Longitudinally changed diet quality scores and their association with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases in the EPIC-Potsdam study.

Association analyses between longitudinal changes in diet quality scores (DQIs) and cardiometabolic risk remain scarce. Hence, we aimed to investigate how changes in two DQIs are associated with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D), myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke in the EPIC-Potsdam study. Changes in the Mediterranean Pyramid Score (MedPyr) and Healthy Diet Score (HDS) over 7 years from baseline (1994-1998) to follow-up 3 (2001-2005) were investigated in 23,548 middle-aged participants. Adjusted Cox Proportional Hazards Regression models were applied to investigate associations between changes in MedPyr and HDS and chronic disease incidence. More than 60% of the participants increased both DQIs more than 5%. Within a median follow-up time of 5 years 568 cases of T2D, 171 of MI, 189 of stroke were verified. An increased compared to stable MedPyr was associated with lower T2D risk (HR 0.74; 95% CI 0.59-0.92), while a decreased MedPyr was associated with higher stroke risk (HR 1.67; 95% CI 1.02-2.72). A decreased compared to stable HDS was associated with higher stroke risk (HR 1.80; 95% CI 1.02-3.20). The findings contribute further evidence on advantages of changing dietary intake towards a Mediterranean Diet. Although baseline HDS adherence was associated with T2D and stroke risk, longitudinal changes in HDS were only significantly associated with stroke risk.

Association between Protein Intake and Diabetes Complications Risk Following Incident Type 2 Diabetes: The EPIC-Potsdam Study.

Our knowledge about the connection between protein intake and diabetes-related complications comes largely from studies among those already diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, there is a lack of information on whether changing protein intake after diabetes diagnosis affects complications risk. We aimed to explore the association between protein intake (total, animal, and plant) and vascular complications in incident T2D patients considering pre-diagnosis intake and changes in intake after diagnosis. This prospective cohort study included 1064 participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam cohort who developed T2D during follow-up (physician-verified). Dietary protein intake was measured with a food frequency questionnaire at baseline and follow-up. We included physician-reported incident diabetes complications (myocardial infarction, stroke, nephropathy, and neuropathy). A total of 388 participants developed complications, 82 macrovascular complications, and 343 microvascular complications. Substituting carbohydrates with protein showed a trend towards lower complications risk, although this association was not statistically significant (hazard ratio (HR) for 5% energy (E) substitution: 0.83; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.60-1.14). Increasing protein intake at the expense of carbohydrates after diabetes diagnosis was not associated with total and microvascular complications (HR for 5% E change substitution: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.89-1.08 and HR for 5% E change substitution: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.92-1.14, respectively). Replacing carbohydrates with protein did not elevate the risk of diabetes complications in incident T2D cases.

Participatory construction of the food security agenda in Brazil: Interests and priorities from re-democratization to institutional dismantling

This study analyzed the trajectory of interests and priorities related to food security expressed in the reports of the five National Food and Nutritional Security Conferences (Conferências Nacionais de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional - CNSAN) held in Brazil between 1994 and 2015. The documentary research was systematized through content analysis with a quantitative and qualitative focus. Food security dimensions were identified in the 1,181 action proposals assessed through an analysis model consisting of 3 cross-sectional categories, 8 thematic categories, and 10 subcategories. The temporal content analysis revealed: continuous reduction in demands for "universal access to adequate food", especially in the subcategory "employment and income"; constant predominance of the category "structuring sustainable food production and supply systems" with a progressive increase in the subcategory "incentive to agroecology-based production"; and increased demands for "prioritization of traditional peoples and communities". The timeline suggests different contributions of the Conferences to the evolution of the debate on food security in Brazil. However, the insertion of social actors in the process of formulating the Brazilian National Food and Nutritional Security Policy did not guarantee the incorporation of the problems into the public agenda, which should be re-established and deepened in the decision-making processes. The findings attest to the importance of social participation for the theoretical and political qualification of food security in Brazil.

