The single-cell transcriptome program of nodule development cellular lineages in Medicago truncatula.

Legumes establish a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia by developing nodules. Nodules are modified lateral roots that undergo changes in their cellular development in response to bacteria, but the transcriptional reprogramming that occurs in these root cells remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we describe the cell-type-specific transcriptome response of Medicago truncatula roots to rhizobia during early nodule development in the wild-type genotype Jemalong A17, complemented with a hypernodulating mutant (sunn-4) to expand the cell population responding to infection and subsequent biological inferences. The analysis identifies epidermal root hair and stele sub-cell types associated with a symbiotic response to infection and regulation of nodule proliferation. Trajectory inference shows cortex-derived cell lineages differentiating to form the nodule primordia and, posteriorly, its meristem, while modulating the regulation of phytohormone-related genes. Gene regulatory analysis of the cell transcriptomes identifies new regulators of nodulation, including STYLISH 4, for which the function is validated.

O eu do futuro: contribuições do psicodrama interno on-line / The self of the future: contributions from online internal psychodrama / El yo del futuro: contribuciones del psicodrama interno en línea

RESUMO A pandemia de Covid-19, entre suas muitas consequências, trouxe aumento nas demandas relacionadas à saúde mental. Assim, o objetivo deste relato foi evidenciar como o psicodrama interno on-line contribui para abordar as angústias e ansiedades que surgiram com a pandemia da Covid-19. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, de um paciente em psicoterapia psicodramática bipessoal on-line. Conclui-se que a realização simbólica deste futuro na realidade suplementar auxiliou na preparação do paciente diante das incertezas do futuro pós-pandemia.

ABSTRACT As a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, among its many consequences, the number of lawsuits related to mental health has increased. In addition, the purpose of this story was to show how internal online psychodrama contributed to dealing with the anxieties and anxieties that will arise with the Covid-19 pandemic. This is a case study, about a patient undergoing online bipersonal psychodramatic psychotherapy. It was concluded that the symbolic realization of that future will complement the help in preparing the patient in the face of the uncertainties of the post-pandemic future.

RESUMEN Como consecuencia de la pandemia de Covid-19, entre sus múltiples consecuencias, ha aumentado el número de demandas relacionadas con la salud mental. Además, el propósito de esta historia fue mostrar cómo el psicodrama interno on-line contribuyó a lidiar con las ansiedades y ansiedades que surgirán con la pandemia de Covid-19. Este es un estudio de caso sobre un paciente que se somete a psicoterapia psicodramática bipersonal on-line. Se concluyó que la realización simbólica de ese futuro complementará la ayuda en la preparación del paciente frente a las incertidumbres del futuro pospandémico.

Intervention based on shared story reading: effect on low and high challenge reading and writing tasks. / Intervenção baseada em leitura compartilhada de histórias: efeito nas tarefas de baixo e alto nível de leitura e escrita.

PURPOSE: to investigate the effectiveness of an intervention proposal based on shared story reading for reading comprehension, written narrative and word reading/writing. METHODS: 44 children were divided into two groups according to their performance in a reading comprehension test - The first group, G1, consisted of children with reading comprehension difficulty, and the second, G2, consisted of children who did not have difficulties. All children were evaluated regarding reading/writing isolated words, reading comprehension of sentences, and written narrative. After this evaluation, G1 children participated in an intervention program (15 meetings) that stimulated shared story reading. After this intervention, all children were reevaluated. Intra- and intergroup data were analyzed statistically by applying appropriate statistical tests, with the level of significance set at >0.05%. RESULTS: after the intervention program, G1 children showed significant improvement in the variables evaluated. In the intergroup analysis, at the time of evaluation, G1 differed from G2 in reading/writing, reading comprehension, ability to correctly judge the verbs, and in textual coherence. At reassessment, G1 matched G2 in textual coherence and approached G2 in reading/writing isolated words and reading comprehension. CONCLUSION: shared story reading promoted the development of low and high level reading and writing skills, being more effective for high-level strategies (example: written narrative). It is suggested that a specific program for orthographic questions be associated.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a eficácia de uma proposta de intervenção baseada em leitura compartilhada de histórias para a compreensão leitora, narrativa escrita e leitura/escrita de palavras. MÉTODO: 44 crianças divididas em dois grupos, segundo o desempenho destas em uma prova de compreensão leitora ­ G1: crianças com dificuldade em compreensão leitora; G2: sem dificuldades. Todas as crianças foram avaliadas em relação à leitura e escrita de palavras isoladas, compreensão leitora de frases e narrativa escrita. Após avaliação as crianças do G1 participaram de um programa de intervenção (15 encontros) que estimulava a leitura compartilhada de histórias. Após a intervenção todas as crianças (G1 e G2) foram reavaliadas. Os resultados foram comparados intra e intergrupos, sendo aplicados testes estatísticos pertinentes, adotando o nível de significância menor que 0,05. RESULTADOS: Após o programa de intervenção as crianças do G1 apresentaram melhora significativa nas variáveis avaliadas. Na análise intergrupos, no momento da avaliação, G1 era diferente do G2 em leitura/escrita, compreensão leitora, capacidade julgar corretamente os verbos e em coerência textual. Na reavaliação, G1 se igualou ao G2 em coerência textual e, se aproximou do G2 em leitura/escrita de apalvras isoladas e compreensão leitora. CONCLUSÃO: A leitura compartilhada de histórias promoveu o desenvolvimento das habilidades de baixo e alto nível de leitura e escrita, sendo mais eficaz para as estratégias de alto nível (exemplo, narrativa escrita). Sugere-se que, para questões ortográficas, um programa específico para este aspecto seja associado.

