The effect of whole-body vibration on public transportation passenger performance while typing on smartphones.

This study verified typing performance on smartphones of public transportation passengers using subjective assessments of comfort and difficulty and objective assessments of the number of errors and typing speed. Three frequency values (5, 10, and 15 Hz), two magnitudes (0.6 and 1.2 m/s2) and two types of operating systems (Android and IOS) were adopted. Tests without vibration were applied to analyse the residual effect of vibration. The results showed that vibration significantly influences comfort. The higher the frequency, the less errors and the faster the typing speed. In the magnitude analysis, the increase caused a greater number of errors and greater difficulty. In both assessments, the discomfort was proportional to the increase in frequency or magnitude and the number of errors was inversely proportional to the typing speed. Finally, the IOS operating system showed worse comfort when compared to Android, although no significant differences were observed for the objective assessment. Practitioner summary: Public transportation passengers are exposed to WBV while typing on smartphones. The results showed that vibration influences comfort, the number of errors and the typing speed. Therefore, manufacturers should be aware of the level of vibration that vehicles are exposed to in order to provide more performance to the user. Abbreviations: WBV: whole-body vibration; PID: proportional-integral-derivative; RMS: root mean square; HLM: hierarchical linear modeling; OLS: ordinary least squares; STH: seat-to-head.

Effects of vehicular whole-body vibration on focus measured by a mobile app for brain training: A pilot study on the influence of gender and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

BACKGROUND: Students, as well as other professional drivers, must have focus to adequately perform their tasks. However, they are subjected to whole-body vibration (WBV) in their journey to school or work. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of in-loco WBV exposure on focus, both instantaneously, as well as residually. Analysis is performed for both genders, as well as for the presence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). METHODS: Using a tablet computer, 20 volunteers played a focus game available on an app for brain training while exposed or not exposed to WBV. The exposure was that of a car travelling on a stone paved route. The performance measure was the score provided at the end of each game. Subjective comfort and difficulty evaluations were also investigated. RESULTS: The results suggest that WBV had a negative effect on the focus performance. However, it proved positive three minutes after the exposure (residual effect). The mean scores of females were higher than for males for most of the tests, apart from the one under WBV although at the expense of getting more discomfort. The difficulty level was not different within the gender groups. CONCLUSION: It could be concluded that the group with ADHD had a small but positive influence on the results for most of the tests, indicating that they are less affected by the presence of WBV. Since many students and workers have ADHD, this may be considered an important finding. It was shown that objective results should not be the only measures to use, as the subjective evaluation may explain the results better.

[Determinants of paid work among older Brazilians using structural equation modeling: evidence from the ELSI-Brazil study]. / Determinantes do trabalho remunerado entre brasileiros mais velhos usando modelagem de equações estruturais: evidências do ELSI-Brasil.

This study aimed to develop a conceptual model and to explore direct and indirect associations between paid work and life-course factors in a representative national sample of the Brazilian population 50 years and older. The analysis was based on 8,903 participants in the baseline of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). The exposure variables were sociodemographic, health, work, and social interaction variables. Based on a structural equation model, paid work showed total association with lifetime social status in women (standardized coefficient - SC = 0.489) and direct association with capacity for work in men (SC = 0.527). For women alone, an indirect and negative association was observed with lifetime intense physical effort at work, via retirement (SC = -0.156). Men with paid work were more prone to social participation, measured by belonging to groups or associations (SC = 0.209). Among women, this participation was through interaction with family and friends (SC = 0.047), via capacity for work. For both men and women, lifetime health status showed an indirect and positive association (SC = 0.298 men; SC = 0.142 women) with paid work, via capacity for work. All the above-mentioned factors showed a significant association with paid work. The study's results showed that participation in the work market occurs by different mechanisms for men and women, principally considering the factors related to work and social interaction.

