How can oral second-line anti-tuberculosis medications be administered to an extremely preterm neonate?

Congenital pre-extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis is rare, and administration of second-line anti-tuberculosis medications to neonates is challenging due to the small doses required and limited availability of suitable formulations. Paediatric formulations have increasingly become available but may not be readily accessible in all countries. For the extremely preterm and low birth weight neonate, doses equivalent to a fraction of a tablet or capsule are required, with frequent dose adjustment for increasing age and weight during the course of treatment. The pharmaceutical formulation must be suitable for administration via enteral feeding tube and must be free of unsafe excipients. We report on the challenges, considerations and outcome of an extremely premature neonate with congenital pre-extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis who was successfully treated with second-line anti-tuberculosis medications. Child-friendly formulations were procured where available, and extemporaneous compounding of clofazimine, moxifloxacin and prothionamide oral suspensions was undertaken to enable administration of these medications.

Link between T-Linear Resistivity and Quantum Criticality in Ambipolar Black Phosphorus.

The interplay between strong Coulomb interactions and kinetic energy leads to intricate many-body competing ground states owing to quantum fluctuations in 2D electron and hole gases. However, the simultaneous observation of quantum critical phenomena in both electron and hole regimes remains elusive. Here, we utilize anisotropic black phosphorus (BP) to show density-driven metal-insulator transition with a critical conductance ∼e2/h which highlights the significant role of quantum fluctuations in both hole and electron regimes. We observe a T-linear resistivity from the deep metallic phase to the metal-insulator boundary at moderate temperatures, while it turns to Fermi liquid behavior in the deep metallic phase at low temperatures in both regimes. An analysis of the resistivity suggests that disorder-dominated transport leads to T-linear behavior in the hole regime, while in the electron regime, the T-linear resistivity results from strong Coulomb interactions, suggestive of strange-metal behavior. Successful scaling collapse of the resistivity in the T-linear region demonstrates the link between quantum criticality and the T-linear resistivity in both regimes. Our study provides compelling evidence that ambipolar BP could serve as an exciting testbed for investigating exotic states and quantum critical phenomena in hole and electron regimes of 2D semiconductors.

SERS sensing for cancer biomarker: Approaches and directions.

These days, cancer is thought to be more than just one illness, with several complex subtypes that require different screening approaches. These subtypes can be distinguished by the distinct markings left by metabolites, proteins, miRNA, and DNA. Personalized illness management may be possible if cancer is categorized according to its biomarkers. In order to stop cancer from spreading and posing a significant risk to patient survival, early detection and prompt treatment are essential. Traditional cancer screening techniques are tedious, time-consuming, and require expert personnel for analysis. This has led scientists to reevaluate screening methodologies and make use of emerging technologies to achieve better results. Using time and money saving techniques, these methodologies integrate the procedures from sample preparation to detection in small devices with high accuracy and sensitivity. With its proven potential for biomedical use, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been widely used in biosensing applications, particularly in biomarker identification. Consideration was given especially to the potential of SERS as a portable clinical diagnostic tool. The approaches to SERS-based sensing technologies for both invasive and non-invasive samples are reviewed in this article, along with sample preparation techniques and obstacles. Aside from these significant constraints in the detection approach and techniques, the review also takes into account the complexity of biological fluids, the availability of biomarkers, and their sensitivity and selectivity, which are generally lowered. Massive ways to maintain sensing capabilities in clinical samples are being developed recently to get over this restriction. SERS is known to be a reliable diagnostic method for treatment judgments. Nonetheless, there is still room for advancement in terms of portability, creation of diagnostic apps, and interdisciplinary AI-based applications. Therefore, we will outline the current state of technological maturity for SERS-based cancer biomarker detection in this article. The review will meet the demand for reviewing various sample types (invasive and non-invasive) of cancer biomarkers and their detection using SERS. It will also shed light on the growing body of research on portable methods for clinical application and quick cancer detection.

Analysis of p-Type Doping in Graphene Induced by Monolayer-Oxidized TMDs.