Evolução linguística e cognitiva de crianças com transtorno de linguagem após intervenção com o uso do método PECS / Linguistic and cognitive evolution of children with language disorder after intervention using the PECS method / Evolución lingüística y cognitiva de niños con trastorno del lenguaje después de una intervención utilizando el método PECS

Introdução: Crianças com graves comprometimentos na comunicação podem se beneficiar da Comunicação Suplementar e Aumentativa para possibilitar a interação social e consequentemente o desenvolvimento cognitivo e linguístico. Objetivo: Comparar o desempenho linguístico e cognitivo de crianças com transtornos de linguagem pré e pós terapia utilizando como modelo de intervenção a comunicação por troca de figuras PECS. Método: Estudo retrospectivo, transversal híbrido por análise de prontuário de seis crianças com diagnóstico de grave transtorno de linguagem e idades entre quatro e nove anos. Todos os participantes foram atendidos semanalmente, por um período de quatro meses para implementação do protocolo PECS. Para avaliação foram utilizados o Protocolo de Observação Comportamental e o subitem avaliação da linguagem receptiva do Teste de Avaliação do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem. Resultados: Em relação às habilidades dialógicas quatro crianças apresentaram melhor desempenho após o uso do PECS, sendo que uma já se encontrava no nível máximo avaliado neste item, antes da intervenção. Houve melhora nas funções comunicativas e nos meios de comunicação em quatro crianças. Observou-se desenvolvimento do simbolismo e na imitação gestual em duas crianças e na imitação sonora em quatro crianças. Conclusão: Observa-se que uso da Comunicação Suplementar e Aumentativa por troca de figuras PECS, mesmo por um curto período, auxiliou no desenvolvimento de habilidades comunicativas, na capacidade de imitação gestual/sonora e na compreensão verbal. Intercorrências podem influenciar diretamente a evolução comunicativa dos pacientes, por exemplo, aderência familiar ao tratamento ou prejuízo cognitivo severo.

Introduction: Children with severe communication impairments can benefit from the use of Supplementary and Augmentative Communication to enable social interaction and, consequently, cognitive and linguistic development. Objective: Compare the linguistic and cognitive performance of children with severe language disorders before and after therapy using the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) as an intervention model. Method: Retrospective, hybrid cross-sectional study by analysis of medical records. Six children with a diagnosis of language disorder and aged between four and nine years were included. All participants were treated weekly for a period of four months to implement the PECS. For assessment, the Behavioral Observation Protocol and the subitem evaluation of the receptive language of the Language Development Assessment Test. Results: Regarding dialogic skills, four children performed better after using PECS, and one was already at the maximum level assessed in this item before the intervention. There was an improvement in communicative functions and means of communication in four children. The development of symbolism and gestural imitation was observed in two children and sound imitation in four children. Conclusion: It is observed that the use of Augmentative And Alternative Communication for the exchange of PECS figures, even for a short period, helped in the development of communicative skills, in the ability to imitate gestures/sounds, and in verbal comprehension. Intercurrences can influence the communicative evolution of patients, for example, family adherence to treatment or severe cognitive impairment.

