[Approaches to pathogenetic immunotherapy of HIV-infections]. / Podkhody k patogeneticheskoi immunoterapii VICh-infektsii.

Substantiated in the paper is urgency of development of pathogenetically adequate immunotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of HIV-infection, that is supposed to have good prospects. Consideration is given to experimental and clinical-and-immunological findings concerning effects of different immunomoderivative drug preparations and of their synthetic analogues on the trigger mechanisms, with sequelae of their development in the cytokin-chemokin system outlined. A possibility is shown based on principle of our using with an immunotherapeutic purpose some cytokins, soluble receptors, antibodies to cytokins and receptors, those antibodies and ligands combined with toxins, chemical compounds affecting the synthesis of cytokin and other biologically active substances as well. Unspecific active immunotherapy is regarded as a good supplement to antiretroviral therapy preventing development of resistance to drugs.

[Clinico-immunological studies on the therapeutic efficacy of Immunal in acute bronchitis in children frequently and persistently ill]. / Kliniko-immunologicheskie issledovaniia lechebnoi éffektivnosti "Immunala" pri ostrom bronkhite u chasto i dlitel'no boleiushchikh detei.

Efficacy was studied of the use of the drug preparation "Immunal" (LEK, Slovenia [correction of Slovakia]) in a combined treatment of acute bronchitis in children in poor health. The main group of 39 children received conventional treatment supplemented with a course of the drug "Immunal", 10 drops on a three-times daily schedule over 30 days. The use of "Immunal" in a complex therapy of acute bronchitis in children made for a sooner disappearance of clinical manifestations of the illness, decline in ESR, rise in IgG. The immunological properties of "Immunal" are manifested mainly by normalization of the functional state of the phagocytosing cells.

[Cell membrane structures participating in mast cell-lymphocyte interactions]. / Struktury kletochnoi membrany, uchastvuiushchie v mastolimfo- tsitarnom vzaimodeistvii.

Membrane structures of the mast cells are mainly of protein nature, since trypsin treatment causes almost complete loss of mast cell ability to form rosettes. Trypsin-sensitive proteins have no critical role in the formation of membrane thymocytes structures, which cause their affinity to the mast cells. Sialic acids play a role in organization of the membrane thymocyte structures.

[Dissociation of the mast cell-lymphocyte rosettes]. / Dissotsiatsiia mastolimfotsitarnykh rozetok.

It is established that incubation of the mast cells and lymphocytes in vitro in the medium 199 at 4 degrees C promotes spontaneous formationof mast cell-lymphocyte rosettes. While incubating in medium 199 at 37 degrees C a considerable part of mast cell-lymphocyte rosettes irreversibly dissociate in contrast to E-rosettes. Loss of ability to the formation of rosettes is due to the loss of the corresponding complementary structures mainly by the mast cells. The data are obtained which allow supposing participation in the process of dissociation of the shedding and capping phenomena induced by contact interaction of ++mast cells and lymphocytes.

[Blood thymus hormone content in different types of neoplastic process and its changes as a result of chemotherapy and surgical removal of tumors]. / Soderzhanie gormonov timusa v krovi pri razlichnykh tipakh opukholevogo protsessa i ego izmenenie v rezul'tate khimioterapii i khirurgicheskogo udaleniia opukholi.

Levels of thymic hormones in blood serum were found to decrease during the development of Guerin's carcinoma, methylcholanthrene- and DMBA-induced carcinogenesis, soft tissue sarcomas, mammary cancer, in children with tumors of the urinary-genital tract, that evidences for the suppression of the thymic endocrine function in neoplastic processes. A decrease in the level of substances, active in the test under study is not revealed in patients with different forms of leukemias. The tumour elimination normalizes the thymic endocrine function, while multiagent chemotherapy increases the insufficiency. The data obtained suggest the immunotherapy for malignant neoplasms with thymic hormones.

