Transporte ativo no trajeto escolar: uma revisão integrativa / Active transport at the school path: an integrative review

o transporte ativo pode ser uma oportunidade para desenvolver comportamentos mais saudáveis na vida das crianças e jovens. O presente estudo busca identificar barreiras e facilitadores desse comportamento, bem como suas interfaces com a saúde dos escolares por meio de revisão de literatura. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura realizada nas bases eletrônicas BVS, Scielo e periódico Capes, utilizando os descritores mobilidade, transporte, deslocamento, ativo, sustentável, estudantes, escolares e trajeto escolar em português, inglês e espanhol. Foram incluídos estudos realizados nas Américas e publicados nos últimos cinco anos. Os 16 artigos selecionados foram desenvolvidos no Brasil, Canadá, México e Estados Unidos, sendo que a maioria deriva de pesquisas mais amplas. Os resultados indicam que a prevalência de transporte ativo no trajeto escolar variou entre 10% nos Estados Unidos e 76% no Brasil. Alguns facilitadores desse comportamento foram: pais que utilizam transporte ativo; expectativa dos pais; percepção dos pais sobre boa estrutura e segurança; crianças mais velhas, sem veículos, de grandes cidades, com menor satisfação familiar, com maior número de dias fisicamente ativos; ser homem; presença de adulto e clima. Algumas barreiras foram: distâncias; maior idade, nível de escolaridade da mãe e classe econômica; maior tempo de trabalho dos pais; posse de veículo; zona urbana; bullying; muita coisa para carregar, ausência de árvore, criminalidade; presença de animais vadios e ter etnia latina. A interface do transporte ativo no trajeto escolar com a saúde foi reportada com o nível de atividade física, obesidade/sobrepeso (saúde individual) e barreiras e facilitadores a esse tipo de deslocamento (saúde ambiental). Considerando que atitudes cultivadas na infância têm grandes chances de permanecer na vida adulta, o transporte ativo no trajeto escolar pode ser uma estratégia na criação de hábitos saudáveis e sustentáveis que contribuam para melhor qualidade de vida, desde que se considerem seus determinantes e condicionantes...(AU)

the active transport can be an opportunity to develop healthier beh av iors in t h e lives of children and young people. The present study seeks to identify barriers and facilitators of this behavior, as well as their interfaces with the students' health through a literature review. It is an integrative literature review carried out on the electronic databases BVS, Scielo and Capes periodical, using the descriptors of mobility, transport, displacement, active, sustainable, students, school and schoo l p ath in Po rtuguese, English and Spanish. Studies carried out in the Americas and published in the last five years were included. The 16 selected papers were developed in Brazil, Canada, Mexico and the United States, with most of them deriving from broader researches. The results obtained reveal t he p revalence of active transport in school path varied between 10% in the United States and 76% in Brazil. Some facilitators of this behavior were: parents or adults who use active transport; parental expectation; parents' perception of good structure and safety; older children, without vehicles, large cities, with less family satisfaction, with more days of physical activities; be a man; adult presence and climate. Some barriers were: dist an ces; older age, mother's education level and economic class; longer working time for parents; vehicle ownership; urban area; bullying; a lot to carry, few trees, crime; presence of stray anim als and having Latin ethnicity. The interface between active transport in the school path and health was rep o rted as the level of hysical activity, obesity/overweight (individual health) and barriers and facilitators to this type of displacement (environmental health). Considering that attitudes cultivated in childhood are very likely to remain in adulthood, active transportation on the school path can be a strategy in creating h ealthy and sustainable habits that contribute to a better quality of life, as long as its determinants and condit ions are considered...(AU)

Assessment of nutrient and water intake among adolescents from sports federations in the Federal District, Brazil.

Adolescents aged 11-14 years (n 326), belonging to organized sports federations in the Federal District, Brazil were interviewed. Subjects (n 107) provided four non-consecutive days of food consumption and 219 subjects provided two non-consecutive days of intake. The objective was to assess their nutrient and water intake according to dietary reference intake values and their energy and macronutrient intake by sex and sports groups they were engaged in: endurance, strength-skill or mixed, according to the guidelines established by the American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM). Dietary data were corrected for intra-individual variation. Total energy expenditure was higher among endurance athletes (P < 0.001) following their higher training time (P < 0.001) when compared to adolescents engaged in strength-skill or mixed sports. Total energy intake was only significantly higher among endurance-engaged females (P = 0.05). Protein intake of males was above the guidelines established by the ACSM for all sports groups. All male sport groups fulfilled the intake levels of carbohydrate per kg body weight but only females engaged in endurance sports fulfilled carbohydrate guidelines. Intakes of micronutrients with low prevalence of adequate intake were: vitamins B1, E and folate, magnesium and phosphorus. Few adolescents ( < 5 %) presented adequate intake for calcium, fibre, drinking water and beverages. For micronutrients, prevalence of adequacies were lower for females than males, except for liquids and water. Nutrition guidance is needed to help adolescents fulfil specific guidelines of macronutrient intake for their sports and to improve their intake of micronutrients and water. Special attention should be given to female adolescent athletes.

Nutritional status of endurance athletes: what is the available information?

Nutritional status is a critical determinant of athletic performance. We question whether currently available studies can give adequate information on nutritional status of endurance athletes. This paper is a critical review of articles published from 1989 to 2003 that investigate nutritional status of endurance athletes. The terms, "nutrition", "diet", or "nutrient", were combined with "endurance athletes" to perform Medline and Pubmed electronic database searches. Two inclusion criteria were considered: (a) study subjects should be adults and (b) articles should report gender-specific values for total energy expenditure and intake of energy, macro and micronutrient from food. Only seven studies fulfilled inclusion criteria. In general, the conclusions of these studies are that endurance athletes have negative energy balance, low intake of carbohydrate, adequate to high intake of protein, and high intake of fat. A critical discussion of the articles' data on vitamins, minerals and trace elements adequacy is conducted using insights and methodology proposed by the newly published assessment and interpretation of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). The studies evaluated give an inappropriate evaluation of the prevalence of adequacy/inadequacy of micronutrient intake among endurance athletes. In this work we indicate potential limitations of existing nutritional data, which reflects the misconceptions found in published literature on nutritional group evaluation. This review stresses the need for a comprehensive and well-conducted nutrition assessment planning to fulfill the existing gap in reliable information about micronutrient adequacy of endurance athletes.

Nutrient intake and eating habits of triathletes on a Brazilian diet.

The objectives of this study were to determine the dietary habits, energy balance, and macro- and micronutrient dietary adequacy of triathletes, and to provide an athletes' food pyramid. Thirty-eight Brazilian triathletes, had anthropometric measurements taken. Mean (+/- standard deviation) body weight, height, and percentage body fat were 71.2 kg (+/- 9.4), 176.7 cm (+/- 5.5), and 12.3 % +/- ( 3.6) for men and 55.8 kg (+/- 5.2), 161.6 cm (+/- 4.5), and 24.3 % (+/- 4.2) for women, respectively. A 24-h recall and a food-frequency questionnaire showed that mean total intakes of energy (MJ), carbohydrate, protein, and fat (g x kg(-1) x d(- 1)) were, respectively, 15.4, 7.3, 2.0, and 1.6 for men and 9.9, 5.9, 1.6, and 1.3 for women. The number of meals and intake of some food groups were insufficient, resulting in inadequate intake of carbohydrate and some micronutrients. Based on this study, athletes need help to achieve their sports-related nutrition goals, especially during intense training.