Introducción: Niños con graves deficiencias comunicativas puede beneficiarse del uso de la Comunicación Complementaria y Aumentada para permitir la interacción social, en consecuencia, el desarrollo cognitivo y lingüístico. Objetivo: Comparar el rendimiento lingüístico y cognitivo de los niños con trastornos del lenguaje antes y después de la terapia utilizando la comunicación de intercambio de imágenes PECS como modelo de intervención. Método: Estudio retrospectivo, híbrido de sección transversal l por análisis de registros médicos de seis niños con diagnóstico de trastorno del lenguaje y edades entre cuatro y nueve años. Todos fueron tratados semanalmente, durante un período de cuatro meses, para implementar el protocolo PECS. Para la evaluación se utilizó el Protocolo de Observación del Comportamiento y el sub-ítem evaluación de lenguaje receptivo del Test de Evaluación del Desarrollo del Lenguaje. Resultados: En cuanto a las habilidades dialógicas, cuatro niños obtuvieron mejores resultados después de utilizar el PECS y uno ya se encontraba en el nivel máximo evaluado en este ítem, antes de la intervención. Hubo una mejora en las funciones comunicativas y los medios de comunicación en cuatro niños. Se observó el desarrollo del simbolismo y la imitación gestual en dos niños y en la imitación sonora en cuatro niños. Conclusión: Se observa que el uso de la Comunicación Suplementaria y Aumentativa mediante el intercambio de figuras PECS, incluso por un período corto, ayudó en el desarrollo de las habilidades comunicativas, en la capacidad de imitar gestos / sonidos y en la comprensión verbal. Las intercurrencias pueden influir directamente en la evolución comunicativa de los pacientes, por ejemplo, la adherencia familiar al tratamiento o el deterioro cognitivo severo.

Análisis de la producción de conocimiento de los egresados de la especialización en salud de la familia del Programa Mais Médicos

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Identificar las principales categorías de análisis en los trabajos de conclusión de curso de los médicos egresados de la especialización en Salud de la Familia del Programa Mais Médicos. Métodos. Estudio de carácter bibliométrico de los 3021 trabajos de conclusión del curso disponibles en la base de datos del Acervo de Recursos Educativos en Salud, Universidad Abierta del Sistema Único de Salud, entre los años de 2016 y 2019. Para analizar los principales temas abordados se realizó un análisis por grupos, en dos etapas, de los descriptores referentes a cada trabajo. Resultados. De los 3021 trabajos de conclusión de curso, se analizaron 2750 con datos completos. En cuanto al perfil de los autores, hay una predominancia del sexo femenino, origen cubano y grupo etario de 31 a 40 años. Los resultados también evidencian una concentración de los núcleos de formación de los profesionales, así como de algunos conceptos alineados a los preceptos trabajados con mayor frecuencia relacionados al objeto de la atención primaria de salud. Conclusiones. El análisis del perfil de los trabajos de conclusión de curso destacó que los conceptos trabajados a lo largo del proceso de formación de los profesionales del Programa Mais Médicos se orientaron sobre todo a fortalecer la comprensión de las directrices estructurantes de la atención primaria. También logra el objetivo de acercar la capacitación médica sobre los problemas más relevantes en cada región del país.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. Identify the main categories of analysis in the end-of-course projects completed by physicians who graduated in the family health specialization in the Mais Médicos Program. Methods. Bibliometric study of the 3,021 end-of-course projects found in the database of the Health Education Resources Collection (Open University of the Unified Health System) for the years 2016 to 2019. In order to analyze the main topics addressed in the projects, a two-step cluster analysis was conducted of the descriptors for each project. Results. Of the 3,021 end-of-course projects, 2,750 with complete data were analyzed. The profile of the authors was predominantly female, Cuban, and in the 31-40 years age group. The results show that professional training was concentrated in specific topics, most of them closely related to the goals of primary health care. Conclusions. The analysis of the profile of the end-of-course projects showed that the topics studied throughout the process of training the professionals in the Mais Médicos Program were focused mainly on greater understanding of the structural directives of primary care. Furthermore, the objective of focusing medical training on the most relevant problems in each region of the country was achieved.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Identificar as principais categorias de análise nos trabalhos de conclusão de curso realizados por médicos formados na especialização em saúde da família do Programa Mais Médicos (PMM). Métodos. Realizou-se um estudo bibliométrico que incluiu 3 021 trabalhos de conclusão identificados na base de dados da Coleção de Recursos Educativos em Saúde da Universidade Aberta do Sistema Único de Saúde (UMA-SUS) para os anos de 2016 a 2019. Os principais tópicos abordados nos projetos foram estudados a partir da análise em duas etapas dos descritores. Resultados. Dos 3 021 trabalhos de conclusão, 2 750 com dados completos foram analisados. Os autores foram predominantemente do sexo feminino, cubanos e na faixa etária de 31 a 40 anos. Os resultados mostram uma concentração em temas específicos, a maioria intimamente relacionada com os objetivos da atenção primária à saúde. Conclusões. A análise do perfil dos trabalhos de conclusão mostrou que os temas estudados ao longo do processo de formação dos profissionais do PMM enfocaram principalmente a maior compreensão das diretrizes estruturais da atenção primária. Além disso, foi alcançado o objetivo de direcionar a formação médica aos problemas mais relevantes em cada região do país.