O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver um modelo conceitual e explorar associações diretas e indiretas entre trabalho remunerado e fatores que operam ao longo da vida em amostra nacional representativa da população brasileira com 50 anos e mais. A análise foi baseada em 8.903 participantes da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde dos Idosos Brasileiros (ELSI-Brasil). Os fatores de exposição foram sociodemográficos, de saúde, trabalho e interação social. Utilizando modelo de equações estruturais, observou-se que o trabalho remunerado apresentou associação total com a condição social ao longo da vida entre mulheres (coeficiente de padronização - CP = 0,489) e associação direta com a capacidade para o trabalho entre homens (CP = 0,527). Apenas para as mulheres, associação indireta e negativa foi observada com o esforço físico intenso no trabalho ao longo da vida, via aposentadoria (CP = -0,156). Homens com trabalho remunerado foram mais propensos à participação social, aferida pelo pertencimento a grupos ou associações (CP = 0,209). Entre as mulheres, essa participação ocorreu por meio de interações com família e amigos (CP = 0,047), via capacidade para o trabalho. Tanto entre homens quanto entre mulheres, a condição de saúde ao longo da vida mostrou associação indireta e positiva (CP = 0,298 homens; CP = 0,142 mulheres) com o trabalho remunerado, via capacidade para o trabalho. Todos os fatores mencionados apresentaram associação significativa com o trabalho remunerado. Os resultados do estudo mostraram que a participação de homens e mulheres mais velhos no mercado de trabalho ocorre por mecanismos diferentes, principalmente ao considerar os fatores relacionados ao trabalho e interação.

El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar un modelo conceptual y explorar asociaciones directas e indirectas entre trabajo remunerado y factores que operan a lo largo de la vida, en una muestra nacional representativa de población brasileña con 50 años y más. El análisis se basó en 8.903 participantes procedentes del Estudio Brasileño Longitudinal del Envejecimiento (ELSI-Brasil). Los factores de exposición fueron: sociodemográficos, de salud, trabajo e interacción social. Utilizando un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, se observó que el trabajo remunerado presentó una asociación total con la condición social a lo largo de la vida entre mujeres (coeficiente de estandarización- CP = 0,489) y asociación directa con la capacidad para el trabajo entre hombres (CP = 0,527). Solamente para las mujeres, la asociación indirecta y negativa se observó con el esfuerzo físico intenso en el trabajo a lo largo de la vida, vía jubilación (CP = -0,156). Hombres con trabajo remunerado fueron más propensos a la participación social, medida por la pertenencia a grupos o asociaciones (CP = 0,209). Entre mujeres, esta participación se produjo mediante interacciones con la familia y amigos (CP = 0,047), vía capacidad para el trabajo. Tanto entre hombres como entre mujeres, la condición de salud a lo largo de la vida mostró una asociación indirecta y positiva (CP = 0,298 hombres; CP = 0,142 mujeres) con el trabajo remunerado, vía capacidad para el trabajo. Todos los factores mencionados presentaron una asociación significativa con el trabajo remunerado. Los resultados del estudio mostraron que la participación en el mercado de trabajo de hombres y mujeres mayores se produce por mecanismos diferentes, principalmente al considerar los factores relacionados con el trabajo e interacción social.

Influência da escolaridade e das condições de saúde no trabalho remunerado de idosos brasileiros / Influence of education and health conditions on paid work of elderly Brazilians

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi determinar associações entre características sociodemográficas e de saúde com o trabalho remunerado entre idosos brasileiros. As análises incluíram 11.177 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, conduzida em 2013. A análise multivariada foi baseada em razões de prevalência e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%, estimados pela regressão de Poisson. A participação dos homens no trabalho remunerado foi significativamente mais alta (32,9%) em comparação às mulheres (14,4%). Para homens e mulheres, essa participação diminuiu com o aumento de idade e foi maior entre aqueles com maior escolaridade e boa autoavaliação da saúde. Entre os homens, a boa autoavaliação da saúde apresentou associação com o trabalho remunerado (RP = 1,63; IC95%:1,23-2,15) somente para aqueles com escolaridade mais baixa (< 9 anos). Entre as mulheres, a boa autoavaliação da saúde apresentou associação positiva com o trabalho remunerado (RP = 1,94; IC95%:1,32-2,84) para aquelas com escolaridade mais baixa, e associação negativa para aquelas com escolaridade mais alta (RP = 0,54; IC95%:0,38-0,77). Os resultados sugerem que investimentos na escolaridade e melhorias nas condições de saúde podem contribuir para aumentar a longevidade dos idosos no mercado de trabalho.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine associations between socio-demographic and health characteristics with paid work among elderly Brazilians. The analysis included 11,177 subjects aged 60 years and over from the National Health Survey conducted in 2013. The multivariate analysis was based on prevalence ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals estimated by Poisson regression. The participation of men in paid work was significantly higher (32.9%) than women (14.4%). For men and women, this participation decreased with increasing age and was higher among those with better schooling and good self-rated health. Among men, good self-rated health was associated with paid work (PR = 1.63, 95% CI, 1.23-2.15) only for those with less schooling (< 9 years). Among women, good self-rated health revealed a positive association with paid work (PR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.32-2.84) for those with less schooling, and a negative association for those with better schooling (RP = 0.54, 95% CI 0.38-0.77). The results suggest that investments in schooling and improvements in health conditions can contribute to an increase in the longevity of the elderly in the labor market.

