Asymptomatic Infant Rib Fractures Are Primarily Non-abuse-Related and Should Not Be Used to Assess Physical Child Abuse.

Finding infant rib fractures was for many years an almost undisputed proof that physical child abuse took place. Yet, these rib fractures are virtually always occult and asymptomatic and are only identified when looked for, usually with X-rays, from physical child abuse accusations related to, e.g., suspicion of the shaken baby syndrome. In a recent systematic literature review (searched in Cochran, Embase, PubMed and Sociological Abstracts), Güvensel questioned the diagnostic accuracy of rib fractures to be caused by abuse, due to lack of sufficient scientific evidence. Further, there is currently a world-wide disagreement between physicians considering themselves child abuse specialized, and physicians that explore non-abuse-related symptoms that may mimic physical abuse, which, it is hoped, will significantly reduce current unjustified child abuse diagnoses. In an attempt to help resolving this disagreement, we hypothesize that the probability of physical child abuse-related infant rib fractures is significantly lower than the probability of all other possible non-abuse-related causes of occult asymptomatic infant rib fractures, e.g., from birth trauma, prematurity, osteogenesis imperfecta, hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, severe chronic placental pathology (e.g., massive perivillous fibrin depositions and severe chronic histiocytic intervillositis), and vitamin-D deficiency. As method, we attempted to assess the incidence of these various causes of infant rib fractures, in the Netherlands and the USA. The results are that the estimated Dutch and USA physical abuse-related infant rib fracture incidences are at least about 250 and 45 times lower than the sum of all the non-abuse-related estimates. Because these latter rib fractures are occult and asymptomatic, it is likely that (many) more could be out there. In conclusion, occult asymptomatic rib fractures develop perinatally, virtually always as birth trauma, in infants with sufficiently weak bones due to vitamin D deficiency, transmitted by their vitamin D deficient pregnant mothers. This group also includes cortical rib cracks due to deformation forces, with an estimated 186/100,000 incidence. And, despite obvious uncertainties in all estimated incidences, we provided strong evidence that our hypothesis has relevance, implying that the abundant occult asymptomatic rib fractures, when found in infants, should not be used to assess potential physical child abuse.

Child Abuse, Misdiagnosed by an Expertise Center: Part I-Medico-Social Aspects.

Child abuse is a dangerous situation for an infant. Professionals need to weigh the risk of failing to act when children are seriously harmed against the serious harm done by carrying out safeguarding interventions. In severe cases, foster care might be advisable. The negative effects for the child's psychosocial development requires that such placement must be based on very solid evidence. Our aim is to identify why Dutch parents whose child may have a medical condition that could mimic symptoms of child abuse have a significant chance of being erroneously convicted and losing custody of their child. As a method, we describe and analyze the following case. An Armenian-Dutch newborn (uncomplicated term vaginal delivery), starting at two weeks after birth, developed small bruises on varying body locations. At two months, a Well-Baby Clinic physician referred the girl to a university hospital, mentioning that there were no reasons to suspect child abuse and that her Armenian grandmother easily bruised as well. However, before consultation by a pediatrician of the hospital-located Expertise Center for Child Abuse, the parents were suspected of child abuse. Based on the expertise center's protocols, skeletal X-rays were made, which showed three healed, asymptomatic rib fractures, while invalid statistics suggested, incorrectly, a 10-100 times more likely non-accidental than accidental cause of the symptoms (discussed in Part II of this series). The expertise enter physician ignored any argument that could show parental innocence, including the positive parent-child relationship reported by the Well-Baby Clinic and the general practitioner. The girl and her older brother were placed in a family foster home and then in a secret home. The case radically resolved when a large bruise also developed there, and an independent tissue disease specialist diagnosed a hereditary connective tissue disorder in the mother, implying that the girl's bruises and rib fractures could well be disease-related. In conclusion, if child abuse is suspected, and foster care placement considered, the patient and the parents should be thoroughly investigated by an independent experienced pediatrician together with an experienced pediatric clinical psychologist or psychotherapist to produce an independent opinion. Children deserve this extra safeguard before being separated from their parents.

Child Abuse, Misdiagnosed by an Expertise Center-Part II-Misuse of Bayes' Theorem.