Doping is one of the most difficult technological challenges for realizing reliable two-dimensional (2D) material-based semiconductor devices, arising from their ultrathinness. Here, we systematically investigate the impact of different types of nonstoichiometric solid MOx (M are W or Mo) dopants obtained by oxidizing transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs: WSe2 or MoS2) formed on graphene FETs, which results in p-type doping along with disorders. From the results obtained in this study, we were able to suggest an analytical technique to optimize the optimal UV-ozone (UVO) treatment to achieve high p-type doping concentration in graphene FETs (∼2.5 × 1013 cm-2 in this study) without generating defects, mainly by analyzing the time dependency of D and D' peaks measured by Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, an analysis of the structure of graphene sheets using TEM indicates that WOx plays a better protective role in graphene, compared to MoOx, suggesting that WOx is more effective for preventing the degradation of graphene during UVO treatment. To enhance the practical application aspect of our work, we have fabricated a graphene photodetector by selectively doping the graphene through oxidized TMDs, creating a p-n junction, which resulted in improved photoresponsivity compared to the intrinsic graphene device. Our results offer a practical guideline for the utilization of surface charge transfer doping of graphene toward CMOS applications.

Wood biochar enhances methanogenesis in the anaerobic digestion of chicken manure under ammonia inhibition conditions.

The process of breaking down chicken manure through anaerobic digestion is an effective waste management technology. However, chicken manure can be a challenging feedstock, causing ammonia stress and digester instability. This study examined the impacts of adding wood biochar and acid-alkali-treated wood biochar to anaerobically digest chicken manure under conditions of ammonia inhibition. The results highlighted that only the addition of 5 % acid-alkali-treated wood biochar by volume can achieve cumulative methane production close to the typical methane potential range of chicken manure. The treated wood biochar also exhibited highest total ammonia nitrogen removal compared to the Control treatment. Scanning Electron Microscope revealed growing interactions between biochar and methanogens over time. Real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that treated wood biochar produced the highest number of bacterial biomass. In addition, 16S amplicon-based sequencing identified a more robust archaeal community from treated biochar addition. Overall, the acid-alkali treatment of biochar represents an effective method of modifying biochar to improve its performance in anaerobic digestion.

Self-Aligned Top-Gate Structure in High-Performance 2D p-FETs via van der Waals Integration and Contact Spacer Doping.

The potential of 2D materials in future CMOS technology is hindered by the lack of high-performance p-type field effect transistors (p-FETs). While utilization of the top-gate (TG) structure with a p-doped spacer area offers a solution to this challenge, the design and device processing to form gate stacks pose serious challenges in realization of ideal p-FETs and PMOS inverters. This study presents a novel approach to address these challenges by fabricating lateral p+-p-p+ junction WSe2 FETs with self-aligned TG stacks in which desired junction is formed by van der Waals (vdW) integration and selective oxygen plasma-doping into spacer regions. The exceptional electrostatic controllability with a high on/off current ratio and small subthreshold swing (SS) of plasma doped p-FETs is achieved with the self-aligned metal/hBN gate stacks. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we construct a PMOS inverter using this device architecture, which exhibits a remarkably low power consumption of approximately 4.5 nW.

Doping-Free High-Performance Photovoltaic Effect in a WSe2 Lateral p-n Homojunction Formed by Contact Engineering.

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are promising materials for semiconductor nanodevices owing to their flexibility, transparency, and appropriate band gaps. A variety of optoelectronic and electronic devices based on TMDs p-n diodes have been extensively investigated due to their unique advantages. However, improving their performance is challenging for commercial applications. In this study, we propose a facile and doping-free approach based on the contact engineering of a few-layer tungsten di-selenide to form a lateral p-n homojunction photovoltaic. By combining surface and edge contacts for p-n diode fabrication, the photovoltaic effect is achieved with a high fill factor of ≈0.64, a power conversion efficiency of up to ≈4.5%, and the highest external quantum efficiency with a value of ≈67.6%. The photoresponsivity reaches 283 mA/W, indicating excellent photodiode performance. These results demonstrate that our technique has great potential for application in next-generation optoelectronic devices.

Modulation of Contact Resistance of Dual-Gated MoS2 FETs Using Fermi-Level Pinning-Free Antimony Semi-Metal Contacts.

