Carotid intima layer thickness but not intima-media thickness is related to coronary artery calcification in type 2 diabetes individuals: Results from the Brazilian diabetes study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) is inconsistent in predicting cardiovascular risk. This may stem from the variability of the media thickness (cM) outweighing the intimal thickness (cIT) as the sign of atherosclerosis. Thus, we evaluated in type 2 diabetes (T2D) individuals, the association between carotid measures and coronary artery calcification (CAC). METHODS AND RESULTS: Association between the presence of CAC and cIT, cM, and cIMT were examined on 224 individuals. Logistic binary regression was used to assess CAC predictors. The Akaike information criterion (AIC) and log-likelihood test (LLT) were used to assess differences among univariate models. The cIT (0.335 mm vs 0.363 mm; p = 0.001) and cIMT (0.715 vs 0.730; p = 0.019), but not cM (0.386 mm vs 0,393 mm; p = 0.089) were higher among individuals with CAC. In unadjusted analysis, cIT (273;-134; p = 0.001) showed greater relationship with CAC, when compared to cIMT (279;-137; p = 0.022) and cM (281;-139; p = 0.112) based on the AIC and LLT, respectively. In multivariate logistic regression, CAC was related to carotid plaque (OR): 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.08, 3.38; p = 0.027), and high-cIT (OR: 2.70, 95%CI:1.51, 4.84; p = 0.001), but not to high-cIMT (OR:1.70, 95%CI:0.96, 3.00; p = 0.067) nor high-cM (OR:1.33, 95%CI:0.76, 2.34; p = 0.322). CONCLUSION: In T2D individuals, cIT is a better predictor of CAC than cIMT; cM is not associated with CAC.

Prevalence, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia in diabetic participants of two brazilian cohorts: a place far from heaven.

OBJECTIVE: Diabetes is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular mortality. Over the last years, mortality has decreased significantly, more in individuals with diabetes than in healthy ones. That is mostly due to the control of other cardiovascular risk factors. The objective of our study was to analyze the dyslipidemia control in two diabetes cohorts. METHODS: Patients from two distinct cohorts were studied, 173 patients from the BHS (Brasília Heart Study) and 222 patients from the BDS (Brazilian Diabetes Study). The data on dyslipidemia control were studied in both different populations. All patients had diabetes. RESULTS: There are significant differences concerning comorbidities between the LDL-C and BDS groups. The average glycated hemoglobin is of 8.2 in the LDL-C > 100 group in comparison with 7.7 and 7.5 in the 70-100 and < 70 groups, respectively (p = 0.024). There is a higher percentage of hypertensive patients with LDL between 70-100 (63.9%), when comparing the < 70 and > 100 groups (54.3% and 54.9%, respectively; p = 0.005). Diastolic pressure is higher in the group with LDL > 100, with an average of 87 mmHg, in comparison with 82.6 mmHg and 81.9 mmHg in the 70-100 and < 70 groups, respectively (p = 0.019). The group with LDL > 100 has the greatest percentage of smokers (8.7%) in comparison with the groups with LDL between 70-100 and < 70 (5.6% and 4.3%, respectively; p = 0.015). There is also a difference in the previous incidence of coronaropathy. In the group with LDL < 70, 28.3% of patients had already experienced a previous infarction, compared with 11.1% and 10.6% in the 70-100 and > 100 groups, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The data in our study have shown that the dyslipidemia control in diabetic patients is inadequate and there is a tendency of direct association between lack of blood glucose control and lack of dyslipidemia control, in addition to the association with other cardiovascular risk factors, such as diastolic hypertension and smoking. This worsened control might be related to the plateau in the descending curve of mortality, and investments in this regard can improve the cardiovascular health in diabetic patients.

Prevalence, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia in diabetic participants of two brazilian cohorts: a place far from heaven