[Influence of education and health conditions on paid work of elderly Brazilians]. / Influência da escolaridade e das condições de saúde no trabalho remunerado de idosos brasileiros.

The objective of this study was to determine associations between socio-demographic and health characteristics with paid work among elderly Brazilians. The analysis included 11,177 subjects aged 60 years and over from the National Health Survey conducted in 2013. The multivariate analysis was based on prevalence ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals estimated by Poisson regression. The participation of men in paid work was significantly higher (32.9%) than women (14.4%). For men and women, this participation decreased with increasing age and was higher among those with better schooling and good self-rated health. Among men, good self-rated health was associated with paid work (PR = 1.63, 95% CI, 1.23-2.15) only for those with less schooling (< 9 years). Among women, good self-rated health revealed a positive association with paid work (PR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.32-2.84) for those with less schooling, and a negative association for those with better schooling (RP = 0.54, 95% CI 0.38-0.77). The results suggest that investments in schooling and improvements in health conditions can contribute to an increase in the longevity of the elderly in the labor market.

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar associações entre características sociodemográficas e de saúde com o trabalho remunerado entre idosos brasileiros. As análises incluíram 11.177 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, conduzida em 2013. A análise multivariada foi baseada em razões de prevalência e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%, estimados pela regressão de Poisson. A participação dos homens no trabalho remunerado foi significativamente mais alta (32,9%) em comparação às mulheres (14,4%). Para homens e mulheres, essa participação diminuiu com o aumento de idade e foi maior entre aqueles com maior escolaridade e boa autoavaliação da saúde. Entre os homens, a boa autoavaliação da saúde apresentou associação com o trabalho remunerado (RP = 1,63; IC95%:1,23-2,15) somente para aqueles com escolaridade mais baixa (< 9 anos). Entre as mulheres, a boa autoavaliação da saúde apresentou associação positiva com o trabalho remunerado (RP = 1,94; IC95%:1,32-2,84) para aquelas com escolaridade mais baixa, e associação negativa para aquelas com escolaridade mais alta (RP = 0,54; IC95%:0,38-0,77). Os resultados sugerem que investimentos na escolaridade e melhorias nas condições de saúde podem contribuir para aumentar a longevidade dos idosos no mercado de trabalho.

Life course and work ability among older adults: ELSI-Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To examine factors associated with perception of work ability in a nationally representative sample of Brazilians aged 50 years and over. METHODS: We used data from 8,903 participants of the baseline survey of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). The dependent variable was self-rated work ability (good or very good versus fair, poor, or very poor). Independent variables included factors that operate at the beginning, middle, and current stage of life. Multivariate analysis was based on prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: Good work ability was reported by 49% of \ participants (49.4% among men and 48.6% among women). Results of the multivariate analysis showed that, for both men and women, good work ability showed positive and statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) with good health up to 15 years of age (PR = 1.22 and 1.18 , respectively), educational level ≥ 8 years (PR = 1.19 and 1.21, respectively), and current good self-rated health (PR = 1.88 and 1.94, respectively). Negative associations were observed for current age (PR = 0.99 for each increase of one year among men and women), medical diagnosis of depression (PR = 0.70 for men and PR = 0.87 for women), and having one or more at least chronic diseases (PR = 0.88 for men and 0.91 for women). Only for men, positive associations for the age at which they started working (PR = 1.14 and 1.12 for 11-17 and ≥ 18 years, respectively) and living with a spouse (PR = 1.09) were found. CONCLUSIONS: Work ability in older ages is built over the life course, particularly by the health conditions in childhood and adolescence, age at which men begin working, educational level, and health conditions in older ages. Policies aimed at increasing longevity in the labor market must take these factors into account.

