A meta-analysis of livestock brucellosis prevalence in Indonesia.

Indonesia has a long history of livestock brucellosis, but the overall pooled prevalence remains unclear. This study aims to determine the pooled estimated prevalence of livestock brucellosis in Indonesia using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Five databases were searched and screened using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data from included studies were extracted and analyzed using a random effects model in R 4.3.0 for pooled estimated prevalence, subgroup meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Publication bias and sensitivity tests were conducted using Egger's test, funnel plot, trim and fill plot, and leave-one-out. The screening process identified 46 included studies, representing 47,057 samples for brucellosis testing. The pooled estimated prevalence for livestock brucellosis was 3.25% (95% CI, 1.81%-5.78%) with high heterogeneity (Q = 2130.91, p = 0, I2=98%). Subgroup meta-analysis indicated no significant difference in the prevalence of livestock brucellosis across the main islands in Indonesia (p = 0.44) and across provinces in Sulawesi Island (p = 0.83), but significant differences were found among provinces in Java (p < 0.01). The subgroup meta-analysis based on animal type showed no significant difference between cattle, small ruminants, and pig brucellosis estimated prevalence (p = 0.26). Between serological tests, no significant difference was found (p = 0.77). Meta-regression showed no significant difference in brucellosis prevalence from 1988-2023. Egger's test and funnel plot showed publication bias. Trim and fill test indicated 21 studies should be added. As most studies were conducted in Java and Sulawesi Islands, caution should be exercised in interpreting the results, emphasizing the necessity of increasing the study of brucellosis in other regions.

Feline leptospirosis prevalence worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic approaches.

Background and Aim: Leptospirosis in felids (domestic and wild cats) presents an ongoing challenge in our understanding. Numerous studies have reported the detection of Leptospira spp. in these feline populations, highlighting their potential as zoonotic carriers. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide insight into the global prevalence of leptospirosis in domestic and wild cats. Materials and Methods: We conducted extensive searches across five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar) following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Protocols guidelines. Random-effect meta-analyses were performed using R software version 4.3.0 to estimate pooled prevalence rates. Subgroup meta-analyses were conducted based on continents, diagnostic methods, sample types, and wildcat genera. Results: A total of 71 articles on leptospirosis in domestic cats and 23 articles on leptospirosis in wild cats met the eligibility criteria. Our findings indicated a significantly higher pooled seroprevalence of leptospirosis in domestic cats compared with infection prevalence (9.95% [95% confidence interval (CI), 7.60%-12.54%] vs. 4.62% [95% CI, 2.10%-7.83%], p = 0.01). In contrast, no significant difference was observed in pooled seroprevalence and infection prevalence among wild cats (13.38% [95% CI, 6.25%-21.93%] vs. 2.9% [95% CI, 0.00%-18.91%], p = 0.21). A subgroup meta-analysis of domestic cats revealed significant differences in seroprevalence across continents, sample types, and diagnostic methods. On the contrary, wild cats had no significant differences in any of the subgroups. Conclusion: Leptospira spp. have evidently been exposed to both domestic and wild cats, highlighting their potential roles as reservoir hosts for leptospirosis. These findings highlight the importance of considering felids as a possible public health threat.

Prevalence of mastitis in dairy animals in Indonesia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background and Aim: Mastitis is an important disease that can reduce milk production and farmer income as well as negatively affect human health. This study aimed to summarize dairy mastitis in Indonesia, both subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM), and its prevalence in different provinces, the diagnostic methods, and the animal species. Materials and Methods: Relevant studies on mastitis in dairy animals in Indonesia were obtained from PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and Garuda. The title and abstract were screened for the eligibility of the studies. The full text of the selected studies was assessed and the data were extracted for analysis. To determine the pooled estimate of the prevalence of mastitis, a random-effects model was performed using the "Meta" and "Metaphor" packages in the R software version 4.2.2. The heterogeneity of several characteristics (mastitis type, provinces, animal species, and diagnostic methods) was evaluated through subgroup meta-analysis. Meta-regression analysis was conducted to assess the trend of mastitis prevalence reports over time. Publication bias was evaluated using Egger's test and a funnel plot. Results: A total of 735 studies were retrieved for the title and abstract screening, which resulted in the final selection of 37 studies with a total of 6050 samples for meta-analysis. The pooled estimate of mastitis prevalence in dairy animals in Indonesia was 59.44% (95% confidence interval [CI], 52.39%-66.49%). Based on mastitis type, SCM had a significantly higher prevalence than CM (58.24% [95% CI, 51.26%-65.23%] vs. 3.31% [95% CI, 1.42%-5.19%]). No significant difference was observed in the analysis of other subgroups. Among provinces, Central Java had the highest prevalence (66.62% [95% CI, 49.37%-83.87%]), whereas Yogyakarta had the lowest (41.77% [95% CI, 14.96%-68.58%]). Based on animal species, cow and goat had a prevalence of 63.42% (95% CI, 55.97%-70.86%) and 44.96% (95% CI, 28.26%-61.66%), respectively. Based on the diagnostic method, the California mastitis test resulted in 60.08% (95% CI, 52.11%-68.06%) and the Institut Pertanian Bogor test, 56.00% (95% CI, 41.20%-70.81%). No significant change in the prevalence of mastitis in Indonesia was observed from 2003 to 2022. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the pooled estimate of mastitis prevalence in dairy animals in Indonesia is >50%. Based on subgroup analysis, SCM had a higher prevalence than CM; however, the prevalence between provinces, detection methods, and animal species in the 2003-2022 periods was not significantly different. A mastitis control strategy needs to be developed to reduce the prevalence of mastitis and further loss in milk production.