Uso de fixador esquelético externo tipo I para osteossíntese de tibiotarso em galinhas da raça Plymouth Rock Branca Modelo experimental para uso em aves selvagens / The use of type I external skeletal fixer for osteosynthesis of tibiotarsus in white plymouth rock chickens experimental model for the use in wild birds / Alteraciones morfológicas en los órganos genitales de perros y gatos provenientes de villas rurales de la región de umuarama ­ pr

Este estudo avaliou a eficiência do fixador esquelético externo, tipo I, para o tratamento de fratura de tibiotarso em oito galinhas adultas da raça Plymouth Rock Branca. As aves foram pré-anestesiadas com sulfato de morfina e anestesiadas com halotano. Em seguida, foi realizada fratura na diáfise do tibiotarso esquerdo, por meio de serra oscilatória. Quatro pinos de Kirschner foram inseridos por meio das corticais ósseas, dois proximalmente e dois distalmente do foco da fratura. Após a redução da fratura, os pinos foram conectados externamente por meio de uma barra de acrílico autopolimerizável, na face lateral externa do membro. O retorno da capacidade de utilização do membro foi observado em 24,00 + ou - 16,42 dias, e a cicatrização óssea ocorreu em 40,37 + ou - 11,80 dias. Em três aves (37,5%) observou-se deslocamento dos pinos, o que levou a claudicação persistente até o final do experimento, no 60º dia de pós-operatório. Os resultados do experimento demonstraram que redução aberta e aplicação de fixador esquelético externo, tipo I, não é um método totalmente efetivo para o tratamento de fraturas de tibiotarso em galinhas da raça Plymouth Rock Branca e não deve ser indicado, pois pode promover migração dos pinos e desestabilização da fratura.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effi ciency of the type I external skeletal fi xer for the treatment of tibiotarsus fracture in eight adult White Plymouth Rock chickens. The birds were pre-anesthetized with morphine sulfate and anesthetized with halothane, and submitted to a diaphisary fracture in the left tibiotarsus, performed with an oscillatory saw. Four Kirschner wires were inserted through the bone cortices, being two proximally and two distally to the fracture. After the fracture reduction the wires were externally connected by a bar of auto polymerizing acrylic resin, in the external lateral face of the member. The return to the capacity to use the member was observed in 24.00 ± 16.42 days, and the bone healing occurred in 40.37 ± 11.80 days. In three individuals (37.5%) there was observed wire displacement, leading to lameness which persisted until the end of the research, 60 days after the surgery. The results of this study showed that open reduction and the use of type I external skeletal fi xer is not a totally effective method for the treatment of tibiotarsus fractures in White Plymouth Rock chickens, causing dislocation of the wires and disestablishment of the fracture

RESUMEN: En este estudio se evaluó la efi cacia del fi jador esquelético externo tipo I para el tratamiento de fractura de tibiotarso en ocho gallinas adultas de la raza Plymouth Rock Blanca. Las aves fueron preanestesiadas con sulfato de morfi na y anestesiadas con halotano, y sometidas a una fractura diafi sária en el tibiotarso izquierdo, con una sierra oscilatoria. Se insertaron cuatro pinos de Kirschner a través de las corticales del hueso, siendo dos en posición proximal y dos en posición distal a la fractura. Después de la reducción de la fractura los pinos fueron conectados externamente por una pieza de resina acrílica de auto polimerización, en la parte lateral externa del miembro. Se observó retorno de la capacidad de uso del miembro en 24,00 ± 16,42 días, y cicatrización del hueso en 40,37 ± 11,80 días. En tres individuos (37,5%) se observó desplazamiento de los pinos, llevando a claudicación que persistió hasta el fi nal de la investigación, 60 días después de la cirugía. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que reducción abierta y uso de fi jador esquelético externo tipo I no es un método totalmente efi caz para el tratamiento de fracturas de tibiotarso en gallinas de la raza Plymouth Rock Blanca, causando dislocación de los pinos y desestabilización de la fractura

Cutting edge: protective response to pulmonary injury requires gamma delta T lymphocytes.