A newborn girl had, from two weeks on, small bruises on varying body locations, but not on her chest. Her Armenian grandmother easily bruised, too. Her mother was diagnosed with hypermobility-type Ehlers-Danlos-Syndrome (hEDS), an autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder, with a 50% inheritance probability. Referral to a University Medical Center located "Dutch Expertise Center for Child Abuse" resulted (prior to consultation) in physical abuse suspicion. Protocol-based skeletal X-rays showed three healed, asymptomatic rib fractures. A protocol-based Bayesian likelihood ratio guesstimation gave 10-100, erroneously used to suggest a 10-100 times likelier non-accidental-than-accidental cause. Foster care placement followed, even in a secret home, where she also bruised, suggesting hEDS inheritance. Correct non-accidental/accidental Bayes' probability of symptoms is (likelihood ratio) × (physical abuse incidence). From the literature, we derived an infant abuse incidence between about ≈0.0009 and ≈0.0026 and a likelihood ratio of <5 for bruises. For rib fractures, we used a zero likelihood ratio, arguing their cause was birth trauma from the extra delivery pressure on the chest, combined with fragile bones as the daughter of an hEDS-mother. We thus derived a negligible abuse/accidental probability between <5 × 0.0009 <0.005 and <5 × 0.0026 <0.013. The small abuse incidence implies that correctly using Bayes' theorem will also miss true infant physical abuse cases. Curiously, because likelihood ratios assess how more often symptoms develop if abuse did occur versus non-abuse, Bayes' theorem then implies a 100% infant abuse incidence (unwittingly) used by LECK. In conclusion, probabilities should never replace differential diagnostic procedures, the accepted medical method of care. Well-known from literature, supported by the present case, is that (child abuse pediatrics) physicians, child protection workers, and judges were unlikely to understand Bayesian statistics. Its use without statistics consultation should therefore not have occurred. Thus, Bayesian statistics, and certainly (misused) likelihood ratios, should never be applied in cases of physical child abuse suspicion. Finally, parental innocence follows from clarifying what could have caused the girl's bruises (inherited hEDS), and rib fractures (birth trauma from fragile bones).

Weight velocity equations with 14-448 days time separated weights should not be used for infants under 3 years of age.

Abnormal growth of infants may indicate disease of the children, thus methods to identify growth disorders are wanted in medicine. We previously showed that two-time-points weight growth velocities at age t, calculated by a commercial software product as [Weight(t) - Weight(t - X)]/X, with X = 448 days, were erroneous due to the long separation of 448 days. We were convinced that shorter X-values would solve this accuracy problem. However, our hypothesis is that: "shorter time separations than 448 days cause a decreased accuracy of numerical weight velocity equations in realistic infant weights until an age of about three years". Supporting evidence comes from analyzing how shorter X-values will affect the accuracy of two-time-points weight velocity calculations. We systematically varied X between 1 and 448 days of various P50/0SD-related standard weight curves: (a) P50/0SD with the weights separated by 1 day and X = 1,28,224,448 days; (b) P50/0SD with the weights at variable ages and X = 14-448 days; and (c) case (b) and incorporating weight fluctuations typically occurring in infants. Cases (b) and (c) include details observed in a clinical case. Our results show that the combination of weight fluctuations and varying time intervals between consecutive weights make weight velocity predictions worse for shorter X values in children younger than three years. Because these two causes of failure occur naturally in infants whose weight is regularly measured, other weight velocity equations face the same causes for inaccuracy. In conclusion, our hypothesis suggests that any software that predicts weight velocities should be abandoned in infants < 3 years. Practically, it should require that when (commercial) software weight velocity prediction suggests a medical problem, careful clinical checking should be mandatory, e.g. by linking predicted and exact weight velocities at age t (the latter from the mathematical first derivative at age t of standard weight curves).

Limitations of Weight Velocity Analysis by Commercial Computer Program Growth Analyser Viewer Edition.

Commercial software package "Growth Analyser Viewer Edition" ("GAVE") aims to document, monitor and analyze growth and development in children and adolescents. Although its clinical and scientific use is widespread, there are no published studies that describe the method and its validation. We were informed that GAVE calculates the weight velocity (kg/year) at age t from the weight difference between t and 448 days earlier or at birth, divided by the time difference. We recently discussed a case of false child abuse diagnosis (Pediatric Condition Falsification), resulting in the separation of the child from its parents, in which GAVE played a negative contributing role. To prevent such inappropriate diagnoses, we analyzed GAVE from a schematic representation of the measured clinical weight curve, with precisely defined weight velocities. In conclusion, the 448 days included for weight velocity predictions by GAVE caused the erroneous outcomes. Until the necessary changes to the software are implemented and validated, we advise against the use of GAVE in infants younger than 1.5 years, if multiple weight changes occur within 448 days, and following a long-lasting weight velocity change. Our analysis suggests to discard all medical software packages that lack public description and proof of validation.

