Complete Ossification of Transverse Acetabular Ligament - Embryological and Clinical Perspective.

Abstract: Transverse acetabular ligament (TAL) is one of the important ligaments, which provide stability to the hip joint. On rare occasions, it can get ossified leading to limited mobility of the hip joint. Ossified TAL also converts acetabular notch to a foramen and neurovascular structures passing through the notch can get compressed leading to ischaemic symptoms. During routine demonstration of hip bone to undergraduate students, complete ossification of TAL was found in a right sided hip bone. Present case report with this rare finding also includes a short review of literature impressing on embryological and clinical perspectives of ossified TAL. Ossification of this ligament can be caused by defective ossification of hip bone as three secondary ossification centres develop around the acetabulum in triradiate carti-lage. Also, this can be caused due to heterotopic ossification of TAL after an inflammatory or traumatic injury. This ligament is extremely important in total hip replacement surgery being utilised in determining the position of the acetabular component. Anatomical knowledge of abnormal ossification of TAL is imperative in diagnosis and treatment of various pathologies of the hip joint.

Ossification of Superior Transverse Scapular Ligament - Incidence, Embryology and Association with Suprascapular Neuropathy.

Introduction: Suprascapular notch is present at superior border of scapula just medial to coracoid process. This is covered by superior transverse scapular ligament (STSL). Suprascapular nerve passes below this ligament while suprascapular vessels pass above it. STSL ossification is a rare finding with variable incidences in different population groups. Materials and Methods: We observed 60 dry bony scapulae, 30 prosected formalin fixed upper limbs with scapula and 10 embalmed cadavers for the presence of ossified STSL. Results: There were complete ossification of STSL in two dried bony specimens of sacpula. Conclusion: Ossified STSL may be the causative factor for suprascapular neuropathy. The mainstay of management in cases of neuropathy or compression of suprascapular nerve is release of suprascapular ligament by either open or arthroscopic surgical approach. So, it is extremely important to know this type of variation to minimize any damage to related structure and plan the management accordingly.

Pakistan's experience of a bioterrorism-related anthrax scare.

From November 2001 to March 2002, the National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan, received 230 samples from 194 different sources for analysis for anthrax spores. These samples were taken from letters/packages suspected of containing anthrax and from individuals exposed to them. When cultured on sheep blood agar, 141 samples yielded growth suggestive of Bacillus species. On the basis of growth characteristics, absence of beta-haemolysis, absent or doubtful motility and morphological characters of the isolates on Gram stain, 62 isolates were considered suspicious and were inoculated into guinea-pigs. Inoculated animals remained healthy well beyond the required observation period of 5 days. All the samples were therefore reported as negative for B. anthracis. Systems for handling and analysing suspected anthrax-contaminated materials are discussed.

Pakistan's experience of a bioterrorism-related anthrax scare

From November 2001 to March 2002, the National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan, received 230 samples from 194 different sources for analysis for anthrax spores. These samples were taken from letters/packages suspected of containing anthrax and from individuals exposed to them. When cultured on sheep blood agar, 141 samples yielded growth suggestive of Bacillus species. On the basis of growth characteristics, absence of beta-haemolysis, absent or doubtful motility and morphological characters of the isolates on Gram stain, 62 isolates were considered suspicious and were inoculated into guinea-pigs. Inoculated animals remained healthy well beyond the required observation period of 5 days. All the samples were therefore reported as negative for B. anthracis. Systems for h and ling and analysing suspected anthrax-contaminated materials are discussed