Achieving low contact resistance (RC ) is one of the major challenges in producing 2D FETs for future CMOS technology applications. In this work, the electrical characteristics for semimetal (Sb) and normal metal (Ti) contacted MoS2 devices are systematically analyzed as a function of top and bottom gate-voltages (VTG and VBG ). The semimetal contacts not only significantly reduce RC but also induce a strong dependence of RC on VTG , in sharp contrast to Ti contacts that only modulate RC by varying VBG . The anomalous behavior is attributed to the strongly modulated pseudo-junction resistance (Rjun ) by VTG , resulting from weak Fermi level pinning (FLP) of Sb contacts. In contrast, the resistances under both metallic contacts remain unchanged by VTG as metal screens the electric field from the applied VTG . Technology computer aided design simulations further confirm the contribution of VTG to Rjun , which improves overall RC of Sb-contacted MoS2 devices. Consequently, the Sb contact has a distinctive merit in dual-gated (DG) device structure, as it greatly reduces RC and enables effective gate control by both VBG and VTG . The results offer new insight into the development of DG 2D FETs with enhanced contact properties realized by using semimetals.

Percolation-Based Metal-Insulator Transition in Black Phosphorus Field Effect Transistors.

The existence of a novel phenomenon, such as the metal-insulator transition (MIT) in two-dimensional (2D) systems, affords emerging functional properties that provide new aspects for future electronics and optoelectronics. Here, we report the observation of the MIT in black phosphorus field effect transistors by tuning the carrier density (n) controlled by back-gate bias. We find that the conductivity follows an n dependence as σ(n) ∝ nα with α ∼ 1, which indicates the presence of screened Coulomb impurity scattering at high carrier densities in the temperature range of 10-300 K. As n decreases, the screened Coulomb impurity scattering breaks down, developing strong charge density inhomogeneity leading to a percolation-based transition at the critical carrier density (nC). At low carrier densities (n < nC), the system is in the insulating regime, which is expressed by Mott variable range hopping that demonstrates the role of disorder in the system. In addition, the extracted average values of critical exponent δ are ∼1.29 ± 0.01 and ∼1.14 ± 0.01 for devices A and B, respectively, consistent with the 2D percolation exponent of 4/3, confirming the 2D percolation-based MIT in BP devices. Our findings strongly suggest that the 2D MIT observed in BP is a classical percolation-based transition caused by charge inhomogeneity induced by screened Coulomb charge impurity scattering around a transition point controlled by n through back-gate bias.

Self-Forming p-n Junction Diode Realized with WSe2 Surface and Edge Dual Contacts.

Owing to their practical applications, two-dimensional semiconductor p-n diodes have attracted enormous attention. Over the past decade, various methods, such as chemical doping, heterojunction structures, and metallization using metals with different work functions, have been reported for fabrication of such devices. In this study, a lateral p-n junction diode is formed in tungsten diselenide (WSe2 ) using a combination of edge and surface contacts. The appearance of amorphous tungsten oxide at etched WSe2 , and the formation of a junction near the edge contact, are verified by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The device demonstrates high on/off ratio for both the edge and surface contacts, with respective values of 107 and 108 . The diode can achieve extremely high mobility of up to 168 cm2 V-1 s-1 and a rectification ratio of 103 . The ideality factor is 1.11 at a back gate voltage VG   = 60 V at 300 K. The devices with encapsulation of hexagonal boron nitride exhibit good stability to atmospheric exposure, over a measured period of 2 months. In addition, the architecture of the contacts, which is based on a single-channel device, should be advantageous for the implementation of more complicated applications such as inverters, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes.

Selective Electron Beam Patterning of Oxygen-Doped WSe2 for Seamless Lateral Junction Transistors.

Surface charge transfer doping (SCTD) using oxygen plasma to form a p-type dopant oxide layer on transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDs) is a promising doping technique for 2D TMDs field-effect transistors (FETs). However, patternability of SCTD is a key challenge to effectively switch FETs. Herein, a simple method to selectively pattern degenerately p-type (p+ )-doped WSe2 FETs via electron beam (e-beam) irradiation is reported. The effect of the selective e-beam irradiation is confirmed by the gate-tunable optical responses of seamless lateral p+ -p diodes. The OFF state of the devices by inducing trapped charges via selective e-beam irradiation onto a desired channel area in p+ -doped WSe2 , which is in sharp contrast to globally p+ -doped WSe2 FETs, is realized. Selective e-beam irradiation of the PMMA-passivated p+ -WSe2 enables accurate control of the threshold voltage (Vth ) of WSe2 devices by varying the pattern size and e-beam dose, while preserving the low contact resistance. By utilizing hBN as the gate dielectric, high-performance WSe2 p-FETs with a saturation current of -280 µA µm-1 and on/off ratio of 109 are achieved. This study's technique demonstrates a facile approach to obtain high-performance TMD p-FETs by e-beam irradiation, enabling efficient switching and patternability toward various junction devices.