Análisis de la producción de conocimiento de los egresados de la especialización en salud de la familia del Programa Mais Médicos / Analysis of knowledge production by graduates of the family health specialization in the Mais Médicos Program / Análise da produção de conhecimento por egressos da especialização em saúde da família no Programa Mais Médicos

Objetivo. Identificar las principales categorías de análisis en los trabajos de conclusión de curso de los médicos egresados de la especialización en Salud de la Familia del Programa Mais Médicos. Métodos. Estudio de carácter bibliométrico de los 3021 trabajos de conclusión del curso disponibles en la base de datos del Acervo de Recursos Educativos en Salud, Universidad Abierta del Sistema Único de Salud, entre los años de 2016 y 2019. Para analizar los principales temas abordados se realizó un análisis por grupos, en dos etapas, de los descriptores referentes a cada trabajo. Resultados. De los 3021 trabajos de conclusión de curso, se analizaron 2750 con datos completos. En cuanto al perfil de los autores, hay una predominancia del sexo femenino, origen cubano y grupo etario de 31 a 40 años. Los resultados también evidencian una concentración de los núcleos de formación de los profesionales, así como de algunos conceptos alineados a los preceptos trabajados con mayor frecuencia relacionados al objeto de la atención primaria de salud. Conclusiones. El análisis del perfil de los trabajos de conclusión de curso destacó que los conceptos trabajados a lo largo del proceso de formación de los profesionales del Programa Mais Médicos se orientaron sobre todo a fortalecer la comprensión de las directrices estructurantes de la atención primaria. También logra el objetivo de acercar la capacitación médica sobre los problemas más relevantes en cada región del país.(AU)

Objective. Identify the main categories of analysis in the end-of-course projects completed by physicians who graduated in the family health specialization in the Mais Médicos Program. Methods. Bibliometric study of the 3,021 end-of-course projects found in the database of the Health Education Resources Collection (Open University of the Unified Health System) for the years 2016 to 2019. In order to analyze the main topics addressed in the projects, a two-step cluster analysis was conducted of the descriptors for each project. Results. Of the 3,021 end-of-course projects, 2,750 with complete data were analyzed. The profile of the authors was predominantly female, Cuban, and in the 31-40 years age group. The results show that professional training was concentrated in specific topics, most of them closely related to the goals of primary health care. Conclusions. The analysis of the profile of the end-of-course projects showed that the topics studied throughout the process of training the professionals in the Mais Médicos Program were focused mainly on greater understanding of the structural directives of primary care. Furthermore, the objective of focusing medical training on the most relevant problems in each region of the country was achieved.(AU)

Objetivo. Identificar as principais categorias de análise nos trabalhos de conclusão de curso realizados por médicos formados na especialização em saúde da família do Programa Mais Médicos (PMM). Métodos. Realizou-se um estudo bibliométrico que incluiu 3 021 trabalhos de conclusão identificados na base de dados da Coleção de Recursos Educativos em Saúde da Universidade Aberta do Sistema Único de Saúde (UMA-SUS) para os anos de 2016 a 2019. Os principais tópicos abordados nos projetos foram estudados a partir da análise em duas etapas dos descritores. Resultados. Dos 3 021 trabalhos de conclusão, 2 750 com dados completos foram analisados. Os autores foram predominantemente do sexo feminino, cubanos e na faixa etária de 31 a 40 anos. Os resultados mostram uma concentração em temas específicos, a maioria intimamente relacionada com os objetivos da atenção primária à saúde. Conclusões. A análise do perfil dos trabalhos de conclusão mostrou que os temas estudados ao longo do processo de formação dos profissionais do PMM enfocaram principalmente a maior compreensão das diretrizes estruturais da atenção primária. Além disso, foi alcançado o objetivo de direcionar a formação médica aos problemas mais relevantes em cada região do país.(AU)

Principais alterações encontradas nas narrativas escritas de crianças com dificuldades em leitura/escrita / Main changes found in written narratives productions of children with reading/writing difficulties