Este estudio analizó la trayectoria de los intereses y prioridades relacionados con la seguridad alimentaria expresados en los informes de las cinco Conferencias Nacionales de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (Conferências Nacionais de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional - CNSAN) realizadas en Brasil entre 1994 y 2015. La investigación fue sistematizada a través del análisis de contenido con un enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo. Las dimensiones de la seguridad alimentaria se identificaron en las 1.181 propuestas de acción evaluadas a través de un modelo de análisis que consta de 3 categorías transversales, 8 categorías temáticas y 10 subcategorías. El análisis de contenido temporal reveló: continua reducción de las demandas de "acceso universal a una alimentación adecuada", especialmente en la subcategoría "empleo e ingresos"; predominio de la categoría "estructuración de sistemas sostenibles de producción y abastecimiento de alimentos" con un aumento progresivo de la subcategoría "incentivo a la producción basada en la agroecología"; y mayores demandas de "priorización de los pueblos y comunidades tradicionales". La línea de tiempo sugiere diferentes contribuciones de las Conferencias a la evolución del debate sobre la seguridad alimentaria en Brasil. Sin embargo, la inserción de los actores sociales en el proceso de formulación de la Política Nacional de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional de Brasil no garantizó la incorporación de los problemas en la agenda pública, que debe ser reconquistada y profundizada en los procesos de toma de decisiones. Los hallazgos atestiguan la importancia de la participación social para la calificación teórica y política de la seguridad alimentaria en Brasil.

pH-Dependent Release of Vancomycin from Modularly Assembled Collagen Laminates.

To prevent surgical site infections, antibiotics can be released from carriers made of biomaterials, such as collagen, that support the healing process and are slowly degraded in the body. In our labs we have developed collagen laminates that can be easily assembled and bonded on-site, according to medical needs. As shown previously, the asymmetric assembly leads to different release rates at the major faces of the laminate. Since the pH changes during the wound healing and infection, we further examined the effect of an acidic and alkaline pH, in comparison to pH 7.4 on the release of vancomycin from different collagen samples. For this purpose, we used an additively manufactured sample holder and quantified the release by HPLC. Our results show that the pH value does not have any influence on the total amount of released vancomycin (atelocollagen sponge pH 5.5: 71 ± 2%, pH 7.4: 68 ± 8%, pH 8.5: 74 ± 3%, bilayer laminate pH 5.5: 61 ± 6%, pH 7.4: 69 ± 4% and pH 8.5: 67 ± 3%) but on the time for half-maximal release. At an acidic pH of 5.5, the swelling of the atelocollagen sponge is largely increased, leading to a 2-3 h retarded release, compared to the physiological pH. No changes in swelling were observed at the basic pH and the compound release was 1-2 h delayed. These effects need to be considered when choosing the materials for the laminate assembly.

A New Evidence-Based Diet Score to Capture Associations of Food Consumption and Chronic Disease Risk.

Previously, the attempt to compile German dietary guidelines into a diet score was predominantly not successful with regards to preventing chronic diseases in the EPIC-Potsdam study. Current guidelines were supplemented by the latest evidence from systematic reviews and expert papers published between 2010 and 2020 on the prevention potential of food groups on chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. A diet score was developed by scoring the food groups according to a recommended low, moderate or high intake. The relative validity and reliability of the diet score, assessed by a food frequency questionnaire, was investigated. The consideration of current evidence resulted in 10 key food groups being preventive of the chronic diseases of interest. They served as components in the diet score and were scored from 0 to 1 point, depending on their recommended intake, resulting in a maximum of 10 points. Both the reliability (r = 0.53) and relative validity (r = 0.43) were deemed sufficient to consider the diet score as a stable construct in future investigations. This new diet score can be a promising tool to investigate dietary intake in etiological research by concentrating on 10 key dietary determinants with evidence-based prevention potential for chronic diseases.

Mechanical characterization of rose bengal and green light crosslinked collagen scaffolds for regenerative medicine.