Periocular CO2 laser resurfacing: severe ocular complications from multiple unintentional laser impacts on the protective metal eye shields.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A 36-year-old woman underwent CO2 laser resurfacing for periocular rhytides using protective stainless steel Cox II ocular shields. Immediately after the treatment, corneal lesions were seen in both eyes. The left eye subsequent developed corneal ulceration and scarring, a deformed iris, cataract, and lower eye lashes showing signs of acute burns. The right cornea had a small inferior mid-peripheral superficial lesion and concomitant lower mid-peripheral burned eye lashes. Our objective was to determine the most likely cause of these ocular complications. STUDY: We estimated temperature-time combinations that could induce corneal injury and cataract. Heat conduction effects from a heated cornea to the lens and from a heated ring of periocular skin to the cornea were computed. The temperature response of a shield following CO2 laser irradiation was determined. RESULTS: We computed that cataract can develop when the corneal temperature reaches, for example, 80 °C for 14 seconds. A periocular ring of heated skin contributes little to the corneal temperature. After 7 pulses of consecutive CO2 laser bursts in 7.5 seconds, the total shield area already reached a homogeneous temperature of 63 °C. CONCLUSION: Despite uncertainties in procedural details and modeling of cataract temperatures, the eye injuries were caused beyond doubt by heating of tear-covered metal eye shields by at least 10 consecutive but unintentional laser impacts. Lasers Surg. Med. 50:980-986, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Pediatric Condition Falsification Misdiagnosed by Misjudged Weight Growth from the Curve of Measured Weights.

BACKGROUND Pediatric condition falsification (PCF) is a rare form of child abuse in which a caregiver fabricates or induces illness in the child. The diagnosis is difficult and controversial and can easily include false positives. CASE REPORT A boy, 3.18 kg birthweight (P25 curve), lost weight between age 56 to120 days. Cow milk allergy was suspected, feeding was changed to elementary formula, and he started catch-up weight growth while remaining significantly underweight. His pediatrician continuously interpreted his low weight as insufficient growth, despite prescribing 3 times the normal caloric intake, concluded that the mother purposely malnourished her son, diagnosed PCF, and the boy was separated from his family (days 502-755 of age). PCF was confirmed by 2 other pediatricians and 3 child protection physicians and was supported by 4 child protection agencies and 6 judges. However, proper analysis of the weight growth (kg/year) from the weight curve showed a normal weight gain. Beyond 120 days of age, weight gain at home was significantly above normal (during 347-489 days: 6.2 versus 3 kg/year of the P50). He reached P25 again at around 516 days. CONCLUSIONS The question "How could so many physicians misjudge weight gain?" has scientific and sociologic aspects. Scientifically, low weight was wrongly interpreted as insufficient weight growth, requiring that physicians learn how to assess weight gain from weight curves. Sociologically, physicians seem to follow a diagnosis made by a colleague without proper evaluation. Arguments provided by the parents against this diagnosis seemed to be neglected. Confirmation bias occurs when any information against PCF is disregarded.

Advances in hair transplantation: longitudinal partial follicular unit transplantation.

There are different techniques of hair transplantation. The most common and known hair transplantation methods are the 'strip' method, where a strip of skin containing hair follicles is removed, cut into grafts and implanted in the recipient area, and the follicle unit extraction (FUE) method, in which whole follicle units are extracted one by one and implanted one by one back into the recipient area. The FUE method is more patient friendly and leaves only tiny scars compared to the strip method, which leaves visible linear scars at the donor area. Both methods, however, have the major disadvantage that the extracted hair follicles are removed and the availability of donor hair follicles are limited and results in a decrease in hair density, as no re-grow will occur in the donor area. Since partial longitudinal-follicular unit transplantation (PL-FUT) extracts partial longitudinal follicular units that can be used as complete follicular units to regenerate completely differentiated hair growth and the partial follicular units that remain in the dermis in the donor area can survive and produce hair, PL-FUT enables us to multiply hair follicles in vivo while preserving the donor area. Although this technique is suitable for androgenic alopecia, PL-FUT could also be suitable in persons who have a relative small donor area compared to the recipient area like burn victims, as well as scarring alopecia's like frontal fibrosing alopecia.