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as produções escritas de crianças com dificuldades em leitura/escrita. Métodos: 171 crianças, matriculadas no 4º/5º do ensino fundamental constituíram dois grupos: G1 (n=50) - crianças sem dificuldades em leitura/escrita, G2 (n=121) - crianças com dificuldades nessas tarefas. Cada criança, após observar uma figura estímulo, deveria escrever um texto. Foi analisado a grafia, os erros ortográficos, as variáveis linguísticas e o conteúdo deste. Resultados: em G2 observou-se alterações em relação à grafia; maior percentual de ocorrência de erros ortográficos e de diversos tipos; mesma proporção no uso de substantivos, adjetivos e pronomes, porém dificuldade na conjugação verbal e no uso de advérbios temporais. Em relação ao conteúdo, apenas descreveram a cena e demonstraram vocabulário restrito e pouca criatividade. Conclusão: a produção escrita de crianças com dificuldade em leitura/escrita apresentou diversas falhas entre as quais: alterações na grafia, presença de erros ortográficos e limitação na construção de texto, restringindo-se a simples descrição do desenho estímulo, com pouca articulação de idéias e sem criação de personagens, local e tempo para a sua história. Este conjunto de falhas compromete a inteligibilidade do texto pelo leitor e demonstra que a elaboração escrita é uma tarefa complexa para essas crianças.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze the written narrative productions of children with reading/writing difficulties. Methods: the study was conducted on 171 children enrolled in the 4th or 5th grade of elementary school. The children were divided into two groups: G1 consisted of children without reading/writing difficulties and G2 consisted of children with difficulties in these tasks. Each child was asked to write a text after observing a figure stimulus. The text was then analyzed using a protocol and the handwriting, spelling mistakes, linguistic variables and contents were evaluated. Results: changes in handwriting, a higher percentage of spelling mistakes and other types of mistakes were observed in G2; the same proportion as in G1 for the use of nouns, adjectives and pronouns, but difficulty in verb conjugation and in the use of temporal adverbs. Regarding content, G2 children only described the scene and demonstrated a limited vocabulary and poor creativity. Conclusion: the writing skills of children with reading/writing difficulties showed several flaws including: changes in handwriting, presence of misspellings and limitation in text construction, which was restricted to simple description of the stimulus, with little articulation of ideas and without creation of characters, time or place for their story. This set of flaws compromises the intelligibility of the text by the reader and demonstrates that the development of writing is a complex task for these children.

Integration of genetic, genomic and transcriptomic information identifies putative regulators of adventitious root formation in Populus.

BACKGROUND: Adventitious roots (AR) develop from tissues other than the primary root, in a process physiologically regulated by phytohormones. Adventitious roots provide structural support and contribute to water and nutrient absorption, and are critical for commercial vegetative propagation of several crops. Here we quantified the number of AR, root architectural traits and root biomass in cuttings from a pseudo-backcross population of Populus deltoides and Populus trichocarpa. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and whole-transcriptome analysis of individuals with alternative QTL alleles for AR number were used to identify putative regulators of AR development. RESULTS: Parental individuals and progeny showed extensive segregation for AR developmental traits. Quantitative trait loci for number of AR mapped consistently in the same interval of linkage group (LG) II and LG XIV, explaining 7-10 % of the phenotypic variation. A time series transcriptome analysis identified 26,121 genes differentially expressed during AR development, particularly during the first 24 h after cuttings were harvested. Of those, 1929 genes were differentially regulated between individuals carrying alternative alleles for the two QTL for number of AR, in one or more time point. Eighty-one of these genes were physically located within the QTL intervals for number of AR, including putative homologs of the Arabidopsis genes SUPERROOT2 (SUR2) and TRYPTOPHAN SYNTHASE ALPHA CHAIN (TSA1), both of which are involved in the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis pathway. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests the involvement of two genes of the tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis pathway, SUR2 and TSA1, in the regulation of a critical trait for the clonal propagation of woody species. A possible model for this regulation is that poplar individuals that have poor AR formation synthesize auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) primarily through the tryptophan (Trp) pathway. Much of the Trp pathway flux appears to be directed to the synthesis of indole glucosinolates (IG), as suggested by the over-expression of SUR2. Individuals that are efficient in AR formation may utilize alternative (non-Trp) pathways to synthesize IAA, based on the observation that they down-regulate the expression of TSA1, one of the critical steps in the synthesis of tryptophan.

Genetical genomics of Populus leaf shape variation.

