Association between smoking and obstructive sleep apnea based on the STOP-Bang index.

Smoking is a risk factor for respiratory diseases, and it worsens sleep quality due to nicotine stimulation and sudden nicotine withdrawal during sleep. This can increase the severity of OSA through alterations upper airway inflammation and neuromuscular function, arousal mechanisms, and sleep architecture. Therefore, it may lead to sleep-disrupted breathing, particularly obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Herein, this study aims to research the association between smoking and OSA through the STOP-Bang index. In this study, total sample of 3442 participants (1465 men and 1977 women) were analyzed. We used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2020 by classifying adults into current, ex-, and non-smokers. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between smoking and OSA. Furthermore, multinomial regression analysis was used to investigate the effect of smoking cessation. For males, compared to the non-smokers, the odds ratios (OR) for the OSA were significantly higher in the ex-smokers (OR: 1.53, 95% confidence interval(CI) 1.01-2.32) and current smokers (OR: 1.79, 95% CI 1.10-2.89). In females, higher ORs were observed for OSA risk, similar to the non-smokers, smoking cessation, and pack-years. Among men, OSA was significantly associated with a moderate risk for ex-smokers (OR: 1.61, 95% CI 1.05-2.48) and a severe risk for current smokers (OR: 1.88, 95% CI 1.07-3.29). This study observed that smoking might contribute to OSA risk among adults. Smoking cessation can help to manage sleep quality properly.

Association between smoking behavior and serum uric acid among the adults: Findings from a national cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Gout incidence is increasing worldwide; appropriate management of serum uric acid levels and a healthy lifestyle may help its prevention. The popularity of electronic cigarettes and the resultant emergence of dual smokers is increasing. Despite many studies on the effects of various health behaviors on serum uric acid levels, the association between smoking and serum uric acid levels remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the association between smoking and serum uric acid levels. METHODS: In this study, total sample of 27,013 participants (11,924 men and 15,089 women) were analyzed. This study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2020) and grouped adults into dual smokers, single smokers, ex-smokers, and non-smokers. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between smoking behavior and serum uric acid levels. RESULTS: Compared to male non-smokers, male dual smokers had significantly higher serum uric acid level (odds ratio [OR], 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.88). In female, serum uric acid level was higher among single smokers than non-smokers (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.25-2.25). Higher serum uric acid levels were more likely to be present in male dual smokers with a > 20 pack-year smoking habit (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.06-3.18). CONCLUSION: Dual smoking may contribute to high serum uric acid levels in adults. Thus, serum uric acid levels should be properly managed through smoking cessation.

Frailty transition and depression among community-dwelling older adults: the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006-2020).

BACKGROUND: Frailty is recognized as a geriatric syndrome associated with depression. The consequences and mechanism of frailty transitions are still understudied. This study assessed the influence of frailty transitions on new-onset depressive symptomology using longitudinal, nationwide data of Korean community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: Longitudinal population-based study conducted in every even-numbered year starting from 2006 to 2020 (eight waves) with a sample of older adults aged ≥ 60 years old. After the application of exclusion criteria, a total of 2,256 participants were included in the 2008 baseline year. Frailty transition was determined through the biennial assessment of change in frailty status using the frailty instrument (FI); depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression 10 Scale. We employed the lagged general estimating equations to assess the temporal effect of frailty transition on obtaining depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Compared to non-frail individuals, the risk of depression was higher in transitioned into frailty and constantly frail participants over a 2-year interval: men (odds ratio (OR) 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21-1.32; OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.21-1.38), women (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.28-1.40; OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.41-1.62), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Frailty transition is found to be associated with new-onset depressive symptoms. Frail individuals and those who transitioned into frailty were associated with a higher risk of depression. Particular attention should be paid to these frailty transitioned groups. Early intervention and implementation of prevention strategies at physical, nutritional, and social levels are warranted to ameliorate frailty and depression in late life.

Association between Smoking and Periodontal Disease in South Korean Adults.

Smoking poses a threat to global public health. This study analyzed data from the 2016-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to investigate smoking's impact on periodontal health and identify potential risk factors associated with poor periodontal health in Korean adults. The final study population was 9178 patients, with 4161 men and 5017 women. The dependent variable was the Community Periodontal Index (CPI), to investigate periodontal disease risks. Smoking was the independent variable and was divided into three groups. The chi-squared test and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used in this study. Current smokers had a higher risk of periodontal disease than non-smokers (males OR: 1.78, 95% CIs = 1.43-2.23, females OR: 1.44, 95% CIs = 1.04-1.99). Age, educational level, and dental checkups affected periodontal disease. Men with a higher number of pack years had a higher risk of periodontal disease than non-smokers (OR: 1.84, 95% CIs = 1.38-2.47). Men who quit smoking for less than five years had a higher risk of periodontal disease than non-smokers but lower than current smokers (current OR: 1.78, 95% CIs = 1.43-2.23, ex OR: 1.42, 95% CIs = 1.04-1.96). Those who had quit smoking for less than five years had a higher risk of periodontal disease than non-smokers but lower than current smokers (males OR: 1.42, 95% CIs = 1.04-1.96, females OR: 1.11, 95% CIs = 1.71-1.74). It is necessary to motivate smokers by educating them on the importance of early smoking cessation.