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE Diabetes is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular mortality. Over the last years, mortality has decreased significantly, more in individuals with diabetes than in healthy ones. That is mostly due to the control of other cardiovascular risk factors. The objective of our study was to analyze the dyslipidemia control in two diabetes cohorts. METHODS Patients from two distinct cohorts were studied, 173 patients from the BHS (Brasília Heart Study) and 222 patients from the BDS (Brazilian Diabetes Study). The data on dyslipidemia control were studied in both different populations. All patients had diabetes. RESULTS There are significant differences concerning comorbidities between the LDL-C and BDS groups. The average glycated hemoglobin is of 8.2 in the LDL-C > 100 group in comparison with 7.7 and 7.5 in the 70-100 and < 70 groups, respectively (p = 0.024). There is a higher percentage of hypertensive patients with LDL between 70-100 (63.9%), when comparing the < 70 and > 100 groups (54.3% and 54.9%, respectively; p = 0.005). Diastolic pressure is higher in the group with LDL > 100, with an average of 87 mmHg, in comparison with 82.6 mmHg and 81.9 mmHg in the 70-100 and < 70 groups, respectively (p = 0.019). The group with LDL > 100 has the greatest percentage of smokers (8.7%) in comparison with the groups with LDL between 70-100 and < 70 (5.6% and 4.3%, respectively; p = 0.015). There is also a difference in the previous incidence of coronaropathy. In the group with LDL < 70, 28.3% of patients had already experienced a previous infarction, compared with 11.1% and 10.6% in the 70-100 and > 100 groups, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The data in our study have shown that the dyslipidemia control in diabetic patients is inadequate and there is a tendency of direct association between lack of blood glucose control and lack of dyslipidemia control, in addition to the association with other cardiovascular risk factors, such as diastolic hypertension and smoking. This worsened control might be related to the plateau in the descending curve of mortality, and investments in this regard can improve the cardiovascular health in diabetic patients.

RESUMO OBJETIVO O diabetes é importante causa de mortalidade cardiovascular. Nos últimos anos, a mortalidade diminuiu substancialmente, mais em diabéticos do que em não diabéticos, em grande parte devido ao controle de outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Nosso estudo tem como objetivo analisar o controle de dislipidemia em duas coortes de diabéticos. MÉTODOS Foram estudados pacientes de duas coortes distintas, sendo 173 pacientes do BHS (Brasília Heart Study) e 222 pacientes do BDS (Brazilian Diabetes Study). Os dados sobre controle de dislipidemia foram estudados nas duas populações diferentes. Todos os pacientes eram diabéticos. RESULTADOS Há diferenças significativas em relação às comorbidades entre os grupos de LDL-C no BDS. A média de hemoglobina glicada é de 8,2 no grupo com LDL-C > 100, comparado com 7,7 e 7,5 nos grupos 70-100 e < 70, respectivamente (p = 0,024). Há maior porcentagem de pacientes hipertensos com LDL entre 70-100 (63,9%), quando comparado aos grupos < 70 e > 100 (54,3% e 54,9%, respectivamente; p = 0,005). A pressão diastólica é mais elevada no grupo com LDL > 100, com média de 87 mmHg, comparado com 82,6 mmHg e 81,9 mmHg nos grupos 70-100 e < 70, respectivamente (p = 0,019). O grupo com LDL > 100 tem maior porcentagem de tabagistas (8,7%) quando comparado aos grupos com LDL entre 70-100 e < 70 (5,6% e 4,3%, respectivamente; p = 0,015). Há, também, diferença na incidência prévia de coronariopatia. No grupo com LDL < 70, 28,3% dos pacientes já apresentaram infarto prévio, comparados com 11,1% e 10,6% nos grupos 70-100 e > 100, respectivamente (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO Os dados do nosso estudo mostram que o controle de dislipidemia em diabéticos é inadequado, e há uma tendência de associação direta entre descontrole glicêmico e descontrole de dislipidemia, além de associação com outros fatores de risco cardiovascular, como hipertensão diastólica e tabagismo. Esse pior controle pode estar relacionado ao platô no descenso da curva de mortalidade, e o investimento nesse quesito pode melhorar a saúde cardiovascular dos diabéticos.

Video-based assessment of pedestrian behavior: development and testing of methods / Estudio de comportamiento peatonal basado en video: desarrollo y prueba de los métodos

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this paper is to develop a computer algorithm that analyzes pedestrian behavior at an urban site in Bogota, Colombia, considering that the assessment of pedestrian behavior is a road safety priority. Methods Pedestrians were video-taped as they crossed a selected road. An algorithm was developed in order to record, from these videos, pedestrian and vehicle positions and speeds. This information made possible the identification of hazardous behaviors, which were compared through visual assessments. Results 429 pedestrians crossed the selected road at an average distance of 4.5 meters from vehicles that moved at an average speed of 21 km/h. With a maximum difference of 19 % with respect to visual assessments, the algorithm estimated that 58.5 % pedestrians crossed through non-designated locations; 62.2 % crossed near moving vehicles, and that 41.2 % ran while they were crossing the road. Conclusions Video-based analysis can be used to assess pedestrians' behavior. Future research work should focus on improving both the accuracy and the number of safety parameters of the algorithm.(AU)