[Effect of thymus hormones on the capacity of lymphocytes for contact interaction with mast cells]. / Vliianie gormonov timusa na sposobnost' limfotsitov k kontaktnomu vzaimodeistviiu s tuchnymi kletkami.

A study was made of the effect of thymostimulin, a medicine of thymus principles, on immature cells including also mastocyte-affined lymphocytes possessing membranous affinity to mast cells--the influence which may result in contact interaction of the above cell types with the formation of mastocyte-lymphocyte rosettes. The results obtained indicated that under certain conditions thymus principles influenced lymphocyte ability for contact interaction with mast cells.

[Mast cells and antitumor resistance]. / Tuchnye kletki i protivoopukholevaia rezistentnost'.

Data on the possible participation of mast cells in the immunological surveillance are presented. Results of the investigations are adduced testifying to participation of mast cells as regulatory ones in the rejection of tumours by means of the development of the delayed hypersensitivity and as effector killer cells with cytolytic activity.

[Prevention of the formation of the infectious process with biologically active thymic factors in the Salmonella typhimurium challenge of mice coincident with macrophage activation]. / Predotvrashchenie formirovaniia infektsionnogo protsessa biologicheski aktivnymi faktorami timusa pri zarazhenii myshei Salmonella typhimurium, sovpadaiushchee s aktivatsiei makrofagov.

A single injection of thymostimulin into mice in a dose of 45 micrograms/kg b.w. enhances the functional activity of macrophages, reaching it maximum on day 10, which prevents the formation of an infectious process in mice challenged with S. typhimurium (LD50). The irradiation of the animals in a sublethal dose leads to the complete abolition of the stimulating effect of thymostimulin on macrophages. The presence of an inducer mechanism of the activation of macrophages by thymostimulin, realized in the production of lymphokines, is suggested.

[Characteristics of the inhibition of thymus endocrine function and synthesis of substances with thymosin-like activity caused by thymostimulin and splenin during DMBA-induced mammary gland carcinogenesis in rats]. / Osobennosti ugneteniia éndokrinnoi funktsii timusa i sinteza veshchestv s timozinpodobnoi aktivnost'iu, vyzyvaemoi timostimulinom i spleninom, pri DMBA-indutsirovannom kantserogeneze molochnykh zhelez u krys.

The contents of thymic hormones and endogenous substances with thymosin-like activity (TLA) was studied under conditions of administering thymostimulin and splenin during DMBA-induced carcinogenesis in rat mammary glands. It has been established that during latent carcinogenesis there is an inhibition of thymic endocrine function which persists in tumour-bearing animals. Injections of thymostimulin and splenin induce synthesis of substances with TLA, accompanied by an inhibition of blastoma development.

[Inhibition of the endocrine function of the rat thymus by x-irradiation]. / Ugnetenie éndokrinnoi funktsii vilochkovoi zhelezy u krys rentgenovskim oblucheniem.

Whole-body X-irradiation of rats caused inhibition of endocrine function of thymus. The effect was a function of radiation dose and time after irradiation. 72 h following irradiation with doses of 6 and 8 Gy the thymus hormone content of blood serum fell down the level registered in the thymectomized animals. Cellularity of the thymus and spleen concurrently decreased. The kinetics of spontaneous chemiluminescence of blood serum, thymus and spleen cells characterized the hypersecretion of glucocorticoids in response to radiation activation of lipid peroxidation in radiosensitive rat organs.

[Mast cell-affinity lymphocytes as indicator cells of the forms of hemoblastoses]. / Mastotsitaffinnye limfotsity kak indikatornye kletki nekotorykh form gemoblastozov.

The formation of mastolymphocyte rosettes was used to determine that in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and bovine leukemia, unlike healthy people and animals as well as patients with solid tumours of different localization and Hodgkin's disease, a large amount of cells appear among peripheral blood lymphocytes having membrane affinity for mast cells. This may be used as an additional criterion in laboratory diagnosis of these diseases.