Development of a non-melanoma skin cancer detection model.

BACKGROUND: The incidence and prevalence of skin cancer is rising. A detection model could support the (screening) process of diagnosing non-melanoma skin cancer. METHODS: A questionnaire was developed containing potential actinic keratosis (AK) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) characteristics. Three nurses diagnosed 204 patients with a lesion suspicious of skin (pre)malignancy and filled in the questionnaire. Logistic regression analyses generated prediction models for AK and BCC. RESULTS: A prediction model containing nine characteristics correctly predicted the presence or absence of AK in 83.2% of the cases. BCC was predicted correctly in 91.4% of the cases by a model containing eight characteristics. The nurses correctly diagnosed AK in 88.3% and BCC in 90.9% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: Detection or screening models for AK and BCC could be made with a limited number of variables. Nurses also diagnosed skin lesions correctly in a high percentage of cases. Further research is necessary to investigate the robustness of these findings, whether the percentage of correct diagnoses can be improved and how best to implement model-based prediction in the diagnostic process.

Surgical excision versus Mohs' micrographic surgery for basal cell carcinoma of the face: A randomised clinical trial with 10 year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common form of cancer among Caucasians and its incidence continues to rise. Surgical excision (SE) is considered standard treatment, though randomised trials with long-term follow-up are rare. We now report the long-term results of a randomised trial comparing surgical excision with Mohs' micrographic surgery (MMS) for facial BCC. METHODS: 408 facial, high risk (diameter at least 1cm, H-zone location or aggressive histological subtype) primary BCCs (pBCCs) and 204 facial recurrent BCCs (rBCCs) were randomly allocated to treatment with either SE or MMS between 5th October 1999 and 27th February 2002. The primary outcome was recurrence of carcinoma. A modified intention to treat analysis was performed. FINDINGS: For primary BCC, the 10-year cumulative probabilities of recurrence were 4.4% after MMS and 12.2% after SE (Log-rank test χ(2) 2.704, p=0.100). For recurrent BCC, cumulative 10-year recurrence probabilities were 3.9% and 13.5% for MMS and SE, respectively (Log-rank χ(2) 5.166, p=0.023). A substantial proportion of recurrences occurred after more than 5years post-treatment: 56% for pBCC and 14% for rBCC. INTERPRETATION: Fewer recurrences occurred after treatment of high risk facial BCC with MMS compared to treatment with SE. The proportion of recurrences occurring more than 5years post-treatment was especially high for pBCC, stressing the need for long-term follow-up in patients with high risk facial pBCC.

Intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for sagging eyelids.

IMPORTANCE: Sagging eyelids, or dermatochalasis, are a frequent concern in older adults. It is considered a feature of skin aging, but risk factors other than aging are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: To study nongenetic and genetic risk factors for sagging eyelids. DESIGN: Upper eyelid sagging was graded in 4 categories of severity using digital photographs. Dermatochalasis was defined as the eyelid hanging over the eyelashes. Age, sex, skin color, tanning ability, hormonal status in women, current smoking, body mass index, and sun protection behavior were analyzed in a multivariable multinomial logistic regression model. Genetic predisposition was assessed using heritability analysis and a genome-wide association study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The study was performed in 2 independent population-based cohorts. The Rotterdam Study included older adults from one district in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and the UK Adult Twin Registry (TwinsUK) included twins from all over the United Kingdom. Participants were 5578 unrelated Dutch Europeans (mean age, 67.1 years; 44.0% male) from the Rotterdam Study and 2186 twins (mean age, 53.1 years; 10.4% male) from the TwinsUK. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Sagging eyelid severity levels, ranging from 1 (normal control) to 4 (severe sagging). RESULTS: Among 5578 individuals from the Rotterdam Study, 17.8% showed dermatochalasis (moderate and severe sagging eyelids). Significant and independent risk factors for sagging eyelids included age, male sex, lighter skin color, and higher body mass index. In addition, current smoking was borderline significantly associated. Heritability of sagging eyelids was estimated to be 61% among 1052 twin pairs from the TwinsUK (15.6% showed dermatochalasis). A meta-analysis of genome-wide association study results from 5578 Rotterdam Study and 1053 TwinsUK participants showed a genome-wide significant recessive protective effect of the C allele of rs11876749 (P = 1.7 × 10(-8)). This variant is located close to TGIF1 (an inducer of transforming growth factor ß), which is a known gene associated with skin aging. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This is the first observational study to date demonstrating that other risk factors (male sex, genetic variants, lighter skin color, high body mass index, and possibly current smoking) in addition to aging are involved in the origin of sagging eyelids.