Recent Progress in 1D Contacts for 2D-Material-Based Devices.

Recent studies have intensively examined 2D materials (2DMs) as promising materials for use in future quantum devices due to their atomic thinness. However, a major limitation occurs when 2DMs are in contact with metals: a van der Waals (vdW) gap is generated at the 2DM-metal interfaces, which induces metal-induced gap states that are responsible for an uncontrollable Schottky barrier (SB), Fermi-level pinning (FLP), and high contact resistance (RC ), thereby substantially lowering the electronic mobility of 2DM-based devices. Here, vdW-gap-free 1D edge contact is reviewed for use in 2D devices with substantially suppressed carrier scattering of 2DMs with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) encapsulation. The 1D contact further enables uniform carrier transport across multilayered 2DM channels, high-density transistor integration independent of scaling, and the fabrication of double-gate transistors suitable for demonstrating unique quantum phenomena of 2DMs. The existing 1D contact methods are reviewed first. As a promising technology toward the large-scale production of 2D devices, seamless lateral contacts are reviewed in detail. The electronic, optoelectronic, and quantum devices developed via 1D contacts are subsequently discussed. Finally, the challenges regarding the reliability of 1D contacts are addressed, followed by an outlook of 1D contact methods.

Optimization of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell isolation and culture methods in serum- and xeno-free conditions.

BACKGROUND: Although umbilical cord blood (UCB) is identified as a source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with various advantages, the success in cell isolation is volatile. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize methods of cord blood-derived MSC (UCB-MSC) isolation and culture. In this study, we evaluated the efficiency of UCB-MSC isolation and expansion using different commercially available serum- and xeno-free media and investigated the capacity of autologous serum and plasma as a supplement to support cell proliferation. Additionally, we defined the presence of multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells in the UCB-MSC population. Functions of UCB-MSC in in vitro angiogenesis processes and anti-cancer were also verified. METHODS: Mononuclear cells were isolated using density gradient separation and cultured in four commercial media kits, as well as four surface coating solutions. UCB-MSCs were characterized and tested on tube formation assay, and co-cultured with SK-MEL cells in a transwell system. RESULTS: The results showed that only StemMACS™ MSC Expansion Media is more appropriate to isolate and culture UCB-MSCs. The cells exhibited a high cell proliferation rate, CFU forming capability, MSC surface marker expression, trilineage differentiate potential, and chromosome stability. In addition, the culture conditions with autologous serum coating and autologous plasma supplement enhanced cell growth and colony forming. This cell population contained Muse cells at rate of 0.3%. Moreover, UCB-MSCs could induce the tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and inhibit more than 50% of SK-MEL cell growth. CONCLUSIONS: UCB-MSCs could be high-yield isolated and expanded under serum- and xeno-free conditions by using the StemMACS™ MSC Expansion Media kit. Autologous serum coating and plasma supplement enhanced cell proliferation. These UCB-MSCs had effected the tube formation process and an anti-cancer impact.

Pertussis Infants Needing Mechanical Ventilation and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Single-Center Retrospective Series in Vietnam.

OBJECTIVES: Pertussis is an infectious disease that causes epidemics and outbreaks and is associated with a high mortality rate, especially in infants, in both developed and developing countries. We aimed to characterize infants with pertussis with respiratory failure and shock and investigated the factors related to mortality. DESIGN: A retrospective, observational study conducted between January 2015 and October 2020. SETTING: This study was conducted at the Vietnam National Children's Hospital, which is a government hospital that serves as a tertiary care center in Hanoi, Vietnam. PATIENTS: Children who fulfilled the following inclusion criteria were included: 1) admitted to the PICU, 2) less than 16 years old, 3) pertussis confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and 4) treated with mechanical ventilation due to respiratory failure and shock. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: Seventy-three mechanically ventilated children (40 boys; median age, 56 d), whereas 19 patients received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Twenty-six patients (36%) died including 12 who received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Those who received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support had higher leukocyte counts upon admission and were more frequently diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension and stage 3 acute kidney injury. Compared with survivors, nonsurvivors showed increased heart rates, leukocyte and neutrophil counts, and lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure at admission. Increased Vasoactive-Inotropic Score, stage 3 acute kidney injury, fluid overload, the use of renal replacement therapy, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use were prevalent among nonsurvivors. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, around one third of mechanically ventilated patients with pertussis died. Those who received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation had higher leukocyte counts, a higher prevalence of pulmonary hypertension, and advanced stages of acute kidney injury. Higher Vasoactive-Inotropic Score and advanced stages of acute kidney injury were associated with a greater risk of mortality.