Collagen is one of the most important biomaterials for tissue engineering approaches. Despite its excellent biocompatibility, it shows the non-negligible disadvantage of poor mechanical stability. Photochemical crosslinking with rose bengal and green light (RGX) is an appropriate method to improve this property. The development of collagen laminates is helpful for further adjustment of the mechanical properties as well as the controlled release of incorporated substances. In this study, we investigate the impact of crosslinking and layering of two different collagen scaffolds on the swelling behavior and mechanical behavior in micro tensile tests to obtain information on its wearing comfort (stiffness, strength and ductility). The mechanical stability of the collagen material after degradation due to cell contact is examined using thickness measurements. There is no linear increase or decrease due to layering homologous laminates. Unexpectedly, a decrease in elongation at break, Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength are measured when the untreated monolayer is compared to the crosslinked one. Furthermore, we can detect a connection between stability and cell proliferation. The results show that with variation in number and type of layers, collagen scaffolds with tailored mechanical properties can be produced. Such a multi-layered structure enables the release of biomolecules into inner or outer layers for biomedical applications.

An Additively Manufactured Sample Holder to Measure the Controlled Release of Vancomycin from Collagen Laminates.

The controlled release of antibiotics prevents the spread of pathogens and thereby improves healing processes in regenerative medicine. However, high concentrations may interfere with healing processes. It is therefore advantageous to use biodegradable materials for a controlled release. In particular, multilayer materials enable differential release at different surfaces. For this purpose, collagen sheets of different properties can be bonded by photochemical crosslinking. Here, we present the development and application of an easily accessible, additively manufactured sample holder to study the controlled release of vancomycin from modularly assembled collagen laminates in two directions. As proof-of-concept, we show that laminates of collagen sheets covalently linked by rose bengal and green light crosslinking (RGX) can be tightly inserted into the device without leakage from the upper to lower cavity. We used this sample holder to detect the release of vancomycin from symmetrically and asymmetrically loaded two-layer and three-layer collagen laminates into the upper and lower cavity of the sample holder. We show that these collagen laminates are characterized by a collagen type-dependent vancomycin release, enabling the control of antibiotic release profiles as well as the direction of antibiotic release.

The reliability and relative validity of predefined dietary patterns were higher than that of exploratory dietary patterns in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam population.

The aim of this study was to assess the ability of the FFQ to describe reliable and valid dietary pattern (DP) scores. In a total of 134 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam study aged 35-67 years, the FFQ was applied twice (baseline and after 1 year) to assess its reliability. Between November 1995 and March 1997, twelve 24-h dietary recalls (24HDR) as reference instrument were applied to assess the validity of the FFQ. Exploratory DP were derived by principal component analyses. Investigated predefined DP were the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) and two Mediterranean diet indices. From dietary data of each FFQ, two exploratory DP were retained, but differed in highly loading food groups, resulting in moderate correlations (r 0·45-0·58). The predefined indices showed higher correlations between the FFQ (r(AHEI) 0·62, r(Mediterranean Diet Pyramid Index (MedPyr)) 0·62 and r(traditional Mediterranean Diet Score (tMDS)) 0·51). From 24HDR dietary data, one exploratory DP retained differed in composition to the first FFQ-based DP, but showed similarities to the second DP, reflected by a good correlation (r 0·70). The predefined DP correlated moderately (r 0·40-0·60). To conclude, long-term analyses on exploratory DP should be interpreted with caution, due to only moderate reliability. The validity differed extensively for the two exploratory DP. The investigated predefined DP showed a better reliability and a moderate validity, comparable to other studies. Within the two Mediterranean diet indices, the MedPyr performed better than the tMDs in this middle-aged, semi-urban German study population.

Rose Bengal Crosslinking to Stabilize Collagen Sheets and Generate Modulated Collagen Laminates.