Life course and work ability among older adults: ELSI-Brazil / Curso da vida e capacidade para o trabalho entre adultos mais velhos: ELSI-Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To examine factors associated with perception of work ability in a nationally representative sample of Brazilians aged 50 years and over. METHODS We used data from 8,903 participants of the baseline survey of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). The dependent variable was self-rated work ability (good or very good versus fair, poor, or very poor). Independent variables included factors that operate at the beginning, middle, and current stage of life. Multivariate analysis was based on prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS Good work ability was reported by 49% of / participants (49.4% among men and 48.6% among women). Results of the multivariate analysis showed that, for both men and women, good work ability showed positive and statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) with good health up to 15 years of age (PR = 1.22 and 1.18 , respectively), educational level ≥ 8 years (PR = 1.19 and 1.21, respectively), and current good self-rated health (PR = 1.88 and 1.94, respectively). Negative associations were observed for current age (PR = 0.99 for each increase of one year among men and women), medical diagnosis of depression (PR = 0.70 for men and PR = 0.87 for women), and having one or more at least chronic diseases (PR = 0.88 for men and 0.91 for women). Only for men, positive associations for the age at which they started working (PR = 1.14 and 1.12 for 11-17 and ≥ 18 years, respectively) and living with a spouse (PR = 1.09) were found. CONCLUSIONS Work ability in older ages is built over the life course, particularly by the health conditions in childhood and adolescence, age at which men begin working, educational level, and health conditions in older ages. Policies aimed at increasing longevity in the labor market must take these factors into account.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Examinar os fatores associados à percepção da capacidade para o trabalho em amostra nacional representativa da população brasileira com 50 anos ou mais. MÉTODOS Foram utilizados dados de 8.903 participantes da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde dos Idosos Brasileiros (ELSI-Brasil). A variável dependente foi a autoavaliação da capacidade para o trabalho (boa ou muito boa versus razoável, ruim ou muito ruim). As variáveis independentes incluíram fatores que operam no início, no meio e na fase atual da vida. A análise multivariada foi baseada em razões de prevalência (RP) e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) estimados por meio da regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS A boa capacidade para o trabalho foi informada por 49% dos participantes (49,4% entre homens e 48,6% entre mulheres). Os resultados da análise multivariada mostraram que, tanto para homens quanto para mulheres, a boa capacidade para o trabalho apresentou associações positivas e estatisticamente significantes (p < 0,05) com ter saúde boa até os 15 anos de idade (RP = 1,22 e 1,18, respectivamente), escolaridade ≥ 8 anos (RP = 1,19 e 1,21, respectivamente) e autoavaliação da saúde atual como boa (RP = 1,88 e 1,94, respectivamente). Associações negativas foram observadas para idade atual (RP = 0,99 para cada incremento de um ano), diagnóstico médico de depressão (RP = 0,70 para homens e RP = 0,87 para mulheres) e ter uma ou mais doenças crônicas (RP = 0,88 para homens e 0,91 para mulheres). Apenas entre os homens, associações positivas foram observadas para idade em que começou a trabalhar (RP = 1,14 e 1,12 para 11-17 e ≥ 18 anos) e residência com o cônjuge (RP = 1,09). CONCLUSÕES A capacidade para o trabalho nas idades mais velhas é construída ao longo da vida, particularmente pelas condições de saúde na infância e na adolescência, pela idade em que os homens começam a trabalhar, pela escolaridade e pelas condições de saúde nas idades mais velhas. Políticas visando ao aumento da longevidade no mercado de trabalho devem levar em conta esses fatores.

Socioeconomic position and disability: "The Belo Horizonte, Brazil Health Study". / Posição socioeconômica e deficiência: "Estudo Saúde em Belo Horizonte, Brasil".

This study aims to investigate the association of socioeconomic status and comorbidities of self-reported disability. Data were obtained from a population survey in Belo Horizonte from 2008 to 2009. The sample was probabilistic and stratified by conglomerates in three stages: census tracts, households and individuals. The outcome variable was disability, defined by the self-reported problems in bodily functions or structures. The explanatory variables were gender, age, self-reported morbidity and socioeconomic status index that included variables mother and respondent schooling and household income. The factorial analysis was used to evaluate the socioeconomic status index and logistic regression. The prevalence of disability was 10.43% (95% CI: 9.1-11.7%). Self-reported disability was associated with age (OR = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01-1.03) and reporting of two or more diseases (OR = 3.24; CI 95%; 2.16-4.86) and socioeconomic status index (OR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.95-0.97). The worse socioeconomic status and occurrence of diseases appear to contribute to the occurrence of disability. These results show health inequities among people with disabilities, and BPC relevance supporting vulnerable populations.