Gamma delta intraepithelial lymphocytes are thought to coordinate responses to pathogens that penetrate the epithelial barrier. To directly test this, mice were inoculated with Nocardia asteroides. At doses that were nonlethal for control mice, gamma delta-deficient mice became severely ill and died within 14 days. Histologic examination of these lungs demonstrated the presence of severe tissue damage and unimpeded bacterial growth in the gamma delta-deficient mice compared with neutrophilic lesions and clearance of the organism in control mice. Interestingly, ozone exposure that targets a comparable lung region also resulted in diffuse epithelial necrosis associated with a similar lack of neutrophil recruitment in gamma delta-deficient mice. These data demonstrate that gamma delta intraepithelial lymphocytes can protect the host from pathogenic and nonpathogenic insults by targeting the inflammatory response to epithelial necrosis.

Estrogen activates raf-1 kinase and induces expression of Egr-1 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

We have investigated whether the raf-1 kinase, a downstream mediator of both receptor tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C signalling, is activated by estrogen (E2) in an estrogen receptor positive human breast cancer cell line. Autophosphorylation of raf-1 kinase was studied after treatment of MCF-7 cells with E2. E2-deprived cells contained low levels of raf-1 kinase activity. Treatment of cells for 1 min with E2 resulted in raf-1 autophosphorylation which was maximal within 5 min. Western blot analysis showed that raf-1 undergoes an electrophoretic mobility shift following E2 treatment. Egr-1 is a zinc finger-containing transcription factor which is expressed in association with raf-1 activation. Untreated MCF-7 cells expressed low levels of Egr-1 while E2 treatment resulted in an induction of egr-1 mRNA expression. These kinetics followed closely behind the E2 induction of c-myc mRNA. Egr-1 protein was similarly low in E2-deprived MCF-7 cells and was transiently increased following E2 treatment. Several studies have suggested that kinase activity may play a role in estrogen receptor (ER) activation. While activated v-raf failed to augment ER activation of transcription in transient transfection assays, a dominant negative mutant of raf-1 inhibited E2-induced transcription by 50% primarily as a result of increased baseline levels of E2 independent transcription. The results show that E2 can induce raf-1 kinase activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells associated with the expression of an early growth response gene and modulation of ER signalling.

The AF-2 region of the retinoic acid receptor alpha mediates retinoic acid inhibition of estrogen receptor function in breast cancer cells.

The growth of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cells is inhibited by all-trans-retinoic acid (RA). In the present study, estrogen (E2) induction of pS2 mRNA levels was significantly reduced within 6 h following cotreatment with RA. In transient transfection experiments, RA repressed transactivation from a vitellogenin E2-responsive element by approximately 50% and wild-type RA receptor alpha (RARalpha) or RARbeta enhanced this inhibition. Transfection of truncated RARalpha mutants terminating before or at amino acid 412 markedly decreased RA inhibition of E2-induced reporter gene activity. Expression of RARs with deletions of amino acids 413 and 414 in the transactivation-2 (AF-2) domain also reduced RA inhibition, while deletions and point mutations beyond amino acid 414 behaved like the wild-type RARalpha. RA-treated MCF-7 cells transfected with an RARalpha AF-2 region mutant were twice as sensitive to growth inhibition as untransfected and vector-transfected control cells. Thus, the AF-2 domain in the C terminus of the RARalpha mediates RA inhibition of ER-induced transcription in breast cancer cells. In addition, transcriptional interference between RARs and ERs may contribute to RA inhibition of ER-positive breast cancer cell growth.

Typing and subtyping of influenza viruses in clinical samples by PCR.

Type A and B influenza viruses can cause a wide spectrum of illness, and these viruses are responsible for considerable mortality and morbidity. Rapid typing of isolates is desirable when amantadine treatment or prophylaxis of contacts of type A influenza virus carriers is considered, but the available rapid techniques lack sensitivity and standard diagnostic methods require expansion of virus in tissue culture or embryonated hens' eggs. We developed a series of oligonucleotide primers able to detect, type, and subtype type A influenza viruses in a single reverse transcription-PCR. RNA was isolated from clinical specimens, and cDNA was generated with random primers. PCR was carried out with a mixture of primers specific for influenza viruses of types B, A/H1 and A/H3, and subtyping of the neuraminidase was carried out on the same cDNA template under identical conditions. Amplified products were detected by ethidium bromide staining of amplified products after agarose gel electrophoresis. When it was used to test 98 clinical specimens, this method was comparable to standard culture techniques in the detection, typing, and subtyping of influenza viruses.