For medical application, easily accessible biomaterials with tailored properties are desirable. Collagen type I represents a biomaterial of choice for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Here, we present a simple method to modify the properties of collagen and to generate collagen laminates. We selected three commercially available collagen sheets with different thicknesses and densities and examined the effect of rose bengal and green light collagen crosslinking (RGX) on properties such as microstructure, swelling degree, mechanical stability, cell compatibility and drug release. The highest impact of RGX was measured for Atelocollagen, for which the swelling degree was reduced from 630% (w/w) to 520% (w/w) and thickness measured under force application increased from 0.014 mm to 0.455 mm, indicating a significant increase in mechanical stability. Microstructural analysis revealed that the sponge-like structure was replaced by a fibrous structure. While the initial burst effect during vancomycin release was not influenced by crosslinking, RGX increased cell proliferation on sheets of Atelocollagen and on Collagen Solutions. We furthermore demonstrate that RGX can be used to covalently attach different sheets to create materials with combined properties, making the modification and combination of readily available sheets with RGX an attractive approach for clinical application.

Toxic Effect of Vancomycin on Viability and Functionality of Different Cells Involved in Tissue Regeneration.

To prevent infections local delivery of antibiotics is a useful tool. Especially in bone fractures, vancomycin impregnated bone cements are often used allowing high concentrations of antibiotics at the infection side without high serum concentrations. However, besides potential pathogens, cells involved in tissue regeneration may also be affected by the drug. We investigated the effect of vancomycin on the viability and functionality on osteoblasts, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and skeletal muscle cells. Our results show that the viability of all cells analyzed was reduced by vancomycin and that the observed effects were time and concentration dependent. The most pronounced toxic effect was detected on day three when even the lowest concentration of 0.01 mg/ml led to a significant decrease in proliferation compared to control. Functionality assays of osteoblasts and skeletal muscle cells revealed a sensitive reaction of the cells to the drug, indicating that vancomycin is toxic to these cells during the process of differentiation. These data suggest that the vancomycin administration is critical for cell survival and function. Therefore, the concentration of administered antibiotics needs to be carefully evaluated to find a balance between defense against pathogens and functionality of host cells and tissues.

Building a model to evaluate use of the National Program for Improving Primary Health Care Access and Quality in Brazil. / Construindo um modelo para avaliar o uso do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica.

OBJECTIVE: to build a model to evaluate use of the National Program for Improving Primary Health Care Access and Quality (PMAQ-AB) in Brazil. METHODS: document analysis and literature review followed by a consensus workshop with specialists, 19 specialists were invited who were selected because of their teaching or research experience, professional activities or publications related to the subject; validation took place on an online platform where participants were asked to analyze the evaluation proposal and to give their opinion based on the categories 'I totally agree', 'partially agree', and 'disagree'. RESULTS: 15 specialists confirmed their participation; at the end of three rounds, the specialists emphasized the clarity of the proposal and the clarity of the object of evaluation presented in both the Logic Model and the Theoretical Logic Model; the specialists fully agreed with the Evaluation Matrix and confirmed its theoretical consistency. CONCLUSION: this model will be applied to evaluate the use of PMAQ-AB in Primary Health Care management and health team actions.

Odd-chain fatty acids as a biomarker for dietary fiber intake: a novel pathway for endogenous production from propionate.

Background: The risk of type 2 diabetes is inversely correlated with plasma concentrations of odd-chain fatty acids [OCFAs; pentadecanoic acid (15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (17:0)], which are considered as biomarkers for dairy fat intake in humans. However, rodent studies suggest that OCFAs are synthesized endogenously from gut-derived propionate. Propionate increases with dietary fiber consumption and has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity.Objective: We hypothesized that OCFAs are produced in humans from dietary fibers by a novel endogenous pathway.Design: In a randomized, double-blind crossover study, 16 healthy individuals were supplemented with cellulose (30 g/d), inulin (30 g/d), or propionate (6 g/d) for 7 d. In addition, human hepatoma cells were incubated with different propionate concentrations. OCFAs were determined in plasma phospholipids and hepatoma cells by gas chromatography.Results: Cellulose did not affect plasma OCFA levels, whereas inulin and propionate increased pentadecanoic acid by ∼17% (P < 0.05) and 13% (P = 0.05), respectively. The effect on heptadecanoic acid was even more pronounced, because it was elevated in almost all participants by inulin (11%; P < 0.01) and propionate (13%; P < 0.001). Furthermore, cell culture experiments showed a positive association between propionate and OCFA levels (R2 = 0.99, P < 0.0001), whereas palmitate (16:0) was negatively correlated (R2 = 0.83, P = 0.004).Conclusions: Our data show that gut-derived propionate is used for the hepatic synthesis of OCFAs in humans. The association of OCFAs with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes may therefore also relate to dietary fiber intake and not only dairy fat. This trial was registered at www.germanctr.de as DRKS00010121.