BACKGROUND: Leaf morphology varies extensively among plant species and is under strong genetic control. Mutagenic screens in model systems have identified genes and established molecular mechanisms regulating leaf initiation, development, and shape. However, it is not known whether this diversity across plant species is related to naturally occurring variation at these genes. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis has revealed a polygenic control for leaf shape variation in different species suggesting that loci discovered by mutagenesis may only explain part of the naturally occurring variation in leaf shape. Here we undertook a genetical genomics study in a poplar intersectional pseudo-backcross pedigree to identify genetic factors controlling leaf shape. The approach combined QTL discovery in a genetic linkage map anchored to the Populus trichocarpa reference genome sequence and transcriptome analysis. RESULTS: A major QTL for leaf lamina width and length:width ratio was identified in multiple experiments that confirmed its stability. A transcriptome analysis of expanding leaf tissue contrasted gene expression between individuals with alternative QTL alleles, and identified an ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) GTPase (PtARF1) as a candidate gene for regulating leaf morphology in this pedigree. ARF GTPases are critical elements in the vesicular trafficking machinery. Disruption of the vesicular trafficking function of ARF by the pharmacological agent Brefeldin A (BFA) altered leaf lateral growth in the narrow-leaf P. trichocarpa suggesting a molecular mechanism of leaf shape determination. Inhibition of the vesicular trafficking processes by BFA interferes with cycling of PIN proteins and causes their accumulation in intercellular compartments abolishing polar localization and disrupting normal auxin flux with potential effects on leaf expansion. CONCLUSIONS: In other model systems, ARF proteins have been shown to control the localization of auxin efflux carriers, which function to establish auxin gradients and apical-basal cell polarity in developing plant organs. Our results support a model where PtARF1 transcript abundance changes the dynamics of endocytosis-mediated PIN localization in leaf cells, thus affecting lateral auxin flux and subsequently lamina leaf expansion. This suggests that evolution of differential cellular polarity plays a significant role in leaf morphological variation observed in subgenera of genus Populus.

Treinamento breve de consciência fonológica: impacto sobre a alfabetização / Brief training of phonological awareness: impact on literacy

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto de um treinamento de consciência fonológica breve sobre o processo de alfabetização. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados, por meio do Raven, TDE e CONFIAS, 47 alunos de primeira série, sendo que 23 receberam o treinamento e 24 formaram o grupo controle. O treinamento incluiu atividades de rima, aliteração, consciência de palavras, de sílabas e de fonemas. RESULTADOS: Após a intervenção, observou-se melhora de desempenho em leitura e escrita nos dois grupos. Os resultados do CONFIAS demonstraram melhora significativa do grupo experimental em consciência silábica (t=2,662; p=0,011) e consciência fonológica (t=2,460; p=0,018). CONCLUSÕES: Conclui-se que o treinamento breve aplicado teve efeito positivo, especialmente sobre o desenvolvimento de consciência fonológica, o que pode beneficiar o aprendizado de leitura e escrita.(AU)

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a brief training of phonological awareness on literacy process. METHODS: Forty seven first grade students were evaluated with Raven, TDE and CONFIAS tests; 23 of them were given the training and 24 composed the control group. The training involved activities such as rime, alliteration, awareness of words, syllables and phonemes. RESULTS: After the intervention, reading and writing improved in both groups. The results of CONFIAS showed a significant improvement in training group when it comes to syllabic awareness (t=2.662; p=0.011) and phonological awareness (t=2.460; p=0.018). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the brief training used had a positive effect, especially on awareness phonological which can benefit reading and writing learning.(AU)

Treinamento breve de consciência fonológica: impacto sobre a alfabetização / Brief training of phonological awareness: impact on literacy

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto de um treinamento de consciência fonológica breve sobre o processo de alfabetização. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados, por meio do Raven, TDE e CONFIAS, 47 alunos de primeira série, sendo que 23 receberam o treinamento e 24 formaram o grupo controle. O treinamento incluiu atividades de rima, aliteração, consciência de palavras, de sílabas e de fonemas. RESULTADOS: Após a intervenção, observou-se melhora de desempenho em leitura e escrita nos dois grupos. Os resultados do CONFIAS demonstraram melhora significativa do grupo experimental em consciência silábica (t=2,662; p=0,011) e consciência fonológica (t=2,460; p=0,018). CONCLUSÕES: Conclui-se que o treinamento breve aplicado teve efeito positivo, especialmente sobre o desenvolvimento de consciência fonológica, o que pode beneficiar o aprendizado de leitura e escrita.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a brief training of phonological awareness on literacy process. METHODS: Forty seven first grade students were evaluated with Raven, TDE and CONFIAS tests; 23 of them were given the training and 24 composed the control group. The training involved activities such as rime, alliteration, awareness of words, syllables and phonemes. RESULTS: After the intervention, reading and writing improved in both groups. The results of CONFIAS showed a significant improvement in training group when it comes to syllabic awareness (t=2.662; p=0.011) and phonological awareness (t=2.460; p=0.018). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the brief training used had a positive effect, especially on awareness phonological which can benefit reading and writing learning.

STUDY ON THE APPLICABILITY OF THE MODIFIED TOKUHASHI SCORE IN PATIENTS WITH SURGICALLY TREATED VERTEBRAL METASTASIS.