Topical photodynamic therapy using different porphyrin precursors leads to differences in vascular photosensitization and vascular damage in normal mouse skin.

Different distributions of hexyl aminolevulinate (HAL), aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and methyl aminolevulinate (MAL) in the superficial vasculature are not well studied but they are hypothesized to play an important role in topical photodynamic therapy (PDT). The colocalization of fluorescent CD31 and protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) was calculated using confocal microscopy of mouse skin sections to investigate the vascular distribution after topical application. Vascular damage leads to disruption of the normal endothelial adherens junction complex, of which CD144 is an integral component. Therefore, normal CD31 combined with loss of normal fluorescent CD144 staining was visually scored to assess vascular damage. Both the vascular PpIX concentration and the vascular damage were highest for HAL, then ALA and then MAL. Vascular damage in MAL was not different from normal contralateral control skin. This pattern is consistent with literature data on vasoconstriction after PDT, and with the hypothesis that the vasculature plays a role in light fractionation that increases efficacy for HAL and ALA-PDT but not for MAL. These findings indicate that endothelial cells of superficial blood vessels synthesize biologically relevant PpIX concentrations, leading to vascular damage. Such vascular effects are expected to influence the oxygenation of tissue after PDT which can be important for treatment efficacy.

Ins and outs of endovenous laser ablation: afterthoughts.

Physicists and medical doctors "speak" different languages. Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) is a good example in which technology is essential to guide the doctor to the final result: optimal treatment. However, for the doctor, it is by far insufficient just to turn on the knobs of the laser. He should understand what is going on in the varicose vein. On the other hand, the physicist is usually not aware what problems the doctor finds on his road towards improving a new technique. We have tried to bring both languages together in the special on Ins and outs of endovenous laser ablation published in this issue of Lasers in Medical Science. The 13 articles include endovenous related clinical (de Roos 2014; Kockaert and Nijsten 2014; van den Bos and Proebstle 2014) and socioeconomical articles (Kelleher et al 2014), the first paper on the molecular pathophysiologic mechanisms (Heger et al 2014), fiber tips (Stokbroekx et al 2014), the future of EVLA (Rabe 2014), a review of EVLA with some important issues for debate (Malskat et al 2014), an excellent paper on transcutaneous laser therapies of spider and small varicose veins (Meesters et al 2014), as well as several scientific modeling articles, varying from a mathematical model of EVLA that includes the carbonized blood layer on the fiber tip (van Ruijven et al 2014) and its application to the simulation of clinical conditions (Poluektova et al 2014) via experimental measurements of temperature profiles in response to EVLA, radiofrequency waves, and steam injections (Malskat et al 2014) to a literature review and novel physics approach of the absorption and particularly scattering properties of whole blood also including the infrared wavelengths used by EVLA (Bosschaart et al 2014). The aim of our afterthoughts, the 14th article in this special, is to try to amalgamate the clinical and physical contents of these contributions, providing the reader with the bridge that overlaps these different backgrounds.

Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA): a review of mechanisms, modeling outcomes, and issues for debate.

Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) is a commonly used and very effective minimally invasive therapy to manage leg varicosities. Yet, and despite a clinical history of 16 years, no international consensus on a best treatment protocol has been reached so far. Evidence presented in this paper supports the opinion that insufficient knowledge of the underlying physics amongst frequent users could explain this shortcoming. In this review, we will examine the possible modes of action of EVLA, hoping that better understanding of EVLA-related physics stimulates critical appraisal of claims made concerning the efficacy of EVLA devices, and may advance identifying a best possible treatment protocol. Finally, physical arguments are presented to debate on long-standing, but often unfounded, clinical opinions and habits. This includes issues such as (1) the importance of laser power versus the lack of clinical relevance of laser energy (Joule) as used in Joule per centimeter vein length, i.e., in linear endovenous energy density (LEED), and Joule per square centimeter vein wall area, (2) the predicted effectiveness of a higher power and faster pullback velocity, (3) the irrelevance of whether laser light is absorbed by hemoglobin or water, and (4) the effectiveness of reducing the vein diameter during EVLA therapy.