Disseminação e uso dos resultados de pesquisas financiadas pela Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia e Insumos Estratégicos do Ministério da Saúde, Brasil, 2004 a 2007 / Dissemination and use of the research results funded by the Department of Science, Technology and Strategic Inputs of the Ministry of Health, Brazil, 2004 to 2007

RESUMO Este artigo verifica a disseminação e o uso das pesquisas financiadas pelo Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia do Ministério da Saúde. Trata-se de um estudo de seis casos com análise imbricada, em que se verifica que a política de descentralização do fomento contribuiu para a redução da desigualdade na produção de conhecimento em saúde, embora haja desigualdade no volume de recursos alocados. A disseminação dos resultados foi o limitador da incorporação dos resultados de pesquisa. Os formatos de acompanhamento das pesquisas devem ser melhorados. O fator determinante na incorporação de conhecimentos e tecnologias pelo sistema de saúde é a intencionalidade técnica e política para o uso dos resultados.

ABSTRACT This article verifies the dissemination and use of the researches funded by the Department of Science and Technology of the Ministry of Health. It is a study of six cases with imbricated analysis, where it is verified that the decentralization policy of the promotion contributed to the reduction of inequality in the production of health knowledge, although there is inequality in the volume of resources allocated. The dissemination of results was the limiting factor of the incorporation of the research results. Survey monitoring formats should be improved. The determinant factor in the incorporation of knowledge and technologies by the health system is the technical and politic intentionality for the use of the results.

Importance of propionate for the repression of hepatic lipogenesis and improvement of insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet-induced obesity.

SCOPE: The SCFA acetate (Ac) and propionate (Pr) are major fermentation products of dietary fibers and provide additional energy to the host. We investigated short- and long-term effects of dietary Ac and Pr supplementation on diet-induced obesity and hepatic lipid metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS: C3H/HeOuJ mice received high-fat (HF) diets supplemented with 5% SCFA in different Ac:Pr ratios, a high acetate (HF-HAc; 2.5:1 Ac:Pr) or high Pr ratio (HF-HPr; 1:2.5 Ac:Pr) for 6 or 22 weeks. Control diets (low-fat (LF), HF) contained no SCFA. SCFA did not affect body composition but reduced hepatic gene and protein expression of lipogenic enzymes leading to a reduced hepatic triglyceride concentration after 22 weeks in HF-HPr mice. Analysis of long-chain fatty acid composition (liver and plasma phospholipids) showed that supplementation of both ratios led to a lower ω6:ω3 ratio. Pr directly led to increased odd-chain fatty acid (C15:0, C17:0) formation as confirmed in vitro using HepG2 cells. Remarkably, plasma C15:0 was correlated with the attenuation of HF diet-induced insulin resistance. CONCLUSION: Dependent on the Ac:Pr ratio, especially odd-chain fatty acid formation and insulin sensitivity are differentially affected, indicating the importance of Pr.

[Proposal of a model for the evaluation of public oral health care for children]. / Proposta de um modelo de avaliação da atenção pública à saúde bucal da criança.

This article proposes a model for quality evaluation of oral health care in children. The conceptual framework for the evaluation matrix consisted of evaluation studies on oral health care services in Brazil and other countries and a survey and review of prevailing public policies for children's health in Brazil. Two dimensions, Management and Provision, were evaluated in the quality of municipal management of pediatric oral health care. Management included two component dimensions, articulation and resources, while Provision included two more, "promotion and prevention" and "diagnosis and treatment". The evaluation matrix consisted of nine indicators in the Management dimension and nine in the Provision dimension. The indicators were elaborated in workshops with specialists. The model proved appropriate for application in municipalities with different population sizes and allows identifying the areas where managers should improve their actions.