UNLABELLED: To present the results obtained from surgical treatment of patients with vertebral metastases, comparing them with the modified Tokuhashi score in order to validate the applicability of this score for prognostic predictions and for choosing surgical treatments. METHODS: This was a retrospective study on 157 patients treated surgically for spinal metastasis in Erastus Gaertner Hospital in Curitiba. The Tokuhashi score was applied retrospectively to all the patients. The patients' actual survival time was compared with the expected survival time using the Tokuhashi score. RESULTS: There were 82 females and 75 males. The most frequent location of the primary tumor was the breast. The thoracic region was involved in 66.2%, lumbar region in 65.6%, cervical region in 15.9% and sacral region in 12.7%. All the patients underwent surgical treatment. The most frequent indication for treatment was intractable pain (89.2%). There was partial or complete improvement in a majority of the cases (52.2%). Out of 157 cases studied, 86.6% died. The maximum survival time was 13.6 years, the minimum was 3 days and the mean was 13.2 months. The following frequencies of Tokuhashi scores were found among the operated cases: up to 8 points, 111 cases; 9-11 points, 43 cases; and 12-15 points, three cases. The mean survival time in months for all 157 patients according to the Tokuhashi score was: 0-8 points, 15.4 months; 9-11 points, 11.4 months; and 12-15 points, 12 months. CONCLUSION: Unlike the nonsurgical approach recommended by Tokuhashi for patients with lower scores, this group in our study was sent for surgery, with better results than those of non-operated patients reported by Tokuhashi.

Estudo da aplicabilidade do escore de Tokuhashi modificado nos pacientes tratados cirurgicamente de metástases vertebrais / Study on the applicability of the modified Tokuhashi score in patients with surgically treated vertebral metastasis

OBJETIVO: Apresentar os resultados obtidos no tratamento dos pacientes com metástases vertebrais, tratados cirurgicamente, comparando-os com o escore de Tokuhashi modificado, a fim de validar a aplicabilidade deste escore na predição prognóstica e na escolha terapêutica cirúrgica. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 157 pacientes tratados cirurgicamente por metástase vertebral no Hospital Erasto Gaertner em Curitiba. O escore de Tokuhashi foi aplicado, retrospectivamente, em todos os pacientes. O tempo de sobrevida real dos pacientes foi comparado com o tempo de sobrevida esperado pelo escore de Tokuhashi. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 82 pacientes do sexo feminino e 75 do masculino. O local do tumor primário mais frequente foi a mama. A região torácica foi acometida em 66,2 por cento, lombar em 65,6 por cento, cervical em 15,9 por cento e sacral em 12,7 por cento. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico. A indicação mais frequente do tratamento foi dor intratável (89,2 por cento). Houve melhora parcial ou total na maioria dos casos (52,2 por cento). Dos 157 casos estudados, 86,6 por cento evoluíram a óbito, sendo o tempo máximo de sobrevida de 13,6 anos, o mínimo de três dias e o médio de 13,2 meses. A pontuação dos casos operados segundo Tokuhashi apresentou a seguinte frequência: até 8 pontos, 111 casos; de 9 a 11 pontos, 43 casos e de 12 a 15 pontos, três casos. O tempo médio de sobrevida em meses para todos os 157 pacientes segundo o escore de Tokuhashi foi: de 0 a 8 pontos, 15,4 meses; de 9 a 11 pontos, 11,4 meses; e de 12 a 15 pontos, 12 meses. CONCLUSÃO: Diferente da conduta não cirúrgica preconizada por Tokuhashi para os pacientes de pontuação mais baixa, em nosso estudo, este mesmo grupo foi encaminhado à cirurgia com resultados melhores do que os pacientes não operados referidos por Tokuhashi.

OBJECTIVE: To present the results obtained from surgical treatment of patients with vertebral metastases, comparing them with the modified Tokuhashi score in order to validate the applicability of this score for prognostic predictions and for choosing surgical treatments. METHODS: This was a retrospective study on 157 patients treated surgically for spinal metastasis in Erastus Gaertner Hospital in Curitiba. The Tokuhashi score was applied retrospectively to all the patients. The patients' actual survival time was compared with the expected survival time using the Tokuhashi score. RESULTS: There were 82 females and 75 males. The most frequent location of the primary tumor was the breast. The thoracic region was involved in 66.2 percent, lumbar region in 65.6 percent, cervical region in 15.9 percent and sacral region in 12.7 percent. All the patients underwent surgical treatment. The most frequent indication for treatment was intractable pain (89.2 percent). There was partial or complete improvement in a majority of the cases (52.2 percent). Out of 157 cases studied, 86.6 percent died. The maximum survival time was 13.6 years, the minimum was 3 days and the mean was 13.2 months. The following frequencies of Tokuhashi scores were found among the operated cases: up to 8 points, 111 cases; 9-11 points, 43 cases; and 12-15 points, three cases. The mean survival time in months for all 157 patients according to the Tokuhashi score was: 0-8 points, 15.4 months; 9-11 points, 11.4 months; and 12-15 points, 12 months. CONCLUSION: Unlike the nonsurgical approach recommended by Tokuhashi for patients with lower scores, this group in our study was sent for surgery, with better results than those of non-operated patients reported by Tokuhashi.

