the babyís life was found to be a protective factor against breast cancer (AU)

Sobrepeso/obesidad en mujeres y su implicación en el cáncer de mama; edad de diagnóstico / Overweight/obesity in women and its implication in breast cancer; age of diagnosis

El sobrepeso, la obesidad y el cáncer de mama constituyen tres patologías muy prevalentes en la actualidad y con gran impacto en la sociedad. Muchas investigaciones han intentado establecer una asociación entre esos procesos, circunstancias que aún se están estudiando. Objetivo de estudio: Verificar una asociación entre el sobrepeso y la obesidad de las mujeres con cáncer de mama y su relación con la edad de diagnóstico. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron 118 mujeres diagnosticadas de cáncer de mama con edades comprendidas entre 32 y 76 años. Todas diagnosticadas y tratadas de cáncer de mama entre los años 2009 y 2011 en el centro Oncológico de ISSEMyM de México. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Se seleccionó la muestra aleatoria n = 60 con mujeres divididas en dos grupos. El grupo 1 con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama y normopeso. El grupo 2 fueron mujeres diagnosticadas de cáncer de mama y presentaban sobrepeso y obesidad. Se utilizó en ambos grupos la EGS-GP (Evaluación Global Subjetiva Generada por el Paciente) y se determinó el IMC (peso y estatura) y la circunferencia de cintura. Resultados: Se estableció una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la edad de diagnóstico, dependiendo si la mujer presentaba normopeso, sobrepeso y obesidad (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos de este estudio muestran que el sobrepeso y la obesidad se encuentran íntimamente ligados con el cáncer de mama y la edad de diagnóstico. El diagnóstico se produce de una forma más temprana que en las mujeres con normopeso (AU)

Overweight, obesity, and breast cancer are three pathologies that are endemic in the world today and which have a great impact on society. Many research studies are currently trying to discover possible associations between these factors and to specify the links between them. Objective: To verify whether there is a direct connection between overweight/obesity in women with breast cancer and its relation to age of diagnosis. Materials and methods: The sample population in this study was composed of 118 women (32-76 years of age) who had been diagnosed and treated for breast cancer in 2009-2011 at the Centro Oncológico Estatal ISSEMyM [National Cancer Institute of Mexico]. An observational, descriptive, and transversal study was performed in which a random sample of n = 60 women was divided into two groups. The first group was composed of women with breast cancer, but who were of normal weight. The second group was composed of women with breast cancer, but who were either overweight or obese. In both groups, the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) was applied, and the BMI (weight and height) was determined as well as waist circumference. Results: A statistically significant relation was found between age of diagnosis and weight (normal/overweight/obese) of the subjects (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results obtained show that overweight and obesity are directly linked to breast cancer and age of diagnosis. Breast cancer was diagnosed earlier in women of normal weight (AU)

[Risk factors in the development of breast cancer, state of Mexico]. / Factores de riesgo como pronóstico de padecer cáncer de mama en un estado de México.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is one of the most frequent diseases in women today, and its social impact is devastating. The risk factors focused on in recent research are mainly hormonal, genetic, and environmental though toxic habits, overweight, and obesity have also been studied. In contrast, protective factors against breast cancer include breastfeeding and daily exercise. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the risk factors for the women with breast cancer in our study sample. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A study of cases and controls was performed on 115 women diagnosed with breast cancer and on 115 healthy women, who had been patients at the National Cancer Institute ISSEMYM in Mexico from January to December 2011. Information was collected from the women in the sample pertaining to their family history of cancer, personal background, life style, and body mass index (BMI). Breast cancer risk was estimated with multivariate logistic regression models and the chi-square test. RESULTS: It was found that there was a greater risk of breast cancer in overweight or obese women who did not do any physical exercise and either who had breastfed their children for a very short time or who had not breastfed them at all. No significant differences were found between breast cancer and toxic habits. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study found a direct relation between breast cancer and overweight, obesity, and physical inactivity. Breastfeeding during the first months of the baby's life was found to be a protective factor against breast cancer.

[Overweight/obesity in women and its implication in breast cancer: age of diagnosis]. / Sobrepeso/obesidad en mujeres y su implicación en el cáncer de mama: edad de diagnóstico.

UNLABELLED: Overweight, obesity, and breast cancer are three pathologies that are endemic in the world today and which have a great impact on society. Many research studies are currently trying to discover possible associations between these factors and to specify the links between them. OBJECTIVE: To verify whether there is a direct connection between overweight/obesity in women with breast cancer and its relation to age of diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample population in this study was composed of 118 women (32-76 years of age) who had been diagnosed and treated for breast cancer in 2009-2011 at the Centro Oncológico Estatal ISSEMyM [National Cancer Institute of Mexico]. An observational, descriptive, and transversal study was performed in which a random sample of n = 60 women was divided into two groups. The first group was composed of women with breast cancer, but who were of normal weight. The second group was composed of women with breast cancer, but who were either overweight or obese. In both groups, the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) was applied, and the BMI (weight and height) was determined as well as waist circumference. RESULTS: A statistically significant relation was found between age of diagnosis and weight (normal/overweight/obese) of the subjects (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained show that overweight and obesity are directly linked to breast cancer and age of diagnosis. Breast cancer was diagnosed earlier in women of normal weight.