RESUMEN Objetivo La medición del comportamiento de peatones es una prioridad de la seguridad vial. Por lo anterior, se desarrolló un algoritmo para analizar el comportamiento de los peatones en una zona urbana de Bogotá, Colombia. Métodos Los peatones fueron filmados mientras cruzaban la calle. Mediante el algoritmo se midieron las posiciones y velocidades de peatones y vehículos en los videos. Se identificaron los comportamientos riesgosos y se compararon visualmente. Resultados 429 peatones cruzaron la vía a una distancia promedio de 4.5 metros de los vehículos (velocidad promedio 21 km/h). El algoritmo estimó, con una diferencia máxima de 19 % con respecto a lo observado, que 58.5 % de los peatones cruzaron por zonas incorrectas, 62.2 % cruzaron cerca de vehículos en movimiento y 41.2 % corrieron al cruzar. Conclusiones El análisis basado en video puede utilizarse para medir el comportamiento de los peatones. Los trabajos sobre el tema que se realicen en el futuro deben enfocarse en mejorar la precisión y los parámetros de seguridad del algoritmo.(AU)

Heavy metal concentrations in soils and vegetation in urban areas of Quezon City, Philippines.

Limited data have been published on the chemistry of urban soils and vegetation in the Philippines. The aim of this study is to quantify the concentrations of heavy metals (i.e., Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb) in soils and vegetation in the urban landscape of Quezon City, Philippines, and to elucidate the relationships between soil properties and the concentration of heavy metals pertaining to different land uses [i.e., protected forest (LM), park and wildlife area (PA), landfill (PL), urban poor residential and industrial areas (RA), and commercial areas (CA)]. Soil (0-15 cm) and senescent plant leaves were collected and were analyzed for soil properties and heavy metal concentrations. Results revealed that the concentrations of heavy metals (i.e., Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb) in urban soils were higher in areas where anthropogenic activities or disturbance (PL, RA, and CA) were dominant as compared to the less disturbed areas (LM and PA). Organic matter and available phosphorous were strongly correlated with heavy metal concentrations, suggesting that heavy metal concentrations were primarily controlled by these soil properties. The average foliar heavy metal concentrations varied, ranging from 0 to 0.4 mg/kg for Cd, 0-10 mg/kg for Cr, 2-22 mg/kg for Cu, 0-5 mg/kg for Pb, and 11-250 mg/kg for Zn. The concentrations of Cd and Cr exceeded the critical threshold concentrations in some plants. Leaves of plants growing in PL (i.e., landfill) showed the highest levels of heavy metal contamination. Our results revealed that anthropogenic activities and disturbance caused by the rapid urbanization of the city are major contributors to the heavy metal accumulation and persistence in the soils in these areas.

Video-based assessment of pedestrian behavior: Development and testing of methods.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to develop a computer algorithm that analyzes pedestrian behavior at an urban site in Bogota, Colombia, considering that the assessment of pedestrian behavior is a road safety priority. METHODS: Pedestrians were video-taped as they crossed a selected road. An algorithm was developed in order to record, from these videos, pedestrian and vehicle positions and speeds. This information made possible the identification of hazardous behaviors, which were compared through visual assessments. RESULTS: 429 pedestrians crossed the selected road at an average distance of 4.5 meters from vehicles that moved at an average speed of 21 km/h. With a maximum difference of 19 % with respect to visual assessments, the algorithm estimated that 58.5 % pedestrians crossed through non-designated locations; 62.2 % crossed near moving vehicles, and that 41.2 % ran while they were crossing the road. CONCLUSIONS: Video-based analysis can be used to assess pedestrians' behavior. Future research work should focus on improving both the accuracy and the number of safety parameters of the algorithm.