Diversification in the genetic architecture of gene expression and transcriptional networks in organ differentiation of Populus.

A fundamental goal of systems biology is to identify genetic elements that contribute to complex phenotypes and to understand how they interact in networks predictive of system response to genetic variation. Few studies in plants have developed such networks, and none have examined their conservation among functionally specialized organs. Here we used genetical genomics in an interspecific hybrid population of the model hardwood plant Populus to uncover transcriptional networks in xylem, leaves, and roots. Pleiotropic eQTL hotspots were detected and used to construct coexpression networks a posteriori, for which regulators were predicted based on cis-acting expression regulation. Networks were shown to be enriched for groups of genes that function in biologically coherent processes and for cis-acting promoter motifs with known roles in regulating common groups of genes. When contrasted among xylem, leaves, and roots, transcriptional networks were frequently conserved in composition, but almost invariably regulated by different loci. Similarly, the genetic architecture of gene expression regulation is highly diversified among plant organs, with less than one-third of genes with eQTL detected in two organs being regulated by the same locus. However, colocalization in eQTL position increases to 50% when they are detected in all three organs, suggesting conservation in the genetic regulation is a function of ubiquitous expression. Genes conserved in their genetic regulation among all organs are primarily cis regulated (approximately 92%), whereas genes with eQTL in only one organ are largely trans regulated. Trans-acting regulation may therefore be the primary driver of differentiation in function between plant organs.

Quantitative genetic analysis of biomass and wood chemistry of Populus under different nitrogen levels.

The genetic control of carbon allocation and partitioning in woody perennial plants is poorly understood despite its importance for carbon sequestration, biofuels and other wood-based industries. It is also unclear how environmental cues, such as nitrogen availability, impact the genes that regulate growth, biomass allocation and wood composition in trees. We phenotyped 396 clonally replicated genotypes of an interspecific pseudo-backcross pedigree of Populus for wood composition and biomass traits in above- and below-ground organs. The loci that regulate growth, carbon allocation and partitioning under two nitrogen conditions were identified, defining the contribution of environmental cues to their genetic control. Sixty-three quantitative trait loci were identified for the 20 traits analyzed. The majority of quantitative trait loci are specific to one of the two nitrogen treatments, demonstrating significant nitrogen-dependent genetic control. A highly significant genetic correlation was observed between plant growth and lignin/cellulose composition, and quantitative trait loci co-localization identified the genomic position of potential pleiotropic regulators. Pleiotropic loci linking higher growth rates to wood with less lignin are excellent targets to engineer tree germplasm improved for pulp, paper and cellulosic ethanol production. The causative genes are being identified with a genetical genomics approach.

A microarray-based genotyping and genetic mapping approach for highly heterozygous outcrossing species enables localization of a large fraction of the unassembled Populus trichocarpa genome sequence.

Microarrays have demonstrated significant power for genome-wide analyses of gene expression, and recently have also revolutionized the genetic analysis of segregating populations by genotyping thousands of loci in a single assay. Although microarray-based genotyping approaches have been successfully applied in yeast and several inbred plant species, their power has not been proven in an outcrossing species with extensive genetic diversity. Here we have developed methods for high-throughput microarray-based genotyping in such species using a pseudo-backcross progeny of 154 individuals of Populus trichocarpa and P. deltoides analyzed with long-oligonucleotide in situ-synthesized microarray probes. Our analysis resulted in high-confidence genotypes for 719 single-feature polymorphism (SFP) and 1014 gene expression marker (GEM) candidates. Using these genotypes and an established microsatellite (SSR) framework map, we produced a high-density genetic map comprising over 600 SFPs, GEMs and SSRs. The abundance of gene-based markers allowed us to localize over 35 million base pairs of previously unplaced whole-genome shotgun (WGS) scaffold sequence to putative locations in the genome of P. trichocarpa. A high proportion of sampled scaffolds could be verified for their placement with independently mapped SSRs, demonstrating the previously un-utilized power that high-density genotyping can provide in the context of map-based WGS sequence reassembly. Our results provide a substantial contribution to the continued improvement of the Populus genome assembly, while demonstrating the feasibility of microarray-based genotyping in a highly heterozygous population. The strategies presented are applicable to genetic mapping efforts in all plant species with similarly high levels of genetic diversity.