The burden of infectious diseases in the Brazilian Southern state of Santa Catarina.

Infectious diseases are still significant causes of deaths in Brazil. The objective of this study was to estimate the burden of selected infectious diseases in the Brazilian Southern state of Santa Catarina in 2011. An ecological study was conducted. The infectious diseases included were HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, Chagas disease, diarrheal diseases and other infectious diseases. Data were collected from official health information systems. Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) were estimated by the sum of Years of Life Lost (YLL) and Years Lived with Disability (YLD). 45,237.33 DALYs were estimated, with a rate of 685.46 DALYs per 100,000 population. 92.9% was due to YLL and 7.1% to YLD. Men and the age range of 0-4 years presented higher burden. The highest burden was attributed to HIV/AIDS. There was a high concentration of burden rates in the coast regions of the state. It could be concluded that more than 90% of the burden was attributed to the early mortality component. The highest burden was observed among men, children under 5 years of age and at the coast regions of the state. The highest levels of burden were due to HIV/AIDS.

Proposta de um modelo de avaliação da atenção pública à saúde bucal da criança / Proposal of a model for the evaluation of public oral health care for children / Propuesta de un modelo de evaluación de la atención pública a la salud oral de niños

O objetivo deste estudo foi propor um modelo para a avaliação da qualidade da atenção à saúde bucal da criança. O marco conceitual para a elaboração da matriz avaliativa foi composto por estudos de avaliação de serviços de atenção à saúde bucal no Brasil e em outros países, e levantamento e revisão das políticas públicas vigentes relacionadas à saúde da criança no Brasil. A qualidade da gestão municipal na atenção básica da saúde bucal infantil foi avaliada sob duas dimensões: Gestão e Provimento. Na primeira, foram dispostas duas subdimensões: articulação e recursos, e na segunda, mais duas subdimensões: promoção e prevenção, e diagnóstico e tratamento. A matriz de avaliação ficou composta por nove indicadores na dimensão de Gestão e nove na dimensão de Provimento. Os indicadores foram elaborados em oficinas com especialistas. O modelo tem condições de ser aplicado em municípios com diferentes portes populacionais, e permite identificar os pontos nos quais os gestores devem aperfeiçoar suas ações.

This article proposes a model for quality evaluation of oral health care in children. The conceptual framework for the evaluation matrix consisted of evaluation studies on oral health care services in Brazil and other countries and a survey and review of prevailing public policies for children's health in Brazil. Two dimensions, Management and Provision, were evaluated in the quality of municipal management of pediatric oral health care. Management included two component dimensions, articulation and resources, while Provision included two more, "promotion and prevention" and "diagnosis and treatment". The evaluation matrix consisted of nine indicators in the Management dimension and nine in the Provision dimension. The indicators were elaborated in workshops with specialists. The model proved appropriate for application in municipalities with different population sizes and allows identifying the areas where managers should improve their actions.

El objetivo fue proponer un modelo para la evaluación de la calidad de la atención a la salud oral de los niños. El marco conceptual para la preparación de la matriz de evaluación estuvo integrado por los estudios de evaluación de la atención a los servicios de salud bucal en Brasil y otros países, y la encuesta y la revisión de las políticas públicas actuales relacionadas con la salud infantil en Brasil. La calidad de la gestión municipal en la atención primaria de la salud oral de los niños se evaluó en dos dimensiones: Gestión y Disposición. En la primera, se disponen dos subdimensiones: coordinación y recursos, y la segunda tiene dos sub-dimensiones más: promoción y prevención, y diagnóstico y tratamiento. La matriz de evaluación se compone de nueve indicadores del tamaño de Gestión y nueve en el tamaño de la Disposición. Los indicadores fueron desarrollados en los talleres con expertos. El modelo es capaz de ser aplicado a los municipios con diferentes tamaños de población, e identifica los puntos en los que los gerentes deben mejorar.