O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a associação da posição socioeconômica e comorbidades com o autorrelato da deficiência. Dados provenientes de inquérito populacional em Belo Horizonte, entre 2008 e 2009. Amostragem foi probabilística, estratificada por conglomerados em três estágios: setor censitário, domicílio e indivíduos. A variável resposta foi deficiência, definida a partir do autorrelato de problemas nas funções ou nas estruturas do corpo. As variáveis explicativas foram: sexo, idade, morbidade referida e índice da posição socioeconômica que incluiu variáveis de escolaridade materna, do entrevistado e renda familiar. Empregou-se a análise fatorial para avaliar a composição do índice da posição socioeconômica e análise de regressão logística. A prevalência de deficiência foi de 10,43%. O autorrelato de deficiência associou-se à idade (OR = 1,02; IC 95%: 1,01-1,03), ao relato de duas ou mais doenças (OR = 3,24; 2,16-4,86) e ao índice da posição socioeconômica (OR = 0,96; IC 95%: 0,95-0,97). A pior posição socioeconômica e a ocorrência de doenças parecem contribuir para a ocorrência de deficiência. Esses resultados evidenciam as iniquidades em saúde entre as pessoas com deficiência e a relevância do BPC no atendimento a populações vulneráveis.

Posição socioeconômica e deficiência: "Estudo Saúde em Belo Horizonte, Brasil" / Socioeconomic position and disability: "The Belo Horizonte, Brazil Health Study"

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a associação da posição socioeconômica e comorbidades com o autorrelato da deficiência. Dados provenientes de inquérito populacional em Belo Horizonte, entre 2008 e 2009. Amostragem foi probabilística, estratificada por conglomerados em três estágios: setor censitário, domicílio e indivíduos. A variável resposta foi deficiência, definida a partir do autorrelato de problemas nas funções ou nas estruturas do corpo. As variáveis explicativas foram: sexo, idade, morbidade referida e índice da posição socioeconômica que incluiu variáveis de escolaridade materna, do entrevistado e renda familiar. Empregou-se a análise fatorial para avaliar a composição do índice da posição socioeconômica e análise de regressão logística. A prevalência de deficiência foi de 10,43%. O autorrelato de deficiência associou-se à idade (OR = 1,02; IC 95%: 1,01-1,03), ao relato de duas ou mais doenças (OR = 3,24; 2,16-4,86) e ao índice da posição socioeconômica (OR = 0,96; IC 95%: 0,95-0,97). A pior posição socioeconômica e a ocorrência de doenças parecem contribuir para a ocorrência de deficiência. Esses resultados evidenciam as iniquidades em saúde entre as pessoas com deficiência e a relevância do BPC no atendimento a populações vulneráveis.

Abstract This study aims to investigate the association of socioeconomic status and comorbidities of self-reported disability. Data were obtained from a population survey in Belo Horizonte from 2008 to 2009. The sample was probabilistic and stratified by conglomerates in three stages: census tracts, households and individuals. The outcome variable was disability, defined by the self-reported problems in bodily functions or structures. The explanatory variables were gender, age, self-reported morbidity and socioeconomic status index that included variables mother and respondent schooling and household income. The factorial analysis was used to evaluate the socioeconomic status index and logistic regression. The prevalence of disability was 10.43% (95% CI: 9.1-11.7%). Self-reported disability was associated with age (OR = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01-1.03) and reporting of two or more diseases (OR = 3.24; CI 95%; 2.16-4.86) and socioeconomic status index (OR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.95-0.97). The worse socioeconomic status and occurrence of diseases appear to contribute to the occurrence of disability. These results show health inequities among people with disabilities, and BPC relevance supporting vulnerable populations.