Optical-thermal mathematical model for endovenous laser ablation of varicose veins.

Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) is successfully used to treat varicose veins. However, the exact working mechanism is still not fully identified and the clinical procedure is not yet standardized. Mathematical modeling of EVLA could strongly improve our understanding of the influence of the various EVLA processes. The aim of this study is to combine Mordon's optical-thermal model with the presence of a strongly absorbing carbonized blood layer on the fiber tip. The model anatomy includes a cylindrically symmetric blood vessel surrounded by an infinite homogenous perivenous tissue. The optical fiber is located in the center of the vessel and is withdrawn with a pullback velocity. The fiber tip includes a small layer of strongly absorbing material, representing the layer of carbonized blood, which absorbs 45% of the emitted laser power. Heat transfer due to boiling bubbles is taken into account by increasing the heat conduction coefficient by a factor of 200 for temperatures above 95 °C. The temperature distribution in the blood, vessel wall, and surrounding medium is calculated from a numerical solution of the bioheat equation. The simulations were performed in MATLAB™ and validated with the aid of an analytical solution. The simulations showed, first, that laser wavelength did virtually not influence the simulated temperature profiles in blood and vessel wall, and, second, that temperatures of the carbonized blood layer varied slightly, from 952 to 1,104 °C. Our improved mathematical optical-thermal EVLA model confirmed previous predictions and experimental outcomes that laser wavelength is not an important EVLA parameter and that the fiber tip reaches exceedingly high temperatures.

Some controversies in endovenous laser ablation of varicose veins addressed by optical-thermal mathematical modeling.

Minimally invasive treatment of varicose veins by endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) becomes more and more popular. However, despite significant research efforts performed during the last years, there is still a lack of agreement regarding EVLA mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. The aim of this article is to address some of these controversies by utilizing optical-thermal mathematical modeling. Our model combines Mordon's light absorption-based optical-thermal model with the thermal consequences of the thin carbonized blood layer on the laser fiber tip that is heated up to temperatures of around 1,000 °C due to the absorption of about 45% of the laser light. Computations were made in MATLAB. Laser wavelengths included were 810, 840, 940, 980, 1,064, 1,320, 1,470, and 1,950 nm. We addressed (a) the effect of direct light absorption by the vein wall on temperature behavior, comparing computations by using normal and zero wall absorption; (b) the prediction of the influence of wavelength on the temperature behavior; (c) the effect of the hot carbonized blood layer surrounding the fiber tip on temperature behavior, comparing wall temperatures from using a hot fiber tip and one kept at room temperature; (d) the effect of blood emptying the vein, simulated by reducing the inside vein diameter from 3 down to 0.8 mm; (e) the contribution of absorbed light energy to the increase in total energy at the inner vein wall in the time period where the highest inner wall temperature was reached; (f) the effect of laser power and pullback velocity on wall temperature of a 2-mm inner diameter vein, at a power/velocity ratio of 30 J/cm at 1,470 nm; (g) a comparison of model outcomes and clinical findings of EVLA procedures at 810 nm, 11 W, and 1.25 mm/s, and 1,470 nm, 6 W, and 1 mm/s, respectively. Interestingly, our model predicts that the dominating mechanism for heating up the vein wall is not direct absorption of the laser light by the vein wall but, rather, heat flow to the vein wall and its subsequent temperature increase from two independent heat sources. The first is the exceedingly hot carbonized layer covering the fiber tip; the second is the hot blood surrounding the fiber tip, heated up by direct absorption of the laser light. Both mechanisms are about equally effective for all laser wavelengths. Therefore, our model concurs the finding of Vuylsteke and Mordon (Ann Vasc Surg 26:424-433, 2012) of more circumferential vein wall injury in veins (nearly) devoid of blood, but it does not support their proposed explanation of direct light absorption by the vein wall. Furthermore, EVLA appears to be a more efficient therapy by the combination of higher laser power and faster pullback velocity than by the inverse combination. Our findings suggest that 1,470 nm achieves the highest EVLA efficacy compared to the shorter wavelengths at all vein diameters considered. However, 1,950 nm of EVLA is more efficacious than 1,470 nm albeit only at very small inner vein diameters (smaller than about 1 mm, i.e., veins quite devoid of blood). Our model confirms the efficacy of both clinical procedures at 810 and 1,470 nm. In conclusion, our model simulations suggest that direct light absorption by the vein wall is relatively unimportant, despite being the supposed mechanism of action of EVLA that drove the introduction of new lasers with different wavelengths. Consequently, the presumed advantage of wavelengths targeting water rather than hemoglobin is flawed. Finally, the model predicts that EVLA therapy may be optimized by using 1,470 nm of laser light, emptying of the vein before treatment, and combining a higher laser power with a greater fiber tip pullback velocity.