Estimativa da carga de doença por aids em Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2009 / Estimating the Burden of Disease attributable to AIDS in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, 2009 / Estimación de la carga de enfermedad por SIDA en Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2009

OBJETIVO: estimar a carga de doença por aids em Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil, em 2009. MÉTODOS: estudo ecológico descritivo, com uso de dados secundários do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação e do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade; a carga de doença (disability-adjusted life years [DALY]) é a soma dos anos perdidos por morte prematura (years of life lost [YLL]) e dos anos vividos com incapacidade (years lived with disability[YLD]). RESULTADOS: foram estimados 2.675,8 DALY (655,4 DALY/100 mil habitantes); o componente YLL foi responsável por 78% do DALY; foi observada maior carga da doença em homens (909,5 DALY/100 mil habitantes) e na faixa etária de 45 a 59 anos (1.423,3 DALY/100 mil habitantes). CONCLUSÃO: a carga revelou-se elevada, e a mortalidade foi a principal responsável por esse valor, sendo as maiores taxas de DALY no sexo masculino na faixa etária de 30 a 44 anos.

OBJECTIVE: to estimate the burden of disease by AIDS in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, in 2009. METHODS: a descriptive ecological study, using secondary data from Diseases Information System Notification and Mortality Information System; the burden of disease (disability-adjusted life years [DALY]) is the sum of years lost due to premature death (years of life lost [YLL]) and lived with disability (years lived with disability [YLD]). RESULTS: 2,675.8 DALY were estimated (655.4 DALY/100,000 inhabitants), the YLL component accounted for 78% of DALY; the burden was higher among men (909.5 DALY/100,000 inhabitants) and in the age group 45-59 years (DALY 1423.3/100,000 inhabitants). CONCLUSION: the burden was high, and the mortality was primarily responsible for this value, and the highest DALY rates were found in males aged 30-44 years.

OBJETIVO: estimar la carga de enfermedad por SIDA en Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil, en 2009. MÉTODOS: estudio ecológico descriptivo, utilizando datos del Sistema de Información de Notificación de Enfermedades y del Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad; la carga de enfermedad (años de vida ajustados por discapacidad [DALY]) es la suma de los años perdidos por muerte prematura (años de vida perdidos [YLL]) y vivida con discapacidad (años vividos con discapacidad [YLD]). RESULTADOS: DALY se estimaron 2.675,8 (655,4 DALY/100.000 habitantes); los YLL representaron un 78% de los DALY; las tasas más altas fueron en hombres (909,5 DALY/100.000 habitantes) y en el grupo de 45-59 años (DALY 1.423,3/100.000 habitantes). CONCLUSIÓN: el DALY resultó alto, y la mortalidad fue la principal responsable por esa tasa, los YLL más altos se hallaron en varones de 30 a 44 años.

A experiência da avaliação da gestão da atenção básica em Santa Catarina: construção, desenvolvimento e quatro anos de aplicação / The experience of primary care Management evaluation in Santa Catarina: construction, development, and four years of application

A descrição do desenvolvimento do modelo de avaliação,concomitante ao processo de formação e desenvolvimentode capacidade institucional em monitoramento e avaliaçãono estado de Santa Catarina, foi realizada utilizandocomo fonte os relatórios parciais e finais das atividades docentro colaborador, trabalhos científicos já publicados arespeito da Avaliação da gestão da atenção básica, em SantaCatarina. Três aspectos norteiam o relato: concepçãoteórica do modelo de avaliação; aplicação da avaliação;e desenvolvimento da capacidade em monitoramento eavaliação. Verificou-se que a experiência trouxe a oportunidadede conciliar o trabalho das instituições de ensinoe pesquisa e das secretarias estaduais e municipais de saú-de, abrindo caminho para futuras parcerias e reafirmandoo papel da pesquisa no desenvolvimento de ferramentasaplicadas à prática da gestão em saúde. A série de aplicaçõesanuais da avaliação foi resultado da inclusão deatores institucionais da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde noprocesso de desenvolvimento do modelo. Ações comopremiação aos municípios com melhores desempenhosna avaliação e a ampla divulgação por web site, semináriose encontros de gestores favoreceram a retroalimentaçãodos resultados e a valorização do processo avaliativo pelagestão estadual e municipal. Os limites identificados forama dificuldade de adaptação aos novos instrumentosde gestão e o estímulo à formação e capacitação verificadopelo número de desistências nos cursos oferecidos.