Life course socioeconomic position and C-reactive protein: mediating role of health-risk behaviors and metabolic alterations. The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation has been postulated to be one mediating mechanism explaining the association between low socioeconomic position (SEP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We sought to examine the association between life course SEP and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in adulthood, and to evaluate the extent to which health-risk behaviors and metabolic alterations mediate this association. Additionally, we explored the possible modifying influence of gender. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Our analytical sample comprised 13,371 participants from ELSA-Brasil baseline, a multicenter prospective cohort study of civil servants. SEP during childhood, young adulthood, and adulthood were considered. The potential mediators between life course SEP and CRP included clusters of health-risk behaviors (smoking, low leisure time physical activity, excessive alcohol consumption), and metabolic alterations (obesity, hypertension, low HDL, hypertriglyceridemia, and diabetes). Linear regression models were performed and structural equation modeling was used to evaluate mediation. Although lower childhood SEP was associated with higher levels of CRP in adult life, this association was not independent of adulthood SEP. However, CRP increased linearly with increasing number of unfavorable social circumstances during the life course (p trend <0.001). The metabolic alterations were the most important mediator between cumulative SEP and CRP. This mediation path accounted for 49.5% of the total effect of cumulative SEP on CRP among women, but only 20.2% among men. In consequence, the portion of the total effect of cumulative SEP on CRP that was mediated by risk behaviors and metabolic alterations was higher among women (55.4%) than among men (36.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Cumulative SEP across life span was associated with elevated systemic inflammation in adulthood. Although health-risk behaviors and metabolic alterations were important mediators of this association, a sizable fraction of this association was not mediated by these factors, suggesting that other pathways might play a role, especially among men.

Burocracia e inserção social: um estudo sobre o Ministério da Saúde na gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) / Bureaucracy and social integration: a study on the Ministry of Health in the management of the National Health System (SUS)

Embora o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) seja implementado de forma descentralizada, com forte ênfase municipalista, o papel de formulação e coordenação nacional da política de saúde se mantém sob a responsabilidade do Ministério da Saúde, o que demonstra a importância da esfera federal na condução e indução dessa política. Este artigo é uma pesquisa qualitativa, na qual as técnicas de coleta de dados foram entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise documental. O objetivo foi analisar a estrutura do aparato estatal responsável pela formulação e coordenação da política de saúde brasileira após a década de 1990, a partir da configuração da burocracia do Ministério da Saúde (MS) e as conexões do órgão com as forças societárias do setor. A perspectiva teórica de análise foi o institucionalismo sociológico, apoiado no modelo de autonomia inserida de Peter Evans (1995), somado ao conceito de isomorfismo de DiMaggio & Powell (1983). Os resultados demonstram que a gestão federal do SUS se encontra distante de um modelo tipo ideal weberiano e os avanços da política de saúde podem, parcialmente, ser explicados pela disseminação de uma forte cultura sanitarista que atuou de forma a compensar a ausência de elementos típicos das burocracias tradicionais na condução da política de saúde.

Although the National Health System (SUS) is implemented in a decentralized manner, with strong emphasis on the municipal level, the role of formulating and coordinating national health policy remains the responsibility of the Ministry of Health, which shows the importance of federal level in inducting and conducting that policy.This study has as its objective the analysis of the state apparatus' structure responsible for the formulation and coordination of healthcare politics after 1990, starting with the configuration of the bureaucracy of the Ministry of Health and its connections with the societal forces involved in this topic. This analysis is supported by the model of "embedded autonomy" theorized by Peter Evans (1995), based in the comparative institutionalist approach, to treat the State not as isolated from the environment, but as sensitive to the surrounding social relations coupled with the concept of isomorphism by Powell and DiMaggio (1983).The study reveals that the federal management of SUS was developed by an extremely vulnerable administrative frame, through analysis of both the recruitment model of the servants of the Ministry of Health headquarters as well as the processes of internal promotion in the sector. Nonetheless, healthcare policy is still recognized nationally, after the consolidation of SUS, as one of the most successful social policies. Advances in health policy can partially be explained by the spread of a strong hygienist culture that led to compensation for the absence of typical elements of traditional bureaucracies in the conduction of health policy.

Estrutura social e transmissão intergeracional de status: uma análise hierárquica / Estructura social y transmisión intergeneracional de status: un análisis jerárquico / Social structure and intergenerational transmission of status: a hierarchical analysis

A investigação dos mecanismos de transmissão de status tem correspondido à grande parte dos esforços dos estudos empíricos dos sistemas de estratificação. As diferenças organizacionais encontradas entre setores econômicos e as diferenças regionais inserem-se justamente na dimensão estrutural dos estudos de estratificação. Assim, o principal objetivo deste artigo é investigar em que medida o status ocupacional atual dos indivíduos foi afetado pela sua origem social, considerando-se o momento em que estes indivíduos se inseriram no mercado de trabalho e onde se inseriram. Foram utilizadas as bases da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) de 1973, 1982, 1988 e 1996 e estimados Modelos Hierárquicos que representam, para os estudos de transmissão intergeracional de status, a possibilidade de um melhor controle de fatores estruturais. Observou-se que a segmentação do mercado de trabalho em diferentes setores econômicos e o nível de crescimento econômico no Brasil em diferentes coortes de entrada dos indivíduos no mercado de trabalho são mecanismos que funcionam como mediadores da transmissão de status, enquanto a segmentação regional não apresentou efeitos significativos.