Diabetes mellitus unawareness is a strong determinant of mortality in patients manifesting myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: Often, as diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) evolves insidiously, prevention is commenced late and diagnosis is made when vascular damage has been set. Hence, our hypothesis is that T2DM awareness may influence the outcome of atherothrombotic events. METHODS: A consecutive cohort of patients manifesting ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI) was classified according to the presence and awareness of the diagnosis of T2DM: known diabetes (kT2DM, n = 72), unknown diabetes (uT2DM, n = 80) and no diabetes (ND, n = 333). Medical history, laboratory data, and angiographic findings including myocardial blush grade (MBG) were prospectively obtained. The primary endpoint was in-hospital death and secondary endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACE) defined as sudden cardiac death, fatal MI and nonfatal MI that occurred from 30 days of study entry onwards. RESULTS: With the exception of glycated hemoglobin (p = 0.001) and triglycerides (p = 0.04), no differences were found between groups for all other biochemical, clinical or angiographic admission characteristics. Myocardial tissue reperfusion defined as MBG 3 was observed in 62% in the ND group, 50% in the kT2DM group and 23% in the uT2DM group (p = 0.01). All-cause in-hospital mortality was higher in uT2DM (16.7%) than in kT2DM (8.4%) and both groups had a higher mortality rate as compared with the ND group (3.8%, p = 0.01). During follow-up (653 ± 26 days), the incidence of MACE was higher in uT2DM than in kT2DM and in both compared to the ND group (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Unawareness of T2DM diagnosis is strongly associated with a poor short- and long-term outcome after MI.

Video-assisted thoracic surgery for pleural empyema.

BACKGROUND: After we gained considerable experience with video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) and became familiar with its advantages, we started to use it for the treatment of thoracic empyema. METHODS: We treated 130 patients with pleural empyema in whom chest tube drainage and antibiotic therapy had failed to produce a satisfactory result. Six months after surgery they had clinical and radiologic assessment and spirometry. RESULTS: Video-assisted surgery was performed in all patients. Mean operative time was 93 minutes (range, from 55 to 180 minutes), mean duration of postoperative chest tube drainage was 10 days (range, from 5 to 32 days), and mean hospital stay was 16 days (range, from 3 to 56 days). The rate of conversion to open thoracotomy was 3.1%. Complications for which reoperation was necessary occurred in 9% of patients. At follow-up after six months, the mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second was 87.7% (range, from 69.5% to 105.9%), the mean postoperative vital capacity was 84.4%, (range, from 59.9% to 97.9%). There were no postoperative or procedure-related deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Video-assisted thoracic surgery is a safe and effective treatment option for fibropurulent empyema with low morbidity and mortality. Conversion to thoracotomy should be used if necessary to remove all of the fibropurulent material and achieve complete expansion of the lung to insure a good outcome.

The natural history of recurrence after bronchoplastic procedures for non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: The natural course of recurrence after bronchoplastic procedures for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been described. METHODS: Sex, age, tnm-stage, histology, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, disease-free interval (months), exact localisation of tumour recurrence, time between first and second recurrence (months), survival after first and second recurrence (months), causes of death were retrospectively recorded in 83 patients operated between December 1993 and July 2001. RESULTS: One patient was lost to follow-up, five resections were nonradical. Survivors' follow-up lasted 5 to 100.7 months (mean 43.3). Fourteen patients (14.4%) died tumor free. Eleven (13.2%) distant recurrences were diagnosed 1 to 42 months (mean 10.6) postoperatively, eight (9.6%) died 0 to 17 months (mean 7.55) after diagnosis. Nine local recurrences (10.8%)-5 unifocal, 4 multifocal-occurred 2 to 35 months (mean 17.3) postoperatively, eight died 0 to 8 months (mean 2.13) after diagnosis. Nine mixed recurrences (10.8%)-1 synchronous, 8 metachronous-were found (14.8%) 2 to 21 months postoperatively (mean 8.3). All died 4 to 41 months (mean 17.83) after diagnosis. Fourteen mediastinal lymph node recurrences occurred, ten as a primary recurrence and four as secondary. Lymph nodes were involved in all multifocal recurrences. Intrabronchial recurrence was observed in five patients and was always a result of progressive regional lymph node recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern and natural history of recurrence cannot be sufficiently explained by stage and surgical radicality and suggest different genetic characteristics of the primary tumor. In case of reoperation due to intrabronchial recurrence adjuvant mediastinal irradiation should be considered.