[Induction of substances with thymosin-like activity and the potentiation of interferonogenesis in the mechanism of prodigiozan inhibition of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced blastomogenesis]. / Induktsiia veshchestv s timozinopodobnoi altivnost'iu i potentsirovanie interferonogeneza v mekhanizme tormozheniia prodigiozanom blastomogeneza, indutsirovannogo 3-metilkholantrenom.

It is shown that prodigiosan is an inductor of synthesis of the substances with the thymosin-like activity. The suggestion about inhibition of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced blastomogenesis by prodigiosan which is mediated by the substances with the thymosin-like activity and interferon is discussed. We present the hypothetical diagram of the development of the above mentioned mechanism. The significance of the obtained findings for elaboration of the immunotherapy is discussed.

[Cytochemical characteristics of cells forming mast cell-lymphocyte rosettes]. / Tsitokhimicheskie osobennosti kletok, obrazuiushchikh mastolimfotsitarnye rozetki.

Cytochemical studies were performed to reveal activities of phosphatase, chloracetate esterase, neutral alpha-naphtyl acetate esterase and non-specific esterase, and their results enabled us to ascertain the nature of cells forming mastolymphocyte rosettes. Rosette-forming cells were shown to be mast cells to which non-mature cells of T-lymphocyte origin are joined.

[Effect of corticosteroids on the secretion of the serum thymic factor and on the content of mast cell affinity lymphocytes in rats]. / Deistvie kortikosteroidov na sekretsiiu timusnogo syvorotochnogo faktora i soderzanie mastotsitaffinnykh limfotsitov u krys.

The level of thymus serum factor (TSF) was studied in the circulation of adrenalectomized rats and in the administration of corticosteroids. The effect of adrenocortical hormones on the receptor properties of thymocytes by the ability of mast cells to form mastolymphocytic rosettes (MLR) with thymocytes was also studied. The TSF content was shown to decrease to the level observed in thymectomized animals 40 h after administration of 125 mg/kg hydrocortisone. The MLR amount formed by thymocytes decreased significantly either. Adrenalectomy mas accompanied by an increase in the TSF content early after operation and at later time the MLR amount rose. Sham adrenalectomy resulted in a decrease in the TSF amount early after operation.

[Cell surface in the contact interaction of normal masto- and lymphocytes and those subjected to freezing]. / Issledovanie poverkhnosti kletok pri kontaktnom vzaimodeistvii normal'nykh i podvergshikhsia zamorazhivaniiu masto- i limfotsitov.

On studying the surface of intact and cryogenic masto- and lymphocytes by the scanning electron microscopy the formation of close membrane contacts was detected between thymocytes and mast cells looking in vitro as mastolymphocyte rosettes (ML-rosettes). During ML-rosette formation changes in cell surface organization were observed. Availability of viable thymocytes is necessary for ML-rosette formation. The surface topography of cells constituting the ML-rosettes is seen changing during rosette formation. It is proposed that the mastocyte may function as an acceptor acquiring immunological specificity through the contact with lymphocytes whose membrane responds actively towards the antigen by changing its surface. Reorganization of the lymphocyte plasma membrane may be perceived by mastocytes as a signal of granule secretion.

[Prevention of the chronic persistence of typhoid microbes in rabbits with thymostimulin]. / Preduprezhdenie khronicheskoi persistentsii briushnotifoznykh mikrobov u krolikov timostimulinom.

Typhoid infection was reproduced by introducing the infective agent into the bone marrow of noninbred rabbits. After the injection of thymostimulin on the first day of infection the release of typhoid bacilli continued for 1-3 weeks; when thymostimulin was injected on day 20, the release of typhoid bacilli stopped in two weeks. In the control group the release of typhoid bacilli continued during the whole term of observation. The injection of thymostimulin at an early period after infection was thus found to prevent the development of chronic typhoid infection with the elimination of the infective agent from the body of rabbits.