Una gran parte de los esfuerzos realizados por los estudios empíricos de los sistemas de estratificación ha correspondido a la investigación de los mecanismos de transmisión de status. Las diferencias organizacionales encontradas entre sectores económicos y las diferencias regionales se insertan, precisamente, en la dimensión estructural de los estudios de estratificación. Así pues, el principal objetivo de este artículo es investigar en qué medida el status ocupacional actual de los individuos analizados se vio afectado por su origen social, teniendo en consideración el momento en el que estos individuos se insertaron en el mercado de trabajo y el lugar donde se produjo su inserción. Para ello, fueron utilizadas las bases de la Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD¹) de 1973, 1982, 1988 e 1996 y se estimaron los modelos jerárquicos que representan, para realizar los estudios de transmisión intergeneracional de status, y analizar la posibilidad de un mejor control de factores estructurales. Se observó que la segmentación del mercado de trabajo, en diferentes sectores económicos, y el nivel de crecimiento económico en Brasil, en diferentes cohortes de entrada de los individuos en el mercado de trabajo, son mecanismos que funcionan como mediadores de la transmisión de status, mientras que en lo que se refiere a la segmentación regional no se presentaron efectos significativos.

Empirical studies of stratification systems have concentrated in investigating the mechanisms of transmission of status. Organizational differences found between economic sectors and regional differences fall precisely in the structural dimension of stratification studies. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to investigate to what extent the current occupational status of individuals was affected by their social origin, considering the time when and where these individuals entered the labor market. We used the databases from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD in Portuguese) of 1973, 1982, 1988 and 1996, and estimated the Hierarchical Models that represent, for studies of intergenerational transmission of status, the possibility of better control of structural factors. We observed that the segmentation of the labor market in different economic sectors and the level of economic growth in Brazil in different cohorts of individuals entering the labor market are mechanisms that function as mediators for the transmission status while regional segmentation had no significant effect.

Desempenho de Alunos com Deficiência na Rede Regular de Ensino: Impactos da Infraestrutura de Acessibilidade e da Formação Docente / Performance of Students with Disabilities in the Regular Education Network: Impacts of the Infrastructure of Accessibility and of the Teacher’s Training

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a existência de infraestrutura de acessibilidade para alunos com deficiência e a presença de docentes com formação específica para educação especial nas redes regulares de ensino básico têm efeitos sobre o fluxo escolar desses alunos em Minas Gerais. Foram utilizados dados do Censo Escolar de 2007. Realizaram-se a análise descritiva e comparativa e a análise estatística Classification And Regression Tree Analyses (CART). Considerou-se como variável dependente o desempenho escolar, e as variáveis-teste foram: formação docente em educação especial, existência de infraestrutura de acessibilidade e atendimento educacional especializado. A amostra foi dividida em alunos com deficiência mental e outros tipos de deficiência, devido às diferentes necessidades e possíveis efeitos divergentes das variáveis testadas. Observaram-se diversos efeitos das variáveis-teste nas duas amostras, destacando a importância da formação docente e o recebimento de atendimento educacional especializado sobre o desempenho dos alunos com deficiência mental (AU)

The aim of this study was to verify whether the accessibility infrastructure for students with disabilities and the existence of teachers with specific training for special education in the basic education networks affect the school flow of these students in the state of Minas Gerais. Data from the School Count of 2007 were used. The descriptive and comparative analysis was performed, as well as the statistical analysis called Classification and Regression Tree Analyses (CART). The school performance was considered a dependent variable, and the test variables were: special teacher training, existence of accessibility infrastructure and specialized educational assistance. The sample was divided into students with mental disabilities and other types of disability, due to the various needs and possible divergent effects of the tested variables. Diverse effects of the test variable in the two samples were observed, with emphasis on the importance of the teacher training and the provision of specialized educational assistance on the performance of students with mental disabilities (AU)