A description was drawn up of the development of theevaluation model, concomitant with the formation anddevelopment of institutional capacity in monitoringand evaluation in the state of Santa Catarina. Threeaspects guiding the story: designing the evaluationmodel, performing the evaluation, and development ofmonitoring and evaluation capacity. It was found that theexperience opened opportunities to combine the workof research institutions and public health organizations,paving the way for future partnerships and reaffirmingthe role of research in developing tools applied to thepractice of health management. The number of annualapplications of the assessment was a result of includinginstitutional actors from the State Health Departmentin the process of model development. Actions such asawards for municipalities with higher performance inassessment, and wide dissemination via website, seminars,and management meetings, encouraged feedback on theresults and high regard for the evaluation process by stateand municipal management. The identified limitationswere the difficulties in adapting to new management toolsand incentives for education and training, verified by thenumber of dropouts in the courses offered.

O uso de uma avaliação por gestores da atenção primária em saúde: um estudo de caso no Sul do Brasil / Use of evaluation by primary healthcare managers: a case study in southern Brazil / Utilización de una evaluación por parte de gestores de la atención primaria: un estudio de caso en el sur de Brasil

O objetivo do artigo foi realizar uma meta-avaliação, com foco na utilização, em um estado do Sul do Brasil. Caracterizou-se como estudo de caso único, com coleta de dados primários por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores e técnicos de secretarias de saúde. A análise de conteúdo ocorreu por categorias definidas na matriz avaliativa: contexto político-organizacional e implantação da avaliação. Verificou-se que o contexto político-organizacional apresentou fragilidades nos quesitos de experiência, equipe de avaliação e espaço e tempo para reflexão. A autonomia técnica foi verificada no estado e em um município. Na implantação da avaliação a qualidade avaliativa satisfez os critérios, porém não houve uma definição prévia à avaliação dos usos e usuários. Houve relato de uso para planejamento de ações e uso político. Concluiu-se que a avaliação produziu informações importantes aos interessados, sendo o contexto político-organizacional o principal limitante do uso.

This article reports on a meta-evaluation, focused on utilization, in a state in southern Brazil. This was a single case study with primary data collection using semi-structured interviews with health department administrators and staff. Content analysis used categories defined in the evaluation matrix: political and organizational context and implementation of evaluation. The political and organizational context revealed weaknesses in the items on experience, evaluation team, and time and space for reflection. Technical autonomy was verified in the State and in one municipality. In the implementation of evaluation, evaluative quality met the established criteria, but there was no prior definition of the uses and users of evaluation. One report referred to use for planning actions and political use. The study concluded that evaluation produced important information for stakeholders, with the political and organizational context as the principal limiting factor for use.

El propósito de este artículo es realizar una meta-evaluación, centrándose en el uso, en el sur de Brasil. Se caracterizó como un estudio de caso único con recopilación de datos primarios a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas con directivos y técnicos de los departamentos de salud. El análisis de contenido fue por categorías evaluativas definidas en conjunto: contexto político-institucional e implementación de la evaluación. Se encontró que el contexto político y organizativo mostró debilidades en las categorías de experiencia, equipo de evaluación, así como espacio y tiempo para la reflexión. Se verificó la autonomía técnica en el estado y un municipio. En la aplicación de la revisión de calidad evaluativa los criterios fueron satisfactorios, pero no había una definición previa de los usos de evaluación y usuarios. Existió un uso informado de las acciones de planificación, así como político. Se concluyó que la evaluación produce información importante para los actores y el contexto político-organizativo es el principal factor que limita el uso.