Ultrasound-guided ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric block did not reduce emergence delirium after ambulatory pediatric inguinal hernia repair: a prospective randomized double-blind study.

PURPOSE: Emergence delirium (ED) is a common postoperative complication of ambulatory pediatric surgery done under general anesthesia with sevoflurane. However, perioperative analgesic techniques have been shown to reduce sevoflurane-induced ED. The primary objective of this investigation was to examine whether an ultrasound-guided ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric (II/IH) nerve block for ambulatory pediatric inguinal hernia repair could reduce the incidence of sevoflurane-induced ED. METHODS: The subjects of this prospective randomized double-blind study were 40 boys ranging in age from 1 to 6 years, who were scheduled to undergo ambulatory inguinal hernia repair. The patients were randomized to either receive or not to receive an ultrasound-guided II/IH nerve block (Group B and Group NB, respectively). General anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane and nitrous oxide. The primary outcome assessed was ED, evaluated using the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale 30 min after emergence from general anesthesia. The secondary outcomes assessed were postoperative pain, evaluated using the Behavioral Observational Pain Scale (BOPS), and the amount of intra-operative sevoflurane given. RESULTS: The median PAED scale scores did not differ between Groups B and NB at 30 min (P = 0.41). BOPS scores also did not differ significantly between the groups, but the mean amount of intraoperative sevoflurane given was significantly lower in Group B than in Group NB (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided II/IH nerve block for ambulatory pediatric inguinal hernia repair did not reduce ED, but it did decrease the amount of intra-operative sevoflurane needed. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN000008586.

Near-infrared fluorescence cholangiography with indocyanine green for biliary atresia. Real-time imaging during the Kasai procedure: a pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatoportoenterostomy (HPE) with the Kasai procedure is the treatment of choice for biliary atresia (BA) as the initial surgery. However, the appropriate level of dissection level of the fibrous cone (FC) of the porta hepatis (PH) is frequently unclear, and the procedure sometimes results in unsuccessful outcomes. Recently, indocyanine green near-infrared fluorescence imaging (ICG-FCG) has been developed as a form of real-time cholangiography. METHODS: We applied this technique in five patients with BA to visualize the biliary flow at the PH intraoperatively. ICG was injected intravenously the day before surgery as the liver function test, and the liver was observed with a near-infrared camera system during the operation while the patient's feces was also observed. RESULTS: In all patients, the whole liver fluoresced diffusely with ICG-containing stagnant bile, whereas no extrahepatic structures fluoresced. The findings of the ICG fluorescence pattern of the PH after dissection of the FC were classified into three types: spotty fluorescence, one patient; diffuse weak fluorescence, three patients; and diffuse strong fluorescence, one patient. In all five patients, the feces evacuated after HPE showed distinct fluorescent spots, although that obtained before surgery showed no fluorescence. One patient with diffuse strong fluorescence who did not achieve JF underwent living related liver transplantation six months after the initial HPE procedure. Four patients, including three cases involving diffuse weak fluorescence and one case involving spotty fluorescence showed weak fluorescence compared to that of the surrounding liver surface. CONCLUSION: We were able to detect the presence of bile excretion at the time of HPE intraoperatively and successfully evaluated the extent of bile excretion using this new technique. Furthermore, the ICG-FCG findings may provide information leading to a new classification and potentially function as an indicator predicting the clinical outcomes after HPE.

Intestinal neuronal dysplasia-like histopathology in infancy.

The present patient was delivered at a gestational age of 27 weeks. She had abdominal bloating with symptoms of respiratory distress. We suspected Hirschsprung disease (HD) or small intestinal stricture, but examinations were not definitive. Exploratory laparotomy was performed at 97 days of age. Intraoperative findings showed no evidence of small intestinal stricture or changes in intestinal caliber. A transanal drainage tube was inserted, and decompression therapy and intestinal lavage were started. Rectal mucosal biopsy was performed at 184 days of age, and HE and acetylcholinesterase staining showed intestinal neuronal dysplasia (IND)-like pathological findings. At 15 months, giant ganglia were no longer present on follow-up rectal mucosal biopsy, and the pathological diagnosis was normoganglionosis. It should be recognized that while the enteric nervous system is developing, IND-like pathological findings may be seen as a pathological condition during the maturation process.

Abdominal actinomycosis masquerading as an omental tumor in a 12-year-old female.

We herein report a case of abdominal actinomycosis in a 12-year-old girl in whom an omental primary tumor was suspected before surgery. The patient began to experience intermittent lower left abdominal pain. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans were inconclusive at this time, but 6 months later, CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations showed a 7-cm, tumor-like lesion in the left abdominal cavity; malignancy could not be ruled out. The tumor, which originated in the omentum and adhered strongly to the left abdominal wall, was resected along with approximately 90 % of the omentum, the peritoneum in contact with the mass, and the posterior layer of the rectus abdominal sheath, under suspicion of a malignant tumor. However, omental actinomycosis was the final pathological diagnosis. The patient's antibiotic treatment was changed to a penicillin-series oral antibiotic to prevent recurrence of the actinomycosis. The patient was discharged from our hospital 16 days after the first surgery, but she developed three episodes of ileus; the first two required surgery. The patient has had no further recurrences of actinomycosis or postoperative ileus 20 months after discharge.

Massive pulmonary gas embolism in a neonate with ileal atresia and meconium peritonitis.

We presented the case of a neonate with portal venous gas and pulmonary gas embolism. The patient presented with severe respiratory distress and abdominal distension 12 hours after birth. An ultrasound revealed intravascular microbubbles moving into a pulmonary artery that were traveling from the portal venous system through a ductus venosus. Additional clinical observations were hypotension and a sudden decrease in end-tidal carbon dioxide with a markedly discrepant high Pco(2), indicating a massive pulmonary gas embolism. Operative findings revealed congenital ileal atresia and meconium peritonitis with abscess. Gas-forming Escherichia coli was recovered from the abscess contents. The patient had respiratory distress, shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and intractable diarrhea but eventually recovered and was discharged on the 131st postoperative day.

A case of a traumatic abdominal wall hernia that could not be identified until exploratory laparoscopy was performed.

Traumatic abdominal wall hernia (TAWH) is a rare condition secondary to blunt abdominal trauma in children. We herein report an 8-year-old boy who developed TAWH after falling onto a bicycle handlebar. Neither physical examination nor radiological findings suggested a diagnosis of TAWH at first presentation. TAWH in the right lower quadrant could not be identified until exploratory laparoscopy was performed. An open surgical repair was done, and the postoperative course was uneventful. The literature on pediatric TAWH is briefly reviewed and the findings discussed.

Transient hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism in acute glomerulonephritis.

While hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism (HH) has been well described in relation to chronic renal diseases, transient HH has rarely been reported. Here we present a 9-year-old boy with acute glomerulonephritis who developed hyperkalemia, which persisted for a period of 3 weeks despite normal values of creatinine clearance and an absence of acidosis. He was diagnosed as having HH because of low basal plasma renin activity and serum aldosterone level. Renal biopsy showed diffuse endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis. There were no apparent pathological changes in the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA). Rapid adrenocorticotropic hormone administration increased adequately both serum aldosterone and cortisol levels. Responses of both plasma renin activity and serum aldosterone level following the furosemide upright provocation were blunted in the hyperkalemic acute phase, but recovered in the normokalemic convalescent phase. Serum levels of human atrial natriuretic peptide were within normal range, both in the hyperkalemic and normokalemic phases. These results suggested that a transient dysfunction of the JGA, without volume expansion or structural damage of the JGA, caused HH in this patient.