Risk factors for the development of postoperative complications after bronchial sleeve resection for malignancy: a univariate and multivariate analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to identify risk factors responsible for postoperative complications after bronchoplastic procedures. METHODS: Excluding sleeve pneumonectomies between January 1994 and December 2001, 108 patients underwent bronchoplastic procedures for bronchial malignancy. Prospectively documented data were age, gender, side, type of bronchial reconstruction, extended resection, histology, TNM stage, diseased lobe, and bronchial tumour occlusion. Cardiovascular (CV) risk factors included heart disease, arterial hypertension, cerebro-occlusive disease, peripheral artery disease of the lower extremities, diabetes mellitus, and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Patients were grouped according to the presence/absence of any CV risk factor and the absolute number of CV risk factors present (zero to four). Non-CV risk factors included neoadjuvant chemotherapy, alcoholism, lung disease, sleep apnea, history of recent pneumococcal sepsis, and repeat thoracotomy. Groups were assembled according to the presence or absence of any non-CV risk factor, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and alcoholism. Respiratory risk factors included lung function and blood gas analysis. Groups were assembled according to the absolute number of respiratory risk factors in each person (zero to three) and the combination of respiratory and CV risk factors. Complications were defined as septic (pneumonia, empyema, brochopleural fistula, colitis) and aseptic. For univariate statistical analysis, t test, cross-tabulation, and chi2 test were used. All factors with a significance of p < 0.1 were entered into a binary backwards-stepwise logistic regression model. RESULTS: The combination of respiratory and CV risk factors (p = 0.012, OR = 0.165) was predictive for overall complications. Coronary artery disease (p = 0.02, OR = 0.062) and the combination of two respiratory risk factors (p = 0.008, OR = 0.062) were predictive for septic complications. Peripheral artery disease (p = 0.024, OR = 0.28), moderate (p = 0.01, OR = 0.13) and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p = 0.018, OR = 0.11), and extended resections (p = 0.003, OR = 0.017.) were predictive for aseptic complications. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidity significantly influences the postoperative complication rate and is therefore crucial for evaluation of patients for bronchoplastic procedures. Different risk factors are responsible for the occurrence of septic and aseptic complications after bronchoplastic procedures.

Preoperative attitudes, fears and expectations of non-small cell lung cancer patients.

Knowing preoperative fears in cancer patients should help us to overcome perioperative psychological problems. One hundred and three patients underwent a semistructured interview addressing the effect of preoperative information on disease and forthcoming operation, attitude towards operation, expectations for the postoperative time and family support. Evaluation was performed by three psychologists by qualitative structured content analysis according to Mayring. Interrater reliability was 85%. Only 42 patients (40.8%) were informed in detail about their diagnosis. Eighty-three patients (80.6%) considered the information given on their disease and the forthcoming operation as understandable, 57 patient (55.3%) experienced reduction of fear. Eighty-three patients (80.6%) showed a positive attitude to the operation, 21 (20.4%) expected an impairment of later life after operation although becoming healthy again. Diffuse fears were named in 47 cases (45.6%), 19 (18.4%) patients were afraid of metastases, 11 (10.7%) of postoperative death, 19 (18.4%) of pain, 11 (10.7%) of mutilation and 17 (16.5%) of surgical complications. Seventy-three patients (70.9%) had good family support, seven (6.8%) not. Of the support group 32 patients (31%) considered their relatives' empathy as onerous. Problems, that are self-evident to the attending staff may be insurmountable for the patients. If we succeed to overcome their most simple fears they can focus their energy on mastering the postoperative course.

Respiratory syncytial virus groups A and B in Porto Alegre, Brazil, from 1990 to 1995 and 1998.

We analyzed the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) groups and their epidemiological pattern that were detected over the course of seven years in southern Brazil. The two RSV groups co-circulated each year, but frequencies of groups A and B varied both between and within yearly outbreaks. In 1991, group A predominated over group B (p=0.0016). RSV outbreaks analyzed showed a temperature-dependent pattern and no association with rainfall, similarly to other countries from southern South America. Knowledge of the variants is important in terms of both diagnosis and definition of a vaccine composition.

Metallothionein isoform 3 expression in the human prostate and cancer-derived cell lines.

BACKGROUND: Expression of metallothionein isoform 3 (MT-3) was initially reported to be confined to neural tissues. However, it was recently demonstrated that MT-3 is expressed in epithelial cells of the human kidney. This motivated the current examination of the expression of MT-3 in the human prostate. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to localize the expression of MT-3, RT-PCR to determine the expression of MT-3 mRNA, and Western blot analysis to determine the level of MT-3 protein. RESULTS: Selected epithelial and stromal cells of the normal human prostate were shown to have low levels of MT-3 expression. MT-3 was increased in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions and further increased in a highly variable fashion in prostatic adenocarcinoma. In some adenocarcinomas, MT-3 expression exceeded that of nerve. Three cell culture models of prostate cancer were also shown to variably express MT-3. Restriction enzyme analysis confirmed the expression of MT-3 in the cells and tissues. CONCLUSIONS: MT-3 is expressed in the normal human prostate, and expression is enhanced and highly variable in PIN lesions and primary prostate cancer cells. The variable nature of MT-3 expression was also noted in commonly utilized prostate cancer cell lines.