The Efficacy of Transanal Total Mesorectal Excision: a Preliminary Vietnamese Report.

INTRODUCTION: The e physical anatomical characteristics of Vietnamese people are similar to those of other East Asian populations, with a deep and narrow pelvis but an average body mass index (BMI) among patients at the advanced stage of rectal cancer. AIM: This study aimed to prospectively evaluate the short-term outcomes of transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME) for rectal cancer treatment in a Vietnamese population. METHODS: A total of 64 patients who underwent TaTME were included in this study. The pelvic anatomical parameters, BMI, operative morbidities, macroscopic qualities of the mesorectal specimens, circumferential resection margins, and anal sphincter functional data were collected. The method popularized by Quirke and Kirwan's classification were used to assess to quality of the mesorectal specimens and the sphincter function, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0. RESULTS: The mean age and BMI of the patients were 66.4 years and 20.5 kg/m2, respectively. Most patients had narrow pelvises, with mean transverse pelvic outlet diameters of 10.12 ±1.85 cm, for males, and 10.43 ± 1.32 cm, for females, and pelvic depths of 12.36 ±2.03 cm, for males, and 11.73 ±1.12 cm, for females. The mean tumor size was 5.17 ±1.62 cm. Among the mesorectal specimens, 82.8% were complete and 14.1% were nearly complete. Disease-free survival and overall survival rates were 98.2% and 100%, respectively. Sphincter functions at 12 months post-operation were rated as 30.8% Kirwan I, 42.3% Kirwan II, and 26.9% Kirwan III. CONCLUSION: TaTME surgery represents a safe and suitable option among Vietnamese patients with narrow and deep pelvises and advanced rectal tumors in the middle third and lower third of the rectum.

Pathogen Concentration Combined Solid-Phase PCR on Supercritical Angle Fluorescence Microlens Array for Multiplexed Detection of Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Serovars.

Bloodstream infections and invasive nontyphoidal Salmonellosis in particular remain a major health and economic burden worldwide. The complexity of blood matrixes along with extremely low concentration of pathogens in blood poses a great challenge for rapid and ultrasensitive detection. Sample preparation has been the critical step that should provide blood-matrix-free sample with the targeted pathogen in the highest possible concentration. In this work, we addressed this challenge by combining magnetic-bead-based pathogen concentration and solid-phase PCR (SP-PCR). The SP-PCR performed on a supercritical angle fluorescence (SAF) microlens array embedded in a microchip enabled quick and accurate detection of low levels of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and enteritidis in blood samples without culture enrichment. Protein AG-magnetic beads immobilized with antisalmonella antibody could efficiently concentrate both Salmonella serovars with a capturing efficiency >95%. Higher tolerance of Phusion hot start DNA polymerase to PCR inhibitors and its compatibility with protein AG-magnetic beads allowed the integration of SP-PCR. Analysis of Salmonella-spiked blood samples with the SP-PCR resulted in a limit of detection (LoD) as low as 86 CFU/mL and 94 CFU/mL for S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis, respectively, that could be attributed to the high fluorescence collection efficiency of the SAF microlens array. These combinations reduced the duration of analysis to less than 3 h including sample preparation. This platform has the potential for wide application as a high-throughput biosensor to analyze pathogens in clinical, food, and environmental samples.

Factors Affecting Human Umbilical Cord Blood Quality Before Cryopreservation: The Importance of Birth Weight and Gestational Age.

