DMD-10 is dispensable for the initial development of amphid sensory neurons and their survival in mature C. elegans.

Mechanosensory or chemosensory activation of glutamatergicASH amphid sensory neurons promotes avoidancebehaviors in C. elegans. Wormswith mutations in the transcription factor DMD-10 have impaired ASH-mediated sensorimotor reflexes. We hypothesized that the behavioral dysfunction in dmd-10 mutants could arise from impaired ASH development or survival leading to disrupted glutamatergic signaling.To test this, we performed in vivo fluorescence microscopy of young adult C. elegans amphid neurons after labeling with the lipophilic dye DiI. We quantified the number of ASH neurons as well as five other amphid sensory neuron pairs. We found that the number of amphid neurons in dmd-10 mutants was the same as in wild-type worms. Our results suggest that dmd-10 is not required for amphid neuron development or survival in mature C. elegans.

The Snail transcription factor CES-1 regulates glutamatergic behavior in C. elegans.

Regulation of AMPA-type glutamate receptor (AMPAR) expression and function alters synaptic strength and is a major mechanism underlying synaptic plasticity. Although transcription is required for some forms of synaptic plasticity, the transcription factors that regulate AMPA receptor expression and signaling are incompletely understood. Here, we identify the Snail family transcription factor ces-1 in an RNAi screen for conserved transcription factors that regulate glutamatergic behavior in C. elegans. ces-1 was originally discovered as a selective cell death regulator of neuro-secretory motor neuron (NSM) and I2 interneuron sister cells in C. elegans, and has almost exclusively been studied in the NSM cell lineage. We found that ces-1 loss-of-function mutants have defects in two glutamatergic behaviors dependent on the C. elegans AMPA receptor GLR-1, the mechanosensory nose-touch response and spontaneous locomotion reversals. In contrast, ces-1 gain-of-function mutants exhibit increased spontaneous reversals, and these are dependent on glr-1 consistent with these genes acting in the same pathway. ces-1 mutants have wild type cholinergic neuromuscular junction function, suggesting that they do not have a general defect in synaptic transmission or muscle function. The effect of ces-1 mutation on glutamatergic behaviors is not due to ectopic cell death of ASH sensory neurons or GLR-1-expressing neurons that mediate one or both of these behaviors, nor due to an indirect effect on NSM sister cell deaths. Rescue experiments suggest that ces-1 may act, in part, in GLR-1-expressing neurons to regulate glutamatergic behaviors. Interestingly, ces-1 mutants suppress the increased reversal frequencies stimulated by a constitutively-active form of GLR-1. However, expression of glr-1 mRNA or GFP-tagged GLR-1 was not decreased in ces-1 mutants suggesting that ces-1 likely promotes GLR-1 function. This study identifies a novel role for ces-1 in regulating glutamatergic behavior that appears to be independent of its canonical role in regulating cell death in the NSM cell lineage.

Induction of ovulation with buserelin in jennies: in search of the minimum effective dose.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the minimum dose of buserelin acetate (buserelin) able to induce ovulation between 24 and 48 h from treatment (positive response) in estrous jennies. Jennies were studied during a total of 172 estrous cycles: ovarian activity was routinely monitored by ultrasound; when the dominant follicle reached a diameter of 33 ± 1 mm, estrous jennies were treated by subcutaneous administration of different doses of buserelin, 3.3mg (N = 11), 1.5mg (N = 21), 0.8 mg (N = 12), 0.4 mg (N = 16), 0.2mg (N = 13), 0.1mg (N = 16), 0.04 mg (N = 14), 0.02 mg (N = 16), or employed as controls (N = 53). Single jennies (P = 0.0001) and GnRH dose (P = 0.003) significantly affected ovulation rates. Ovulation rates between 24 and 48 h of each treated group, except for the 0.02 mg group, was higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). The minimum dose of buserelin effective to induce ovulation in estrous jennies was 0.04 mg.