E válida psicoprofilaxia para cirurgia cardíaca em crianças? / Is psychoprophylaxis a valid approach for pediatric heart surgery?

PURPOSE: To validate the hypothesys that a psycological preparation for children who will undergo cardiac surgery may improve the outcome. METHODS: Sixty patients, with ages ranging between 3 and 10 years, submitted to heart surgery for treatment of congenital heart defects, were evaluated. They were divided in 2 groups: experimental and control. A questionnaire was designed for collecting data about psychological and clinical aspects of each patient. RESULTS: The following data was found to be of statistical significance: acceptance of peripheral vein puncture in the surgical group (chi 2 = 11.59, p < 0.05), calm awakening following general anesthesia (chi 2 = 9.64 p < 0.05), cooperation with the physiotherapy staff (chi 2 = 13.30, p < 0.05), coping with parents absence (chi 2 = 9.64, p < 0.05), acceptance of fluid restriction (chi 2 = 17.78, p < 0.05) and cooperation with removal of stitches and pacemaker electrodes (chi 2 = 19.20, p < 0.05). There was not statistical significance on demand of sedation, cooperation at removal of the orotracheal tube and during examination, necessity of reintubation and occurrence of clinical complications. However, the prepared group showed a slight tendency to have less postoperative complications (20) than the control (27). CONCLUSION: It was found that children who had adequated psychologic preparation prior to the correction of congenital heart defects had better psychological results with the imposed trauma

Objetivo - Avaliar, em crianças, a validade de preparo psicológico na cirurgia de cardiopatia congênita,verificando a relação entre psicoterapia preparatória para cirurgia e a recuperação cirúrgica. Métodos - Sessenta pacientes, submetidos à cirurgia de cardiopatia congênita, com diagnósticos variados, de ambos os sexos, na faixa etária de 3 a 10 anos, divididos em 2 grupos, experimental e controle, com amostragem intencional, devido a imposição ética. Foram utilizados formulários para coleta de dados que abrangiam aspectos psicológicos e clínicos da evolução de cada paciente. Resultados - Os futores com significância estatística foram: permitir punção de veia no bloco cirúrgico (X2= 11,59, p<0,05), acordar tranqüilo (X2 = 9,64, p<0,05), cooperação na retirada do dreno (X2= 3,75, p<0,05) e na fisioterapia (X2= 13,30, p<0,05), aceitação da ausência da mãe(X2= 9,64, p<0,05), cooperação com a restrição hídrica (X2 = 17,78, p0,05). Conclusão - Constatou-se uma melhor evolução psicológica no grupo que foi submetido àpsicoprofilaxia cirúrgica

Uso y abuso de los preparados digitalicos en la tercera edad / Use and abuse y digitalis in the elderly

Se realiza un estudio de la utilización de los preparados digitálicos en los pacientes geriátricos en 2 áreas de salud en las cuales toda la población cuenta con los servicios del médico de la familia. Se analiza el uso y el abuso de estos medicamentos y se llega a conclusiones en cuanto a la prevalencia de la intoxicación digitálica en los ancianos de estas áreas

Uso y abuso de los preparados digitalicos en la tercera edad / Use and abuse y digitalis in the elderly

Se realiza un estudio de la utilización de los preparados digitálicos en los pacientes geriátricos en 2 áreas de salud en las cuales toda la población cuenta con los servicios del médico de la familia. Se analiza el uso y el abuso de estos medicamentos y se llega a conclusiones en cuanto a la prevalencia de la intoxicación digitálica en los ancianos de estas áreas

Diseno de mallas de tierra por computador

Contenido: 1.Consideraciones generales 2.Analisis y tratamiento numerico de la resistividad del suelo 3.Evaluacion de la resistencia de puesta a tierra 4.Calculo de la maxima corriente de malla 5.Seleccion de conductores y conectores 6.Voltajes tolerables de paso y contacto 7.Diseno de la malla de puesta a tierra 8.Potenciales superficiales de tierra 9.Conclusiones y recomendaciones 10.Bibliografia.