Depression and oral health-related quality of life: A longitudinal study.

Objectives: Geriatric oral health-related quality of life is a relatively new but rapidly growing concept as it is directly related to the general wellbeing and self-esteem of older adults. This study assessed the impact of worsening depression symptoms on oral health-related quality of life using representative nationwide data of Korean older adults. Methods: This study comprised a longitudinal sample of older adults aged ≥60 from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2016-2020). After applying the exclusion criteria, 3,286 participants were included in the study. Depression status was determined through the biennial assessment of the short-form Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10); oral health was measured using the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI). We employed the lagged general estimating equations to assess the temporal effect of the CESD-10 score change on the GOHAI score. Results: A decrease in CESD-10 score over a 2-year period was significantly associated with a decrease in GOHAI score in men and women: ß = -1.810 and ß = -1.278, respectively (p-values < 0.0001). Furthermore, compared to the same or improved CESD-10 score, worsening of the score on 1-2 points detected the ß = -1.793 in men and ß = -1.356 in women, and worsening on ≥3 points: ß = -3.614 in men and ß = -2.533 in women. Conclusions: This study found that depression exacerbation is negatively associated with oral health-related quality of life in later life. Further, a more significant worsening of depression symptoms was correlated with lower scores for oral health-related quality of life in our study population.

Marital transition and cognitive function among older adults: the korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006-2020).

BACKGROUND: Marital status has been suggested as an associated factor for cognitive impairment. The consequences of marital transitions are still understudied. This study evaluated the influence of marital transitions on cognitive function using longitudinal, nationwide data of Korean older adults. METHODS: This research comprised a longitudinal sample of older adults aged ≥ 45 years old, drawn from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006-2020). Marital transition was determined through the biennial assessment of change in marital status; cognitive function was measured using the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination. We employed general estimating equations to assess the temporal effect of marital transition on cognitive function. RESULTS: Compared to married individuals, the odds ratios (ORs) of cognitive decline were higher in not married and transitioned out of marriage participants: men (OR 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.96-1.82; OR 1.42, 95% CI 0.90-2.24), women (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.03-1.42; OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.01-1.52), respectively, despite the findings being not statistically significant in men. The participants who transitioned out of marriage over time also showed greater ORs for mild cognitive impairment: men (OR 1.39, 95% CI 0.79-1.87), women (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.05-1.80), and dementia: men (OR 1.60, 95% CI 0.85-1.99), women: (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.20-2.19). CONCLUSION: Marital transition is found to be associated with cognitive function decline. Not-married individuals and those who became divorced or widowed were associated with the risk of cognitive function decline. Particular attention should be paid to these marital transitioned groups.

Workplace Mistreatment and Health Conditions Prior and during the COVID-19 in South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the relationship between workplace mistreatment, including discrimination, abuse, and overworking, and health problems among full-time workers prior to and during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in South Korea. METHODS: We analyzed data from the 2017 and 2020-2021 Korean Working Conditions Surveys, including the final sample of 44,425 participants. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between workplace mistreatment and health problems among workers by gender. Interaction analysis was conducted to establish the association between the COVID-19 pandemic and health problems related to mistreatment. The occupational, demographic, and socioeconomic backgrounds were adjusted. RESULTS: We found a significant association between workplace mistreatment and health problems, including headaches, eyestrain, and anxiety. The association increased after the COVID-19 pandemic: "discrimination" (men (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.93-2.65), women (OR 2.73, 95% CI 2.36-3.17)); abuse (men (OR 5.42, 95% CI 2.87-10.23), women (OR 4.70, 95% CI 3.12-7.08)); and overworking: men (OR 2.36, 95% CI 2.01-2.77), women (OR 3.52, 95% CI 2.68-4.61). The interaction indicates an increased incidence of people having health problems due to workplace mistreatment (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00-1.06) during the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION: Statistically, employees who experience workplace mistreatment have worse health conditions. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the job environment and increased the association between workplace mistreatment and health problems. To eliminate the health problems related to workplace mistreatment, it is necessary to address the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on work and employee health conditions.

The Association between Working Hours Flexibility and Well-Being Prior to and during COVID-19 in South Korea.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationship between the flexibility of work schedule arrangements and well-being among full-time workers prior to and after the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in South Korea. METHODS: Data from the fifth 2017 and sixth 2020-2021 Korean Working Conditions Survey, including a final sample of 45,137 participants (22,460 males; 22,677 females), were used. Multiple logistic regression was performed to establish the association between schedule arrangement types and the 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index. RESULTS: The study found an association between flexible schedule arrangements and good well-being in 2017: "little flexibility" (odds ratio (OR), 1.33; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.27-1.48), "moderate flexibility" (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.28-1.71), and "high flexibility" (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.06-1.72). During COVID-19, only workers with "high flexibility" were likely to have good well-being (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.18-1.88), while the association between well-being and "low flexibility" (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.96-1.17) and "moderate flexibility" types (OR, 0.66; 95% CI 0.59-0.75) decreased. This study found that flexible working hours may contribute to better well-being among full-time workers. However, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on working conditions and employee well-being should be addressed while setting working hours.