Background: Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a rich source of hematopoietic stem cells and is useful for the treatment of blood diseases. The cost of UCB storage is high; thus, it is necessary to evaluate the quality of UCB before collection and cryopreservation. Aim: This study aimed to determine the maternal and neonatal factors that influence UCB before selection for cryopreservation. Materials and Methods: The analysis included 403 processed UCB units. The effects of maternal characteristics including maternal age and delivery method and neonatal factors such as birth weight, gestation duration, and sex on UCB quality were determined based on the collected blood volume, total nucleated cell (TNC) count, and CD34+ cell count. Results: The neonatal birth weight influenced the collected blood volume, TNC count, and CD34+ cell count. Neonates with higher birth weights produced better quality UCB units because of increased collected blood volumes, TNC counts, and CD34+ cell counts. However, an increase in the gestational age from 35 to 41 weeks led to decreases in the collected blood volume and CD34+ cell count. Conclusion: These data may be useful for determining the optimal cord blood units for collection and cryopreservation and for advising pregnant women using private banking services.

Classification of Multiple DNA Dyes Based on Inhibition Effects on Real-Time Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP): Prospect for Point of Care Setting.

LAMP has received great interest and is widely utilized in life sciences for nucleic acid analysis. To monitor a real-time LAMP assay, a fluorescence DNA dye is an indispensable component and therefore the selection of a suitable dye for real-time LAMP is a need. To aid this selection, we investigated the inhibition effects of twenty-three DNA dyes on real-time LAMP. Threshold time (Tt) values of each real-time LAMP were determined and used as an indicator of the inhibition effect. Based on the inhibition effects, the dyes were classified into four groups: (1) non-inhibition effect, (2) medium inhibition effect, (3) high inhibition effect, and (4) very high inhibition effect. The signal to noise ratio (SNR) and the limit of detection (LOD) of the dyes in groups 1, 2, and 3 were further investigated, and possible inhibition mechanisms of the DNA dyes on the real-time LAMP are suggested and discussed. Furthermore, a comparison of SYTO 9 in different LAMP reactions and different systems is presented. Of the 23 dyes tested, SYTO 9, SYTO 82, SYTO 16, SYTO 13, and Miami Yellow were the best dyes with no inhibitory effect, low LOD and high SNR in the real-time LAMP reactions. The present classification of the dyes will simplify the selection of fluorescence dye for real-time LAMP assays in point of care setting.

A Sensitive, Specific and Simple Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of Campylobacter spp. in Broiler Production.

Campylobacteriosis is one of the most common foodborne diseases worldwide. Two Campylobacter species - C. jejuni and C. coli in poultry and poultry products are considered to be the main source of human campylobacteriosis. Therefore, studying Campylobacter status in poultry flocks is needed to prevent transmission of disease and reduce human risk, health cost, and economic losses. In this study, we adapted and used a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assay for specific, sensitive, simple and cost-effective rapid detection of C. jejuni and C. coli in the poultry production chain. Amplified LAMP products were detected using a small, low-cost portable commercial blue LED transilluminator and a direct visual detection strategy was demonstrated. By using optimized conditions for amplification a limit of detection (LOD) of 50 CFU/ml was achieved for testing of C. jejuni and C. coli in spiked chicken feces without enrichment. The method took 60-70 min from receiving the samples to the final results (including 30 min for amplification). The optimized LAMP showed a relative accuracy of 98.4%, a specificity of 97.9%, and a sensitivity of 100% in comparison to real-time PCR method. Cohen's kappa index also showed an excellent agreement (0.94) between the two methods. The results showed that the method is specific, sensitive and is suitable to develop for rapid detection of Campylobacter spp. at poultry production.

Protein adaptors assemble functional proteins on DNA scaffolds.

DNA is an attractive molecular building block to construct nanoscale structures for a variety of applications. In addition to their structure and function, modification the DNA nanostructures by other molecules opens almost unlimited possibilities for producing functional DNA-based architectures. Among the molecules to functionalize DNA nanostructures, proteins are one of the most attractive candidates due to their vast functional variations. DNA nanostructures loaded with various types of proteins hold promise for applications in the life and material sciences. When loading proteins of interest on DNA nanostructures, the nanostructures by themselves act as scaffolds to specifically control the location and number of protein molecules. The methods to arrange proteins of interest on DNA scaffolds at high yields while retaining their activity are still the most demanding task in constructing usable protein-modified DNA nanostructures. Here, we provide an overview of the existing methods applied for assembling proteins of interest on DNA scaffolds. The assembling methods were categorized into two main classes, noncovalent and covalent conjugation, with both showing pros and cons. The recent advance of DNA-binding adaptor mediated assembly of proteins on the DNA scaffolds is highlighted and discussed in connection with the future perspectives of protein assembled DNA nanoarchitectures.