The effect of single phlebectomies of a large varicose tributary on great saphenous vein reflux.

OBJECTIVE: Phlebectomy of varicose tributaries is usually considered an additional treatment after or during saphenous ablation. As phlebectomies alone affect the hemodynamics of the venous system, this treatment can be effective as primary intervention in selected patients. The objective of this study was to analyze hemodynamic, clinical, and patient-reported outcomes after phlebectomies in a prospective multicenter study to determine predictors for treatment success, that is, restoration of great saphenous vein (GSV) competence. METHODS: Patients with symptomatic GSV and tributary incompetence (reflux > 0.5 second) at the level of the thigh were included. Duplex ultrasound (DUS) was used to assess GSV and tributary characteristics, and a reflux elimination test was performed. Three and 12 months after phlebectomy of the tributary, reflux and GSV diameter were evaluated with DUS. Clinical outcome measures were C class of the Clinical, Etiologic, Anatomic, and Pathologic (CEAP) classification and Venous Clinical Severity Score; patients' reported outcome was determined by the Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire. To evaluate differences between the success and failure groups, baseline DUS characteristics, Venous Clinical Severity Score, CEAP class, and Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire score were compared. Multivariable logistic regression including all clinically relevant variables following a backward variable elimination process was used to determine predictors for success. The model was internally validated by 1000 bootstrap samples. RESULTS: The study included 94 patients (65 women, 29 men) with a mean age of 53 years. The majority had C2 or C3 disease. One year after treatment, GSV reflux had disappeared in 50% of patients (P < .01), and GSV diameter had decreased significantly (P < .01). Clinical outcome and Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire score improved significantly (P < .01) and symptoms had disappeared in 66%. Of 47 patients with persisting GSV incompetence, 15 did not receive additional treatment because they were asymptomatic. Independent predictors for success were low C class of the CEAP classification, low number of refluxing GSV segments, small diameter of the GSV above the tributary, and positive reflux elimination test result (P < .0001). The reflux elimination test appeared to be an important independent predictor, with >65% chance of success when the result was positive. CONCLUSIONS: At 1-year follow-up, treatment with single phlebectomies of a large tributary was effective to abolish GSV reflux in 50% of patients and to free 66% of patients from symptoms. Patients with limited disease progression and mild DUS alterations are most likely to benefit from this approach.

Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in psoriasis vulgaris: an open pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Mycophenolate mofetil is a well-known immunosuppressive agent in transplantation medicine. The efficacy of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) was confirmed in other inflammatory skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis and SCLE. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy and the tolerability/short-term safety of EC-MPS in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An open-label pilot study in which 20 patients with a PASI >10 received EC-MPS 720 mg twice daily for 6 weeks followed by 360 mg twice daily for another 6 weeks. Patients who completed 12 weeks of treatment were followed-up for an additional 12 weeks. Treatment outcomes were assessed with PASI50% and PASI75%. RESULTS: Eighteen men and two women (mean age 46 years) entered the study. Sixty-five percent (13/20) finished the treatment period. By week 6, no patient achieved PASI 75% and 8/20 patients achieved a PASI 50%. Compared to week 6, 4/13 showed a deterioration of their psoriasis at week 12. Twenty-five percent (2/8) achieved a PASI 75% in week 24. The most-reported adverse events were itching (30%), diarrhea (10%), and a reversible elevation of the triglycerides level. CONCLUSION: EC-MPS does not seem effective as monotherapy for moderate to severe psoriasis, but might be used at a dosage of 1440 mg daily in well-selected patients with treatment-resistant psoriasis.